Actual List Research Articles

Risk factors for the development of congenital giant nevi in children

BACKGROUND: Congenital giant melanocytic nevi (CMN) occur approximately in 1 of 250,000–500,000 newborns. According to foreign literature, the risk of malignancy of a melanocytic nevus varies widely within 5%–42%. AIM: This study aimed to identify possible risk factors for CMN in children and determine the most common location and actual list of examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study enrolled 104 mother–child pairs, where the children had CMN. The control group included 60 mother–child pairs, in which the children had no CMN. RESULTS: CMN were located on the head in 42.4% of cases, which was the most frequent localization. The most frequent localizations also included the trunk and simultaneous location of nevi on several body segments. Abnormalities in thyroid hormone levels were noted in 12.5% of the mothers. The frequency of large nevi in the grandparents of children with CMN (13.5%) was significantly higher than that in their parents (mother, 1.9%; father, 2.9%). In addition, 19.2% of the children were examined by an oncologist or are on a dispensary register with an oncologist. Moreover, 4.8% of the patients were observed by a neurologist. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed once in 19.2% of the children, who underwent genetic testing. No foci of melaniform cell accumulation in the nervous tissue were detected in any examined child. CONCLUSIONS: The most common location of CMN is the head and torso – areas of risk of damage to the central nervous system by melanoform cells. The survey results of parents of the main group identified the following as risk factors for CMN development in children: a history of miscarriage or frozen pregnancy, thyroid hormone abnormalities, CMN in grandparents, ARVI during pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester, and visiting a solarium and using long-lasting gel polishes during pregnancy.

A Sociological Analysis of Structural Racism in “Student List” Lead Generation Products

Colleges identify prospective students by purchasing “student lists.” Student list products are selection devices that use search filters to select students. Drawing from the sociology of race, we conceptualize some filters as “racialized inputs,” defined as inputs that are correlated with race because disadvantaged racial groups have historically been excluded from the input. Using a national sample of high school students, we explore the relationship between racialized search filters and the racial composition of included versus excluded students. Using data about actual lists purchased by public universities, we investigate how college administrators utilize racialized search filters. We discuss implications for federal and state policy. We motivate policy research about structural racism embedded in selection devices that allocate students to opportunities.

Scheduling pre-operative assessment clinic with answer set programming

AbstractThe problem of scheduling pre-operative assessment clinic (PAC) consists of assigning patients to a day for the exams needed before a surgical procedure, taking into account patients with different priority levels, due dates and operators availability. Realizing a satisfying schedule is of upmost importance for a hospital, since delay in PAC can cause delay in the subsequent phases, thus lowering patients’ satisfaction. In this paper, we propose a two-phase solution to the PAC problem: in the first phase, patients are assigned to a day taking into account a default list of exams; then, in the second phase, having the actual list of exams needed by each patient, we use the results of the first phase to assign a starting time to each exam. We first present a mathematical formulation for both problems. Further, we present a solution where modeling and solving are done via answer set programming. We then introduce a rescheduling solution that may come into play when the scheduling solution cannot be applied fully. Experiments employing synthetic benchmarks on both scheduling and rescheduling show that both solutions provide satisfying results in short time. We finally show the implementation and usage of a web application that allows to run our scheduling solution and analyze the results graphically in a transparent way.

Probing the formation of double neutron star binaries around 1 mHz with LISA

We propose a novel method to examine whether Galactic double neutron star binaries are formed in the LISA band. In our method, we assign an effective time fraction $\tau$ to each double neutron star binary detected by LISA. This fraction is given as a function of the observed orbital period and eccentricity and should be uniformly distributed in the absence of in-band binary formation. Applying statistical techniques such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to the actual list of $\tau$, we can inspect the signature of the in-band binary formation. We discuss the prospects of this method, paying close attention to the available sample number of Galactic double neutron star binaries around 1mHz.

