Acute Bout Of Moderate-intensity Exercise Research Articles

What are the effects of acute exercise and exercise training on cerebrovascular hemodynamics following stroke? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Limited data exist regarding the effects of acute exercise and exercise training on cerebrovascular hemodynamic variables after stroke. This systematic review and meta-analysis 1) examined the effects of acute exercise and exercise training on cerebrovascular hemodynamic variables reported in the stroke exercise literature and 2) synthesized the peak middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) achieved during an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise in individuals after stroke. Six databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, AMED) were searched from inception to December 1st, 2021 for studies that examined the effect of acute exercise or exercise training on cerebrovascular hemodynamics in adults after stroke. Two reviewers conducted title and abstract screening, full-text evaluation, data extraction, and quality appraisal. Random-effects models were used in meta-analysis. Nine studies, including four acute exercise (n = 61) and five exercise training studies (n = 193), were included. Meta-analyses were not statistically feasible for several cerebrovascular hemodynamic variables. Descriptive analysis reveals that exercise training may increase cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide among individuals after stroke. Meta-analysis of three acute exercise studies revealed no significant changes in MCAv during acute moderate-intensity exercise [n = 48 participants, mean difference = 5.2 cm/s, 95% confidence interval (CI) [-0.6, 11.0], P = 0.08] compared with resting MCAv values. This review suggests that individuals after stroke may have attenuated cerebrovascular hemodynamics as measured by the MCAv during acute moderate-intensity exercise. Aerobic exercise training is beneficial for improving cardiovascular health and function after stroke; higher-quality research utilizing agreed-upon hemodynamic variables is needed to synthesize the effects of exercise training on poststroke cerebrovascular hemodynamics.

Circulating small extracellular vesicles increase after an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise in pregnant compared to non-pregnant women

The physiological and molecular mechanisms linking prenatal physical activity and improvements in maternal–fetal health are unknown. It is hypothesized that small extracellular vesicles (EVs, ~ 10–120 nm) are involved in tissue cross-talk during exercise. We aimed to characterize the circulating small EV profile of pregnant versus non-pregnant women after an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise. Pregnant (N = 10) and non-pregnant control (N = 9) women performed a single session of moderate-intensity treadmill walking for 30 min. Plasma was collected immediately pre- and post-exercise, and small EVs were isolated by differential ultracentrifugation. EV presence was confirmed by western blotting for the small EV proteins TSG-101 and flottilin-1. Small EVs were quantified by size and concentration using nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy. All EV fractions were positive for TSG-101 and flotillin-1, and negative for calnexin. Mean vesicle size at baseline and percent change in size post-exercise were not different between groups. At baseline, pregnant women had higher levels of small EVs compared to controls (1.83E+10 ± 1.25E+10 particles/mL vs. 8.11E+09 ± 4.04E+09 particles/mL, respectively; p = 0.032). Post-exercise, small EVs increased significantly in the circulation of pregnant compared to non-pregnant women after correcting for baseline values (64.7 ± 24.6% vs. − 23.3 ± 26.1%, respectively; F = 5.305, p = 0.035). Further research is needed to assess the functional roles of exercise-induced small EVs in pregnancy.

Acute moderate-intensity exercise generally enhances neural resources related to perceptual and cognitive processes: A randomized controlled ERP study

ObjectivesTo examine the effect of acute exercise on multiple ERP components in young adults and to determine whether acute moderate-intensity exercise exerts a general or selective effect on a cognitive task requiring basic information processing and the inhibitory aspect of executive function. DesignA randomized controlled trial design. MethodsForty young adults were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups: (a) an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise (n = 20) or (b) a non-exercise control (n = 20). The participants completed congruent and incongruent trials of a flanker task at baseline and after the treatments (exercise or control) while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. ResultsAcute moderate-intensity exercise facilitated response times for both congruent and incongruent flanker conditions. Larger P2, N2c, and P3 amplitudes were observed under both conditions following the exercise. No effects on accuracy or latency were found. ConclusionThese findings suggest that acute moderate-intensity exercise generally influences basic information processing and the inhibitory aspect of executive function in healthy young adults. The ERP data imply that general facilitation occurs in the perceptual, stimulus classification and evaluation processes.

The Systemic Effects of Exercise on Regulators of Muscle and Bone in Girls and Women.

