Acute Gastroenteritis Infection Research Articles

Molecular Signature of Monocytes Shaped by the Shigella sonnei 1790-Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens Vaccine.

Shigellosis, an acute gastroenteritis infection caused by Shigella species, remains a public health burden in developing countries. Recently, many outbreaks due to Shigella sonnei multidrug-resistant strains have been reported in high-income countries, and the lack of an effective vaccine represents a major hurdle to counteract this bacterial pathogen. Vaccine candidates against Shigella sonnei are under clinical development, including a Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA)-based vaccine. The mechanisms by which GMMA-based vaccines interact and activate human immune cells remain elusive. Our previous study provided the first evidence that both adaptive and innate immune cells are targeted and functionally shaped by the GMMA-based vaccine. Here, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy analysis allowed us to identify monocytes as the main target population interacting with the S. sonnei 1790-GMMA vaccine on human peripheral blood. In addition, transcriptomic analysis of this cell population revealed a molecular signature induced by 1790-GMMA mostly correlated with the inflammatory response and cytokine-induced processes. This also impacts the expression of genes associated with macrophages' differentiation and T cell regulation, suggesting a dual function for this vaccine platform both as an antigen carrier and as a regulator of immune cell activation and differentiation.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Shigella Species among Children under Five Years of Age with Diarrhea in Selected Health Centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Shigella and parasitic infections are common public health problems throughout the world. Shigellosis is an acute gastroenteritis infection and one of Ethiopia's most common causes of morbidity and mortality, especially in children under five. High resistance rates to commonly used antibiotic agents have been documented in different locations in Ethiopia. This study aimed to characterize the antimicrobial features of the Shigella species isolated from children under five years of age with acute diarrhea in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Using a cross-sectional study, freshly passed fecal specimens were collected for intestinal parasite and bacterial isolation. Fecal samples for bacterial identification were placed immediately in Cary-Blair media and transported to the Ethiopian Public Health Institution (EPHI) laboratory. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AMST) was conducted using the disk diffusion method. Data were described using descriptive statistical tools. The association of independent and dependent variables was evaluated with logistic regression. A P value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 8.2% with seven different species. Among the 534 stool-cultured specimens, 47 (8.8%) were positive for Shigella species. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AMST) showed that 100%, 93.6%, 80.9%, 72.3%, and 57.5% were susceptible to norfloxacin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and cefoxitin, respectively. However, 100% of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin and erythromycin. More than 50% of the isolates were resistant to three and above antibiotics, while none of them were susceptible to all the antibiotics tested. All risk factors assessed did not show a statistically significant association with Shigella infection. The high levels of antibiotic resistance observed among the commonly prescribed antibiotics are alarming. The emerging resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid signals a severe public health threat in the management of shigellosis. Raising awareness about resistance and educating health professionals, policymakers, and the public can help improve the quality of patient care and rational antibiotic use.

Molecular detection of norovirus and TNF-α polymorphism in children with acute gastroenteritis infection in Samawa, Iraq

Human Norovirus is the leading cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in children worldwide, and research into it is critical for outbreak prevention and infection control. The multiplex real time PCR technique was evaluated in this study using 100 specimens (stool and blood) collected from children in Al-Muthanna province. RT-Qpcr for NVGI and NVGII was used to test all samples for Norovirus. The overall incidence rate of human Norovirus infection was 26%, with the first genogroup G1 accounting for only one case (2%) and the second genogroup accounting for 12 cases (24%). The findings revealed a high prevalence of previous virus infection in the age group (1-10) months. Infections occurred equally among males and females, with no significant difference in infection rates; females were infected at a rate of 42%, while males were infected at a rate of 58%. Males were infected at a higher rate (53.8%) than females (46.2%). The results of Tetra ARMS -PCR after DNA extraction for patients and amplification using the previous method show that there are three genotypes for G/G among patients compared to two results for A/A in the control groups. As a result, association and both homozygous as risk factors for HNV infection development.

Prevalence of Rotavirus and Adenovirus in a City Hospital in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the seasonal distribution of rotavirus and enteric adenovirus prevalence and demographic data of patients of all age groups who applied to our hospital with the complaint of acute gastroenteritis. A total of 12,840 patients aged 0-90 years, who applied to our hospital (Elazığ Fethi Sekin City Hospital) with the complaint of acute gastroenteritis between 15 August 2018 and 18 October 2021, were retrospectively analyzed. The presence of rotavirus and adenovirus antigens was determined from stool samples by qualitative immunochromatographic method (Microcult-Rotavirus/Adenovirus Combo, Biotech China) in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Of the patients who applied with the complaint of acute gastroenteritis, 3,507 (27.3%) were infants, 9,087 (70.8%) were children, and 246 (1.91%) were adults. Of all patients, 1,350 (10.5%) were positive for at least one viral agent. Of patients with detected viral agents, 750 (55.6%) were male and 600 (44.4%) were female. Of the samples, 1,099 (8.56%) were positive for rotavirus, 199 (1.55) were positive for adenovirus, and 52 (0.40%) were positive for both pathogens. The positivity rate in men was 10% higher than in women. The positivity rates were highest in patients admitted in 2019 (5,915) for both rotavirus and adenovirus, 10.5% (622) and 2.23% (132) respectively. In the study, rotavirus positivity was highest in winter with 12.2% (270/2,216) and adenovirus positivity was highest with 2.12% (95/4,484) in summer. In the evaluation carried out according to age, gender, and season, the period in which viral gastroenteritis was seen at the highest rate was determined as "childhood". In the evaluation of gastroenteritis cases, it is important to know that viral agents are common, especially in the childhood age group, in addition to bacteriological and parasitological agents in stool samples in acute gastroenteritis infections and considering that there may be seasonal and periodic changes in the frequency of viral gastroenteritis. It was thought that unnecessary antibiotic use would be eliminated or minimized by replacing the lost fluid and electrolytes, which are the basic treatment of viral infections, following the correct identification of the causative agent.