Optimal Environmental Targeting in the Amazon Rainforest

Abstract This article sets out a data-driven approach for targeting environmental policies optimally in order to combat deforestation. We focus on the Amazon, the world’s most extensive rainforest, where Brazil’s federal government issued a “Priority List” of municipalities in 2008—a blacklist to be targeted with more intense environmental monitoring and enforcement. First, we estimate the causal impact of the Priority List on deforestation (along with other relevant treatment effects) using “changes-in-changes” due to Athey and Imbens (2006), finding that it reduced deforestation by 43$\%$ and cut emissions by almost 50 million tons of carbon. Second, we develop a novel framework for computing targeted optimal blacklists that draws on our treatment effect estimates, assigning municipalities to a counterfactual list that minimizes total deforestation subject to realistic resource constraints. We show that the ex post optimal list would result in carbon emissions over 10$\%$ lower than the actual list, amounting to savings of more than $ \$ $1.2 billion (34$\%$ of the total value of the Priority List), with emissions over 23$\%$ lower on average than a randomly selected list. The approach we propose is relevant both for assessing targeted counterfactual policies to reduce deforestation and for quantifying the impacts of policy targeting more generally.

Machine Learning for The Prediction of Ranked Applicants and Matriculants to an Internal Medicine Residency Program

Phenomenon : Residency programs throughout the country each receive hundreds to thousands of applications every year. Holistic review of this many applications is challenging, and to-date, few tools exist to streamline or assist in the process for selecting candidates to interview and rank. Machine learning could assist programs in predicting which applicants are likely to be ranked, and among ranked applicants, which are likely to matriculate. Approach : In the present study, we used the machine learning algorithm Random Forest (RF) to differentiate between ranked and unranked applicants as well as matriculants and ranked non-matriculants to an internal medicine residency program in northern New England over a three-year period. In total, 5,067 ERAS applications were received during the 2016-17, 2017-18, and 2018-19 application cycles. Of these, 4,256 (84.0%) were unranked applicants, 754 (14.9%) were ranked non-matriculants, and 57 (1.12%) were ranked matriculants. Findings : For differentiating between ranked and unranked applicants, the RF algorithm achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve of 0.925 (95% CI: 0.918-0.932) and area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC) of 0.652 (0.611-0.685), while for differentiating between matriculants and ranked non-matriculants, the AUROC was 0.597 (95% CI: 0.516-0.680) and AUPRC was 0.114 (0.075-0.167). The ranks of matriculated applicants were significantly higher using the algorithmic rank list as compared with the actual rank list for the 2017-18 (median rank: 98 versus 204, p < .001) and 2018-19 cycles (74 versus 192, p = .006), but not the 2016-17 cycle (97 versus 144, p = .37). Insights : The RF algorithm predicted which applicants among the overall applicant pool were ranked with impressive accuracy and identified matriculants among ranked candidates with modest but better-than-random accuracy. This approach could assist residency programs with triaging applicants based on the likelihood of a candidate being ranked and/or matriculating.

Hazardous drugs (NIOSH's list-group 1) in healthcare settings: Also a hazard for the environment?

Healthcare workers can be exposed to dangerous drugs during their daily practice. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) considers “hazardous drugs” as those that had shown one or more of the following characteristic in studies with animals, humans or in vitro systems: carcinogenicity, teratogenicity or other toxicity for development, reproductive toxicity, organ toxicity at low doses, or genotoxicity. In the actual list (draft list 2020), drugs classified in group 1 are those with carcinogenic effects. Moreover, the global human and veterinary cancer is expected to grow, so antineoplastic drug consumption may consequently grow, leading to an increase of anticancer pharmaceuticals in the environment. Not all drugs pertaining to group 1 can be classified as “antineoplastic” or “cytostatic”. Since most of the research on environment presence and ecotoxicological effects of pharmaceuticals has been focused on this therapeutic class, other carcinogenic drugs belonging to different therapeutic groups may have been omitted in previous studies. In this study we aim to review the presence in the environment of the hazardous drugs (NIOSH group 1) and their possible environmental impact. Of the 90 drugs considered, there is evidence of presence in the environment for 19. Drugs with more studies reporting positive detections are: the antibiotic chloramphenicol (55), the alkylating agents cyclophosphamide (39) and ifosfamide (30), and the estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen (18). Although the original purpose of the NIOSH list and related documents is to provide guidance to healthcare professionals in order to adequately protect them from the hazards posed by these drugs in healthcare settings, we believe they can be useful for environmentalists too. Absence of data regarding the potential of environmental risk of certain hazardous drugs might tell us which drugs ought to be prioritized in the future.