To assess the systemic effects of an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise on factors that are known to regulate muscle and bone growth in prepubertal girls and women. A total of 12 prepubertal girls (8-10y) and 12 women (20-30y) cycled at 60% maximal oxygen uptake for 1hour followed by 1hour recovery. Blood samples were collected at rest, mid-exercise, end of exercise, mid-recovery, and end of recovery. Plasma was analyzed for interleukin-6, chemokine ligand 1, fibroblast growth factor-2, total insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and free IGF-1 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays assays. Both groups had similar concentrations of systemic factors at baseline with the exception of free IGF-1, which was higher in girls (P = .001). Interleukin-6 response was lower in girls versus women (P = .04), with a difference of +105.1% at end of exercise (P < .001), +113.5% at mid-recovery (P = .001), and +93.2% at end of recovery (P = .02). Girls and women exhibited significant declines in chemokine ligand 1, fibroblast growth factor-2, and total IGF-1 during recovery. Compared with women, an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise in girls elicits a lower inflammatory response, suggesting that other mechanisms may be more important for driving the anabolic effects of exercise on muscle and bone in girls.

The Effect of Stroke on Middle Cerebral Artery Blood Flow Velocity Dynamics During Exercise.

Previous work demonstrates that older adults have a lower response in the middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) to an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise when compared with young adults. However, no information exists regarding MCAv response to exercise after stroke. We tested whether MCAv response to an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise differed between participants 3 months after stroke and an age- and sex-matched control group of older adults (CON). A secondary objective was to compare MCAv response between the stroke- and non-stroke-affected MCAv. Using transcranial Doppler ultrasound, we recorded MCAv during a 90-second baseline (BL) followed by a 6-minute moderate-intensity exercise bout using a recumbent stepper. Heart rate (HR), end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2), and beat-to-beat mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were additional variables of interest. The MCAv response measures included BL, peak response amplitude (Amp), time delay (TD), and time constant (τ). The Amp was significantly lower in the stroke-affected MCAv compared with CON (P < 0.01) and in the nonaffected MCAv compared with CON (P = 0.03). No between-group differences were found between TD and τ. No significant differences were found during exercise for PETCO2 and MAP while HR was lower in participants with stroke (P < 0.01). Within the group of participants with stroke, no differences were found between the stroke-affected and non-stroke-affected sides for any measures. Resolution of the dynamic response profile has the potential to increase our understanding of the cerebrovascular control mechanisms and test cerebrovascular response to physical therapy-driven interventions such as exercise.Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see the Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A284).

Fitness-related Differences In The Polarization Of Lipid-exposed Macrophages Following Acute Exercise

Compared to anti-inflammatory M2 (CD206+) macrophages, pro-inflammatory M1 (CD86+) macrophages are considered to be highly atherogenic. Increased cardiovascular fitness is linked to attenuated atherosclerotic plaque formation as well as anti-inflammatory alterations in the immune cells that mediate this process. Therefore, macrophage polarization in unfit individuals may differ from that of fit individuals following exposure to physical stress and elevated lipids. PURPOSE: To determine fitness-related differences in the polarization of lipid-exposed macrophages following acute, moderate-intensity exercise. METHODS: 8 fit (VO2 peak; M: ≥ 45 mLO2/kg/min, F: ≥ 35 mLO2/kg/min) and 12 unfit (VO2 peak; M: < 40 mLO2/kg/min, F: < 30 mLO2/kg/min) male and female subjects performed 30 minutes of moderate-intensity (60% VO2 peak) cycling. Blood samples were collected pre-exercise (PRE) and immediately- (POST), 1 hour- (1HR), and 2-hours (2HR) post-exercise. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by density gradient centrifugation, and adherent monocytes were cultured with LDL (150 mg/dL) and palmitate (10ug/mL) for 4 hours. Cells were washed and cultured with 20% autologous serum for 7 days. The resulting macrophages were subsequently stained with antibodies against CD86 and CD206 for flow cytometric analysis. A mixed between-within ANOVA was performed to determine differences in receptor expression between groups (fitness) and within subjects (time). RESULTS: A mixed between-within ANOVA found no significant between-subjects main effects for CD86 (p=0.667) and CD206 (p=0.675) macrophage expression. A main effect of time was significant for the expression of CD206 (p=0.033). A profile plot suggests that CD206 expression was different between fitness groups PRE, POST, and 1HR. CONCLUSION: Macrophage expression of CD206 was observed to be different between fit and unfit individuals immediately before and following an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise and lipid exposure. Alterations in “M2” macrophage polarization may contribute to cardiovascular risk in unfit individuals.

Characterizing the affective responses to an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise among outpatients with schizophrenia

In addition to offering many physical health benefits, exercise may help improve mental health among individuals with schizophrenia through regulating affect. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to characterize affective responses experienced before, during and after a 10-min bout of exercise versus passive sitting among individuals with schizophrenia. A randomized crossover design compared affect related to feelings of pleasure and arousal at baseline, 6-min into the task, immediately post-task, and 10min post-task to sitting. Thirty participants enroled in the study; 28 participants completed the study. Separate mixed model analyses of variance were conducted for pleasure and arousal, with test order as the between-subject factor, and time and task as within-subject factors. For pleasure, a significant main effect for time and a time x task interaction effect emerged. Post-hoc Bonferroni corrected t-tests (α=.0125) revealed significant differences between pleasure at baseline and both immediately post-task and 10min post-task. No other main effects or interactions emerged. Individuals with schizophrenia derive acute feelings of pleasure from exercise. Thus, exercise may provide a method of regulating affect to improve mental health. Future studies should examine the links between affective responses to health behaviours such as long-term adherence to exercise within this population.

