Actual Secret Research Articles

Keeping Invention Confidential

This study investigates use of a prevalent but rarely studied form of intellectual property protection: trade secrets. Building on existing survey evidence of firm-level, cross-sectional use of secrecy, we document the effect of stronger legal trade secret protection on the use of trade secrets, and the rate and nature of secret innovation. Our setting is the US oil and gas hydraulic fracturing (fracking) industry, from 2013 to 2018, in states where firms are required to disclose fracking ingredients to regulators barring substantiated claims of trade secrets. We examine how the enactment of the federal 2016 Defend Trade Secrets Act (DTSA) affects well-level trade secret use across states with varying levels of pre-DTSA trade secret protection. We find substantial increases in the use of secrets, the generation of new secrets, the use of both external and internal secrets, and breadth of secret invention, as well as project complexity. Our results provide rare systematic empirical evidence on actual trade secret use and document how stronger formal appropriability shapes secret innovation.

맹파명리(盲派命理) ‘체용(體用)’ 이론에 관한 고찰

Dan Geoneup(段建業)'s ‘Maengpa Myeongli(盲派命理)’ which organized secrets that had been passed down orally by Chinese blind fortune tellers utilizes a theoretical system to add Saenggeugjehwa(生剋制化) of Japyeong Myeongli(子 平命理) and blind persons' actual secret methods to it. And a general theory of Ch’eyong(體用) that is relative(待對的) and creates an inseparable relation like the relationship between Yinyang(陰陽) is used as the basic method which interprets Sajupalja(四柱八字). This thesis developed discussion for the purpose of understanding Ch’e(體) and Yong(用) changed to principles and rules(理法) of Maengpamyeongli from the viewpoint of Myeongli. Ch’e and Yong of Maengpa Myeongli were classified by main agents and purposes from the viewpoint of Sipsin(十神). The use of things as tools(工具) including yourself means Ch’e and the pursuit and purposes mean Yong. There are Ilju(日主), Inseong(印星), Noksin(祿神), and Bigeop(比劫) in Ch’e and Jaeseong(財星) and Gwanseong(官星) in Yong, and Sigsin(食神) and Sanggwan(傷官) can be used as Ch’e or Yong depending on the situation. Ch’e and Yong in Palja(八字) should interact with or be connected to each other. It's because Ch’e is an original substance(本體) and Yong is common use(功用) here. Ch’e in Maengpa Myeongli indicates man's nature and root. So if Ch’e is damaged, it shows that there is a problem in owner of life. Health can be found from observed Ch’e and wealth and social status (財官) can be done from the situation of Yong. In addition, analyses of change of destiny seek alternative courses of action suitable for good or ill fortune. For these reasons, the relationship between Ch’e and Yong is regarded as important elements for judging Saju in Maengpa Myeongli.

Like Morning Dew

Like Morning Dew Mimi Kawahara (bio) As Suki swoops toward me, flexed feet high, black hair flying behind her, eyes wide in astonishment, she exclaims, "Look, Mama, I'm swinging!" I smile and put my palms together in silent applause. Next to her a pouting girl bounces in place as her mother types on her phone. "Push me pleeease," the girl pleads. Glancing up at Suki pumping her spindly legs, the mother addresses me, "What's your secret? I can't get her to try." "Her imaginary friend went first," I reply. "Oh … I see," the woman says tentatively, unsure whether I'm ingenious or insane. Suki conjured up Charlotte last year after a beastly boy bullied her, pulling her hair and squinting at her "alien" eyes. He has since moved away, but Charlotte has remained. Often a nuisance channeling Suki's complaints, occasionally she serves as a helpful role model. Emerging from Riverside Park for snack time, Suki skipping at my side, I feel the weight of my actual secret. If that woman knew I'd been paid to act as Suki's mother three afternoons a week for the last two and a half years and had no children of my own, she wouldn't want my parenting advice. "Can you stay for dinner?" Suki asks, taking my hand. "Not today, I have to get back to Tomo." To explain my inability to spend more time with her, I invented an older son who had chosen to stay in Japan with his father but then developed hikikomori, whereupon his father, unable to stay home with Tomo, sent him to me. I thought a boy, especially a troubled one, would be less likely to arouse jealousy. Not that Suki had heard of hikikomori, but she understood that a happy person wouldn't hide out in his room for months on end, and I felt better having a full backstory. "Can you make those onoko- pancakes again?" "Oko-no-mi-ya-ki," I say slowly. "Let's make them together on Wednesday." "Mi-ya-ki–Yay!" she squeals, with a few exclamatory jumps. After Suki's mother died, Ken tried several sitters, but Suki turned her toddler back on them all, insisting her mama would come home soon. Unable to declare that Hiromi would never return, Ken was near his wits' end when he saw an Instafamily ad online. With the semi-consoling thought that Suki, though a precocious 18-month-old, wouldn't remember the rental mother if she didn't work out, just as the sitters would soon be forgotten, he filled out the form specifying the qualities Instamom should possess (Japanese, petite, kind, gentle, patient) and providing the family history she should have under her obi before her initial visit. I arrived six months after Suki had last seen her emaciated, bald mother at Sloan Kettering, bearing scant resemblance to her former self, so Ken felt fairly sure that Suki would accept me, and if she noticed any differences, we would attribute them to residual effects of the illness. [End Page 211] I fit the desired profile. There was only one problem: I'd grown up without a mother, so had no familial model to follow. In preparation I read a stack of parenting books and binge-watched The Brady Bunch and Modern Family, but still I worried that Suki would know I was an imposter. In the event, she hid behind Ken's legs until I bent down and beckoned her as he had instructed me to do. She jumped into my arms, and voila! Instafamily! In our early days, I felt awkward and inept, but I've grown into the role, as I imagine real mothers do. Climbing the stairs to their parlor floor home after her swinging triumph, I smell the matcha Ken has made for me. For Suki there will be "bubble water," her term for seltzer, and a treat. Today it's pretzel goldfish. Stuffing her mouth until she has chipmunk cheeks, Suki arranges the remaining fish in a head-to-tail heart on her plate and presents it to me. I hug her as I swallow a familiar bittersweet brew of...