A Prosopographical Study of the imȝ-ʿ Title Holders down to the End of the Old Kingdom

Summary The obscure title imȝ-ʿ has received some scholarly attention, but there is still uncertainty regarding its reading and meaning. Even so, there is something to be attributed to the imȝ-ʿ holder very clearly: their high, even very high, position within the structure of the Egyptian elite. This paper, articulated in two parts, aims to provide a prosopographical study of the imȝ-ʿ title from sources dated from the Thinite Age to the end of the Old Kingdom. In this part, the sources of the title are presented in order to examine their nature, their provenance, and the social and historical context of the title’s holder. Eventually, some considerations of the field of activity to which the title is related, the function that it implies, if any, and changes that it experienced through time will be offered. The second part, which will be published in the following issue of ZÄS, will contain the actual prosopographical list consisting of 37 entries, namely the documentation which supports the contents of the present part.

Зонирование административных районов российской Арктики по степени опасности разрушения скотомогильников в результате деградации многолетней мерзлоты

Climatic changes have already resulted and will continue to result in gradual degradation of active upper layers in permafrost due to increased average air temperature in summer. Anthrax is an example of a climate-depending bacterial infection; anthrax agent creates spores that remain viable for a long period of time they spend in cryptobiosis in permafrost. Apparent permafrost degradation is already detected in most arctic regions in Russia and it can lead to anthrax burials decay thus creating elevated risks of the infection among farm animals and people who live on these territories. Our research goal was to create specific zones in municipal districts via combining data on permafrost, number of anthrax cattle burials, ascending trends in average long-term temperatures, and population density. We developed two relative hazard coefficients for characterizing anthrax outbreaks probability for animals and local population. Basing on numeric values obtained for these two coefficients, 70 administrative districts located in 15 RF subjects in the Arctic zone were listed in a descending order as per risks of the infection occurrence. We created two score scales showing relative hazard; they indicated that the highest population risk was typical for urban districts as population density there was much high than in rural ones. Our calculations should be helpful for determining priorities when preventive activities are developed on arctic and sub-arctic territories that are endemic as per anthrax. It is also important to obtain an actual list of cattle burials and to develop spatial-time models showing anthrax outbreaks occurrence taking into account climatic warming and permafrost degradation.

Creating zones in administrative districts located in the Russian arctic region specific as per threats of cattle burials decay due to permafrost degradation

Climatic changes have already resulted and will continue to result in gradual degradation of active upper layers in permafrost due to increased average air temperature in summer. Anthrax is an example of a climate-depending bacterial infection; anthrax agent creates spores that remain viable for a long period of time they spend in cryptobiosis in permafrost. Apparent permafrost degradation is already detected in most arctic regions in Russia and it can lead to anthrax burials decay thus creating elevated risks of the infection among farm animals and people who live on these territories. Our research goal was to create specific zones in municipal districts via combining data on permafrost, number of anthrax cattle burials, ascending trends in average long-term temperatures, and population density. We developed two relative hazard coefficients for characterizing anthrax outbreaks probability for animals and local population. Basing on numeric values obtained for these two coefficients, 70 administrative districts located in 15 RF subjects in the Arctic zone were listed in a descending order as per risks of the infection occurrence. We created two score scales showing relative hazard; they indicated that the highest population risk was typical for urban districts as population density there was much high than in rural ones. Our calculations should be helpful for determining priorities when preventive activities are developed on arctic and sub-arctic territories that are endemic as per anthrax. It is also important to obtain an actual list of cattle burials and to develop spatial-time models showing anthrax outbreaks occurrence taking into account climatic warming and permafrost degradation.

&lt;p class="ZootaxaTitle"&gt;All genera of the world: an overview and estimates based on the March 2020 release of the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG)