Effects of an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise on postprandial lipemia and airway inflammation.

A high-fat meal (HFM) induces an increase in blood lipids (postprandial lipemia; PPL), systemic inflammation, and acute airway inflammation. While acute exercise has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering effects, it is unknown whether exercise prior to an HFM will translate to reduced airway inflammation post-HFM. Our purpose was to determine the effects of an acute bout of exercise on airway inflammation post-HFM and to identify whether any protective effect of exercise on airway inflammation was associated with a reduction in PPL or systemic inflammation. In a randomized cross-over study, 12 healthy, 18- to 29-year-old men (age, 23.0 ± 3.2 years; height, 178.9 ± 5.5 cm; weight, 78.5 ± 11.7 kg) consumed an HFM (1 g fat/1 kg body weight) 12 h following exercise (EX; 60 min at 60% maximal oxygen uptake) or without exercise (CON). Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO; measure of airway inflammation), triglycerides (TG), and inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumor-necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6) were measured while fasted at 2 h and 4 h post-HFM. FENO increased over time (2 h: CON, p = 0.001; EX, p = 0.002, but not by condition (p = 0.991). TG significantly increased 2 and 4 h post-HFM (p < 0.001), but was not significant between conditions (p = 0.256). Inflammatory markers did not significantly increase by time or condition (p > 0.05). There were no relationships between FENO and TG or systemic inflammatory markers for any time point or condition (p > 0.05). In summary, an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise performed 12 h prior to an HFM did not change postprandial airway inflammation or lipemia in healthy, 18- to 29-year-old men.

Exercise and Cognitive Function: A Randomized Controlled Trial Examining Acute Exercise and Free-Living Physical Activity and Sedentary Effects

ObjectiveTo simultaneously examine the effects of acute exercise intensity and free-living physical activity and sedentary behavior on cognitive function in young, healthy adults. Patients and MethodsUsing a counterbalanced, crossover, randomized controlled design, 87 young adults (mean age, 21.4 years) completed various cognitive assessments with and without an acute bout of exercise preceding the assessment. Participants were randomized into 1 of 4 groups to complete a 30-minute bout of acute exercise: control (no exercise), light intensity (40%-50% of predicted maximum heart rate [HRmax]), moderate intensity (51%-70% of predicted HRmax), or vigorous intensity (71%-85% of predicted HRmax). Subjectively and objectively determined (accelerometry) physical activity and sedentary behavior were assessed to examine the association between these free-living behaviors and cognitive function. The study duration was August 26, 2013, to September 11, 2014. ResultsConcentration-related cognition (mean ± SD Feature Match test score) was significantly higher after a 30-minute acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise (145.1±26.9) compared with cognitive assessment without exercise (121.3±19.2; P=.004). Furthermore, questionnaire-determined sedentary behavior was inversely associated with visual attention and task switching (Trail Making Test A score) (β=–0.23; P=.04). Last, estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (volume of maximum oxygen consumption) was positively associated with reasoning-related cognitive function (Odd One Out test score) (β=0.49; P=.05); when adding metabolic equivalent of task minutes per week to this model, the results were not significant (β=0.47; P=.07). ConclusionThese findings provide some support for acute moderate-intensity exercise, sedentary behavior, and cardiorespiratory fitness being associated with executive functioning–related cognitive function in young, healthy adults.

The effect of acute exercise on cigarette cravings while using a nicotine lozenge.

It is imperative that smoking cessation aids effectively alleviate cigarette craving and withdrawal symptoms because their intensity has shown to predict relapse. The nicotine lozenge and a single session of exercise have both been shown to provide relief from craving for smokers who have stopped smoking. These two efficacious monotherapies have distinct mechanic pathways, and applying them concurrently may provide additive-craving relief benefit. This study aimed to examine whether an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise provides additional craving relief to the nicotine replacement lozenge in recently quit smokers. Thirty smokers who had abstained from smoking for 15h were randomized to either the experimental (exercise and lozenge, n = 15) or control (lozenge alone, n = 15) condition. Craving was assessed before (baseline), during (10 and 20min), and after (10, 20, 30, and 40min) treatment. A significant condition by time interaction effect was found for craving (F(6, 23) = 2.70, p = 0.039, Wilks' Λ = 0.59, η ρ (2) = 0.41). While both conditions demonstrated reductions in craving, the reduction was significantly greater for the experimental group. These findings demonstrate that an acute bout of exercise provides additional craving relief to the nicotine lozenge in recently quit smokers. We recommend smokers who attempt to quit employ both cessation aids simultaneously to maximize reductions in cravings.