Securing Technique Using Pattern-Based LSB Audio Steganography and Intensity-Based Visual Cryptography

With the increasing need of sensitive or secret data transmission through public network, security demands using cryptography and steganography are becoming a thirsty research area of last few years. These two techniques can be merged and provide better security which is nowadays extremely required. The proposed system provides a novel method of information security using the techniques of audio steganography combined with visual cryptography. In this system, we take a secret image and divide it into several subparts to make more than one incomprehensible sub-images using the method of visual cryptography. Each of the sub-images is then hidden within individual cover audio files using audio steganographic techniques. The cover audios are then sent to the required destinations where reverse steganography schemes are applied to them to get the incomprehensible component images back. At last, all the sub-images are superimposed to get the actual secret image. This method is very secure as it uses a two-step security mechanism to maintain secrecy. The possibility of interception is less in this technique because one must have each piece of correct sub-image to regenerate the actual secret image. Without superimposing every one of the sub-images meaningful secret images cannot be formed. Audio files are composed of densely packed bits. The high density of data in audio makes it hard for a listener to detect the manipulation due to the proposed time-domain audio steganographic method.

Verification Dilemmas, Law, and the Promise of Zero-Knowledge Proofs

Individuals expose personally identifying information to access a website or qualify for a loan, undermining privacy and security. Firms share proprietary information in dealmaking negotiations; if the deal fails, the negotiating partner may use that information to compete. Regulators that comply with public transparency and oversight requirements can risk subjecting algorithmic governance tools to gaming that destroys their efficacy. Litigants might have to reveal trade secrets in court proceedings to prove a claim or defense. Such “verification dilemmas,” or costly choices between opportunities that require the verification of some fact, and risks of exposing sensitive information in order to perform verification, appear across the legal landscape. Yet, existing legal responses to them are imperfect. Legal responses often depend on ex post litigation remedies that are prohibitively expensive for those most in need, or that fail to address abuses of information entirely. Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs)—a class of cryptographic protocols that allow one party to verify a fact or characteristic of secret information without revealing the actual secret—can help solve these verification dilemmas. ZKPs have recently demonstrated their mettle, for example, by providing the privacy backbone for the blockchain. Yet they have received scant notice in the legal literature. This Article fills that gap by providing the first deep dive into ZKPs’ broad relevance for law. It explains ZKPs’ conceptual power and technical operation to a legal audience. It then demonstrates how, and that, ZKPs can be applied as a governance tool to transform verification dilemmas in multiple legal contexts. Finally, the Article surfaces, and provides a framework to address, the policy issues implicated by the potential substitution of ZKP governance tools in place of existing law and practice.

An Efficient Zero-Knowledge Proof Based Identification Scheme for Securing Software Defined Network

Software Defined Networking (SDN) is being extensively adopted by researchers and enterprise networks due to its feature of decoupling data and control planes from network device which enables them to implement new networking ideas. Communication between data and control planes faces various security issues where many users in data plane approach controller device in control plane to gain networking policies. In this paper, we proposed an efficient Zero-knowledge proof based identification scheme for securing SDN controller during data and control plane communication. This scheme ensures that only users who prove their knowledge about secrecy without revealing actual secret or any other information about it can communicate with controller. The computation cost was calculated to validate efficiency of the proposed work and compared with scheme that works in the basis of Kerberos authentication protocol.