We give estimated counts of known accepted genera of the world (297,930±65,840, of which approximately 21% are fossil), of a total 492,620 genus names presently held for “all life”, based on the March 2020 release of the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). A further c. 9,400 accepted genus names are anticipated to have been published over the period 2014–2019 which are not yet included in IRMNG; together with a lower confidence estimate that perhaps an additional 3,000 historic names are also missing from the present version of IRMNG, we therefore estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted generic names have been published to the end of 2019, with the holdings of IRMNG being around 96% complete. A breakdown of the data is presented by phylum and, in some cases, lower taxonomic group such as class or order; the actual lists of names on which the totals are based are available for download via the IRMNG web site and are also included as supplementary data to this paper. These data provide the most complete and consistent coverage of all kingdoms of life presently available in such a form and, despite their “interim” nature (not completely vetted by taxonomic experts, not all genera yet placed to family), serve to illustrate the scope of a project for a more detailed survey of “all genera of the world” as well as providing a comparison with existing lists (for example, to indicate names that may be missed from either side), and preliminary content that can be of value for the compilation of new lists. We note areas (chiefly very recently published names) where present IRMNG data may be incomplete and briefly address other issues encountered in the assembly of such data, including those associated with the construction of a unified and/or consensus classification within which genera and their containing families can be placed.

Beetles of the family Cryptophagidae (Coleoptera) in the collection of Zoological Museum of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv

The Cryptophagidae collection (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) deposited at the Zoological Museum of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (ZMKU) is described. The main authors of the collection are well-known researchers from the 1910–1930s, Orest Marcu and Karl Penecke. This is the largest collection of cryptophagids among the natural museums of Ukraine containing 304 specimens belonging to 85 species of 13 genera. In addition, 15 specimens of 5 species belonging to the families Erotylidae, Biphyllidae and Languriidae were among Cryptophagidae specimens. The collection, according to information available in the ZMKU, came to the museum not earlier than 1947 as the indemnity for the results of the II World War, most likely from Chernivtsi, where Marcu and Penecke worked. The vast majority of specimens is collected in the territory of modern Romania and Ukraine, and many specimens came from Chernivtsi. A table with an overview of all key details of the specimens is given, in which there are 6 fields: the name of the species on the label, details on the species identification, number of specimens, collection locality with the name of collector and remarks on the specimen, in particular, the instructions for decoding collection sites from the original labels. Annotations are made on the amount of the collection and the most important specimens and re-identification for each of the 13 genera. Some specimens are lost, probably during numerous collection migrations. In particular, some species (Cryptophagus simplex, C. lapidicola, C. nitidulus, Caenoscelis subdeplanata, Atomaria grandicollis, A. peltata, etc.) are represented in the collection only by the labels. The collection is important for the analysis of the composition of the fauna of the Carpathian region in the broad sense, since some species are encountered in the collection rarely; therefore it is important to clarify their locations to form the most comprehensive list of species of the Cryptophagids in the region. Several species of the family were included on the actual list of the fauna of the region on the basis of the study of this collection, in particular: Atomaria linearis, A. analis, A. apicalis, A. gravidula, Cryptophagus fasciatus, C. setulosus, etc.

Metazoan parasites of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): A new data and review.

The population of California sea lion Zalophus californianus (CSL) has steadily increased during the last several decades. Despite extensive research addressing CSL biology and ecology performed during the last decades, there has been a minimal number of published papers documenting their parasite fauna. Our objective was to analyze the actual list of the metazoan parasites reported from CSLs and add new data on the age-related differences in the prevalence and biodiversity of the parasite community. There have been 33 species recorded but this study considers only 24 of them valid. Among them, 11 species are specific parasites of CSLs and 13 species are not specific. Additional species represent accidental infections or misidentifications. In total, 6653 helminths and 847 mites were collected and identified from 34 CSLs for this study. Six species of nematodes, Anisakis simplex sensu lato s. l. (prevalence 41%; intensity 7.6), Contracaecum ogmorhini s. l. (38%; 269.6), Pseudoterranova decipiens s. l. (29%; 33), P. azarazi (9%; 2.7), Acanthocheilonema odendhali (15%; 3.5) and Parafilaroides decorus were found. Two species of cestodes, Diphyllobothrium sp. (38%; 8.5) and Anophryocephalus sp. (15%; 14.6) represent novel undescribed species. Two species of trematodes, Apophallus zalophi (18%; 19.7) and Zalophotrema hepaticum (12%; 39.2), and five species of acanthocephalans, Corynosoma obtuscens (68%; 100.8), C. strumosum (53%; 4.6), Andracantha phalacrocoracis (3%; 1), Andracantha sp. (9%; 4.3) and Profilicollis altmani (6%; 8.5) were found. Mites Orthohalarchne attenuata (prevalence 85%) were found in the nasal cavity, while O. diminuata (21%) parasitized in the trachea and bronchi. The highest levels of infection with nematodes and trematodes were found in adult CSLs (3–16 years old), whereas the highest level of infection with acanthocephalans was found in young CSLs (pups and yearlings).