The Statewide Economic Impact of Child Care-Associated Viral Acute Gastroenteritis Infections.

More than 65% of children aged ≤5 years in the United States require out-of-home child care. Child care attendance has been associated with an elevated risk of respiratory illness and acute gastroenteritis (AGE). While child care-associated respiratory disease cases are more numerous, AGE is associated with more severe symptoms and more than double the number of absences from child care. In addition, viral pathogens such as norovirus, rotavirus, and adenovirus are highly infectious and may be spread to parents and other household members. As a result, child care-associated viral AGE may incur substantial economic costs due to healthcare service usage and lost productivity. We used surveillance data from a network of child care centers in Washtenaw County, Michigan, as well as a household transmission model to estimate the annual cost of child care-associated viral AGE in the state of Michigan. We estimated that child care-associated viral AGE in Michigan costs between $15 million and $31 million annually, primarily due to lost productivity. The economic burden of child care-associated infections is considerable. Effective targeted interventions are needed to mitigate this impact.

Performance of Latex agglutination, ELISA and RT-PCR for diagnosis of Rotavirus infection

The rotavirus is one of the major factors of inducing the acute gastroenteritis infection in children under 5 years of age. The laboratory diagnosis is progress and bringing it under control as well as avoiding its diffusion. The purpose of the present study was to determine the performance of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Latex agglutination (LA) tests against reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for evaluating the children’s acute gastroenteritis by rotavirus. One hundred feces specimens were collected from February to May 2014 and analyzed by LA, ELISA and RT-PCR. In this study, the positive results for rotavirus detected by ELISA, LA and RT-PCR were 37, 43 and 27%, respectively. In addition, the result showed that the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA and LA were 74 and 85%, respectively, when compared to RT-PCR. For laboratory detection of Rotavirus infection, RT-PCR has the highest sensitivity and specificity but because of the high costs, ELISA and LA based kits with good performance, as shown by this study, can be preferred for the routine use.

The effect of centralisation in local areas of potable water services on microbiological pollution and case rate of acute gastroenteritis infection in water control for potable water: Tekirdağ example

The effect of centralisation in local areas of potable water services on microbiological pollution and case rate of acute gastroenteritis infection in water control for potable water: Tekirdağ example

The effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine in preventing acute gastroenteritis during rotavirus seasons among Polish children.

IntroductionRotavirus is the main etiological cause of intestinal infections in children. Voluntary rotavirus vaccines were included in the Polish vaccination schedule in 2007. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a completed rotavirus vaccination course in preventing acute gastroenteritis in Polish infants during their first five years of life.Material and methodsThis was a retrospective cohort study conducted in Lesser Poland (Malopolska Province). The sample population included a group of 303 children who received the completed rotavirus vaccination course and 303 children not vaccinated against rotavirus. The date of the child's acute gastroenteritis diagnosis and his or her vaccination history were extracted from the physicians’ records. Each kind of diagnosed acute gastroenteritis during winter-spring rotavirus seasons was treated as the endpoint. The relative risk of having gastrointestinal infection was assessed using the hazard ratio from the Cox proportional hazards regression model.ResultsIn the examined group, 96 (15.8%) children had winter-spring gastrointestinal infections. In the non-vaccinated children, the cumulative incidence of these infections in the first 5 years of life was 20.8%, whereas in the children vaccinated with Rotarix it was only 10.9%. Those who were vaccinated with Rotarix had a 44% reduction in the risk of a winter-spring acute gastroenteritis infection compared to those not vaccinated with Rotarix (p = 0.005). Birth weight less than 2500 g increased the risk of the infection twofold and also reached statistical significance (p = 0.044).ConclusionsThe results showed that Rotarix is effective in preventing acute gastroenteritis in Polish children during rotavirus seasons.

Rotavirus causing acute gastroenteritis infection in children at our hospital (eastern region of Saudi Arabia)

Rotavirus infection causing acute gastroenteritis is quite prevalent. Main purpose of this study is to detect Rotavirus from faecal samples of children up to two years age. Retrospective study to investigate cases of Rotavirus antigen positive. The prevalence of rotavirus, as determined by STAT Rotavirus is a rapid enzyme immunoassay. Study is done from 1 January, 2011 to 31 December, 2012 at our hospital, Saudi Arabia. A total of 13,580 stools samples were screened in two years. Seventy percent (9491) of these were screened for infective cause and 30% (4062) for non–infective cause. We received 2531 (19.0%) for stool bacterial culture and sensitivity, 6013 (44.0%) for ova and parasites and 974 (7.0%) of requisitions for Rotavirus infection. Rotavirus requisitions were 974 out of which 182 (18.7%) positive for Rotavirus. In year 2011, out of 498 faecal sample 92 (18.5%) were positive and in 2012 out of 476 there were 90 (19.0%) positive. Rotavirus acute gastroenteritis is prevalent in our population.

Rotavirus and Other Causes of Acute Gastroenteritis Infection Rates after Two Types of Rotavirus Vaccination

Rotavirus and Other Causes of Acute Gastroenteritis Infection Rates after Two Types of Rotavirus Vaccination