The Effect of Exercise on Affective and Self-Efficacy Responses in Older and Younger Women

This study examined the self-efficacy and affective responses to an acute exercise bout in sedentary older and younger women to determine whether aging has an effect on affective states. Twenty-five sedentary younger (mean age = 19.9 yrs) and 25 older (mean age = 55.7 yrs) women completed an acute bout of exercise. Affective responses were measured before, during, and immediately following exercise. Self-efficacy responses were measured before and immediately following exercise. Positive engagement, revitalization, tranquility, Felt Arousal and Feeling Scale responses, and self-efficacy were all higher immediately following compared with before or during exercise for both groups of women. In addition, older women experienced higher overall positive engagement and lower physical exhaustion compared with younger women as well as higher tranquility and Feeling Scale responses immediately following exercise. This investigation found that an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise produced more positive and fewer negative affective states in both younger and older women.

Acute moderate-intensity cycling exercise is associated with reduced fatigue in persons with multiple sclerosis

Background Fatigue is a prominent, disabling symptom of MS. The prevalence and impact of fatigue highlights the need to identify approaches for its management. Purpose To examine changes in fatigue associated with an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods Females ( N = 25) with MS completed an incremental exercise test on a cycle ergometer to measure peak oxygen consumption (VO 2peak) and on a separate day completed the abbreviated Profile of Mood States (POMS) before performing 20 min of cycle ergometry at 60% VO 2peak. Participants again completed the POMS at 5, 20, and 60 min after exercise. Results There were small-to-moderate reductions in fatigue subscale scores on the POMS 20 ( d = .39) and 60 ( d = .45) min after the acute bout of exercise. Conclusion We conclude that moderate-intensity cycling exercise was associated with reductions in fatigue and might represent an appropriate stimulus for the chronic management of fatigue in persons with MS.

Post-Exercise Energy Intake in Normal-weight and Overweight Sedentary Males

PURPOSE: To investigate the roles of dietary restraint and dieting status on post-exercise energy intake (PE-EI) following an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise in sedentary males 21–45 years of age who were either normal weight (N) (mean BMI 22.9+1.4) with low or high restraint (N-LR, N-HR); overweight (O) (mean BMI 27.9+1.7) with low or high restraint and not dieting (O-LR-ND, O-HR-ND), or overweight with high restraint and dieting (O-HR-D). METHODS: This study consisted of two experimental conditions, exercise (E) and non-exercise (NE) in a counterbalanced-cross over design on two different days, 4 to 7 days apart. On the E day, participants walked on a treadmill for 60 minutes at a moderate intensity. PE-EI at lunch and 12 hours after exercise was compared on E and NE days. Dietary restraint was determined using the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. A mixed model, repeated measures, 5×2 ANOVA was used to evaluate the impact of exercise on PE-EI with Fisher's Least Significant Difference test for post hoc comparisons. RESULTS: Preliminary data indicate that there was no significant main effect of exercise on PE-EI. When EI was averaged across the two experimental conditions, there was a significant main effect of group, F(1, 47)=455.891, p<0.001, for 12-hour EI. Post hoc analyses showed that the O-HR-D group (n=9) ate significantly fewer kilocalories at 1703 + 262 (mean + SD), than the O-LR-ND (n=12; 2768 + 227) and O-HR-ND (n=9; 2631 + 262) groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise does not influence PE-EI in normal weight and overweight sedentary males with different restraint and dieting status. Therefore, exercise as a prescription for weight loss does not appear to promote counter-regulatory eating behavior in males.

Calcium losses resulting from an acute bout of moderate-intensity exercise.

The purpose of this study was to compare daily calcium (Ca) losses in sweat (S) and urine (U) on an exercise day (E) with losses on the preceding day (i.e., a rest day) during which no exercise (NE) was performed. Ten healthy male volunteers (23.9 +/- 3.2 years) performed a single bout of moderate exercise (running at 80% HRmax) for 45 min in a warm (32 degrees C, 58% relative humidity) environment on E. When E and NE were compared, neither Ca intake (1,232 +/- 714 and 1, 148 +/- 482 mg, respectively) nor urinary Ca excretion (206 +/- 128 and 189 +/- 130 mg, respectively) were different (p >.05). Sweat Ca losses during the exercise bout averaged 45 +/- 12 mg. The results indicate that, although a small amount of Ca is lost in sweat during 45 min of moderate-intensity exercise, measured (sweat and urine losses combined) Ca losses (251 +/- 128 and 189 +/- 130 mg) were not different (p >.05) between days (E and NE, respectively). These data suggest that moderate exercise for up to 45 min in a warm, humid environment does not markedly increase Ca intake requirements.