Partitioned-Exponent Blinding: A Countermeasure against Power Analysis Attacks

Objectives: To resist power analysis attacks in modular exponentiation based cryptosystems like RSA. Methods/Analysis: A power analysis attack uses the instantaneous power consumed by a cryptosystems during its most sophisticated operations like encryption/decryption which uses the secret keys. Masking/blinding has proven its ability to resist such attacks by hiding the actual data during computation. As a result, analysis of the power consumption would reveal only the masked data keeping the actual secret data intact. Findings: Our proposed technique partitions the secret key into multiple parts and then blinds them individually before the cryptographic computations. With these blinded partitions, it would be very difficult for attackers to reveal the actual data as the power consumptions will be for blinded key not the actual key. Due to partitioning of the exponent there will be no uniformity in the power traces increasing resistance against power analysis attacks. Applications: All the cryptosystems have been found vulnerable to power analysis attacks, it resist modular exponentiation based cryptosystems like RSA from such attacks.

Using Image Processing In Security

Using image stitching and image steganography security can be provided to any image which has to be sent over the network or transferred using any electronic mode. There is a message and a secret image that has to be sent. The secret image is divided into parts. The first phase is the Encrypting Phase, which deals with the process of converting the actual secret message into cipher text using the AES algorithm. In the second phase which is the Embedding Phase, the cipher text is embedded into any part of the secret image that is to be sent. Third phase is the Hiding Phase, where steganography is performed on the output image of Embedding Phase and other parts of the image where the parts are camouflaged by another image using least significant bit replacement. These individual parts are sent to the concerned receiver. At the receivers end decryption of Hiding phase and Embedding Phase takes place respectively. The parts obtained are stitched together using k nearest method. Using SIFT features the quality of the image is improved.

English

Image which has to be sent over the network or transferred using any electronic mode can be secured by the use of image steganography and stitching. There is a secret image and message that has to be sent over the network. The secret image is divided into two phases. The first phase is the Encryption phase, which deals with the process of transforming the plain text (actual secret message) into cipher text using the AES algorithm. The Second phase is the Embedding phase, which deals with the process of embedding the cipher text into any part of secret image that is to be sent. The third phase is the hiding phase, which deals with performing steganography on the output of Embedding Phase. Hiding Phase and Embedding Phase get decrypted at the receiving end. K-Nearest method is used to stitch the parts obtained.

English

In any communication, security is the most important issue in today’s world. Security and data hiding algorithms have been developed, which worked as motivation for the research. This project is a data hiding by using side match vector quantization algorithm may used for data hiding scheme, which provides a strong backbone for its security. The scenario of present day of information security system includes privacy, genuineness, honesty, non-repudiation. This present work focus is hiding for data technique to secure data or message with authenticity and truthfulness. In this project work, the secret message is encrypted before the actual embedding process starts. The entire work has done in MATLAB. The hidden message is encrypted using a simple encryption algorithm using secret key for SMVQ and hence it will be almost unfeasible for the impostor to unhide the actual secret dispatch from the embedded cover file without knowing furtive key. Only receiver and sender know the secret key. SMVQ substitution technique is used as embedding and extraction method. We propose that this method could be most appropriate for hiding any secret message (text, image, audio, and video) in any standard cover media such as image, audio, video files.

Security Using Image Processing

Using image stitching and image steganography security can be provided to any image which has to be sent over the network or transferred using any electronic mode. There is a message and a secret image that has to be sent. The secret image is divided into parts.The first phase is the Encrypting Phase, which deals with the process of converting the actual secret message into ciphertext using the AES algorithm. In the second phase which is the Embedding Phase, the cipher text is embedded into any part of the secret image that is to be sent. Third phase is the Hiding Phase, where steganography is performed on the output image of Embedding Phase and other parts of the image where the parts are camouflaged by another image using least significant bit replacement. These individual parts are sent to the concerned receiver. At the receivers end decryption of Hiding phase and Embedding Phase takes place respectively. The parts obtained are stitched together using k nearest method. Using SIFT features the quality of the image is improved.

Security Using Image Processing

Using image stitching and image steganography security can be provided to any image which has to be sent over the network or transferred using any electronic mode. There is a message and a secret image that has to be sent. The secret image is divided into parts.The first phase is the Encrypting Phase, which deals with the process of converting the actual secret message into ciphertext using the AES algorithm. In the second phase which is the Embedding Phase, the cipher text is embedded into any part of the secret image that is to be sent. Third phase is the Hiding Phase, where steganography is performed on the output image of Embedding Phase and other parts of the image where the parts are camouflaged by another image using least significant bit replacement. These individual parts are sent to the concerned receiver. At the receivers end decryption of Hiding phase and Embedding Phase takes place respectively. The parts obtained are stitched together using k nearest method. Using SIFT features the quality of the image is improved.

Empty Esotericisms: Doctrines of Secret Writing and the Politics of a Platonic Code

The aim of this article is to address the recently renewed debate pertaining to esotericism, secret messages encoded within writings from antiquity, especially in the writings of Plato. The question of esotericism has assumed a prominent role within debates concerning the history of political thought. Ever since Leo Strauss offered his suspicion that there were secrets ‘buried in the writings of the rhetoricians of antiquity’, the idea that philosophers deliberately concealed their true beliefs in a way that few could detect has been fiercely debated. More recently, the research of J.B. Kennedy has made international headlines for discovering a musical pattern embedded within Platonic writings, a pattern that Kennedy insists is evidence of Plato’s Pythagorean allegiance. The theses proffered by Strauss and Kennedy are empty doctrines of esotericism, or empty esotericisms. These doctrines insinuate the presence of secret or coded writing within Platonic dialogues but reveal no actual secret. These theses of esotericism falsely represent Plato as hyper-cryptic.Without actually providing substantive content, these notions of esotericism compel the reader to merely negate the exoteric writings of Plato, which actually render his already heterodox writings as commonplace and orthodox.

Advanced Steganography Algorithm using Encrypted secret message

In the present work the authors have introduced a new method for hiding any encrypted secret message inside a cover file. For encrypting secret message the authors have used new algorithm proposed by Nath et al(1). For hiding secret message we have used a method proposed by Nath et al(2). In MSA(1) method we have modified the idea of Play fair method into a new platform where we can encrypt or decrypt any file. We have introduced a new randomization method for generating the randomized key matrix to encrypt plain text file and to decrypt cipher text file. We have also introduced a new algorithm for encrypting the plain text multiple times. Our method is totally dependent on the random text_key which is to be supplied by the user. The maximum length of the text_key can be of 16 characters long and it may contain any character(ASCII code 0 to 255). We have developed an algorithm to calculate the randomization number and the encryption number from the given text_key. The size of the encryption key matrix is 16x16 and the total number of matrices can be formed from 16 x 16 is 256! which is quite large and hence if someone applies the brute force method then he/she has to give trail for 256! times which is quite absurd. Moreover the multiple encryption method makes the system further secured. For hiding secret message in the cover file we have inserted the 8 bits of each character of encrypted message file in 8 consecutive bytes of the cover file. We have introduced password for hiding data in the cover file. We propose that our new method could be most appropriate for hiding any file in any standard cover file such as image, audio, video files. Because the hidden message is encrypted hence it will be almost impossible for the intruder to unhide the actual secret message from the embedded cover file. This method may be the most secured method in digital water marking.

Deterministic quantum-public-key encryption: Forward search attack and randomization

In the classical setting, public-key encryption requires randomness in order to be secure against a forward search attack, whereby an adversary compares the encryption of a guess of the secret message with the encryption of the actual secret message. We show that this is also true in the information-theoretic setting---where the public keys are quantum systems---by defining and giving an example of a forward search attack for any deterministic quantum-public-key bit-encryption scheme. However, unlike in the classical setting, we show that any such deterministic scheme can be used as a black box to build a randomized bit-encryption scheme that is no longer susceptible to this attack.

Fighting economic espionage with state trade secret laws

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of trade secrets, reasonable steps to preserve secrecy, trade secret value, misappropriation methods used to acquire trade secrets, various legal remedies, and internal controls to protect trade secrets.Design/methodology/approachA sample of types of civil trade secret cases is highlighted. The paper includes a statutory and legal case study analysis of the elements in a civil trade secrets lawsuit. Analysis of actual trade secret court cases illustrates the importance of private civil lawsuits in combating intellectual property fraud.FindingsThis paper shows the serious impact of trade secret espionage on the success and survival of businesses and the necessity of proving each element of a civil claim under state trade secret law. Also, practical steps necessary to protect an entity's trade secrets are discussed.Practical implicationsThis paper raises the awareness of executives, managers, internal and external auditors, forensic accountants and other interested parties about the severity of trade secret espionage. Also, this paper highlights numerous steps to protect trade secrets.Originality/valueThis paper fills an identified need to inform those involved in the fight against economic crime about the importance of state trade secret laws and internal controls in the fight against intellectual property fraud.

For unknown secrecies refusal is better than lying

A shared information system is expected to comply with the following potentially conflicting requirements. It should provide useful answers to arbitrary queries, while on the other hand it should preserve certain secrets according to a security policy. We study and compare two previously suggested approaches to meet these requirements, namely refusal of statements and lying. The investigation is performed using a highly abstract and general framework, both with respect to the information system and the preservation of secrets. We focus on the case that the user supposedly does not know the secrecies, i.e., the alternatives consisting of an actual secret and its negation. The assessment shows that for unknown secrecies refusal is better than lying. In particular, while preserving the same secrets refusal can provide more useful answers.