Automated screening of research studies for systematic reviews using study characteristics

BackgroundScreening candidate studies for inclusion in a systematic review is time-consuming when conducted manually. Automation tools could reduce the human effort devoted to screening. Existing methods use supervised machine learning which train classifiers to identify relevant words in the abstracts of candidate articles that have previously been labelled by a human reviewer for inclusion or exclusion. Such classifiers typically reduce the number of abstracts requiring manual screening by about 50%.MethodsWe extracted four key characteristics of observational studies (population, exposure, confounders and outcomes) from the text of titles and abstracts for all articles retrieved using search strategies from systematic reviews. Our screening method excluded studies if they did not meet a predefined set of characteristics. The method was evaluated using three systematic reviews. Screening results were compared to the actual inclusion list of the reviews.ResultsThe best screening threshold rule identified studies that mentioned both exposure (E) and outcome (O) in the study abstract. This screening rule excluded 93.7% of retrieved studies with a recall of 98%.ConclusionsFiltering studies for inclusion in a systematic review based on the detection of key study characteristics in abstracts significantly outperformed standard approaches to automated screening and appears worthy of further development and evaluation.

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ МАГИСТЕРСКИХ ПРОГРАММ ПО НАПРАВЛЕНИЮ «СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО» ДЛЯ ОБУЧЕНИЯ НАВЫКАМ ИННОВАЦИОННОГО МЫШЛЕНИЯ

The article reveals the need to improve master's programs in the scientific field of Construction. The relevance and demand of new master's courses is conditioned by the transition of the world economy to a new technological era. New training modules help students to form innovative thinking, professional and social competencies, and skills of self-organization for creative work. The innovative potential of graduate master’s work is analyzed in the article. It is shown that there is a real possibility to bring the results of master’s research work to innovation under condition of corresponding modifications in master's programs. Brief description of content of a single cycle of new training courses on methods of innovation in construction: “Functional-value analysis” (ABC–analysis), “Theory of solving inventive problems”, “experiment planning” and “Patent Science” is given. New courses are implemented in the framework of the current master’s program. The courses are linked in a single cycle through the logics of the Master's research work and study assignments. The criteria of the educational project success are given: the number of applications for inventions and articles, and the number of enrolled in post-graduate education. The place of the new courses in the existing educational process and the competency is determined. Potential partners of the educational project and their possible functions in the project are considered. One of the functions is the creation of the actual list of relevant issues in the construction industry to be solved in the master’s research work. At that, the preference is given to socially significant problems.

The Exotic Flora of Korea: Actual List of Neophytes and Their Ecological Characteristics

The Exotic Flora of Korea: Actual List of Neophytes and Their Ecological Characteristics

Are the LDCs really the world’s least developed countries?

The term ‘the least developed countries’ (LDCs) is widely understood to designate, exactly as stated, the world’s least developed countries. In conjunction with the 2015 United Nations (UN) triennial review of the LDC category, this article attempts to critically evaluate the UN’s list of LDC countries in the light of various indicators – economic, social, political, military and security related, and psychological. It concludes that the official and actual lists of LDCs, despite important similarities, are not completely identical. The term ‘the LDCs’ as used by the UN is therefore not fully consistent with the reality it attempts to designate and describe.

Abstract 17888: A Dynamically Updated Cardiac Transplant Waitlist Mortality Score

Introduction: U.S. heart allocation policies are currently under review. However, investigations into prioritization schemes for patients waiting for transplantation are hampered by the paucity of post-listing event data and complicated by widespread Mechanical Circulatory Support (MCS) usage. Hypothesis: A dynamic score can predict mortality and inform prioritization of patients awaiting heart transplant or considered for listing at time of MCS implant using clinical data, time-varying exposures, and laboratory values during listing. Methods: From 1/2008 to 6/2013, patients listed for transplant (n=314, 76%) or implanted with a MCS device with intention to list (n=101, 24%) were identified. Factors for a predictive, time-varying hazard model were selected from 74 pre-listing variables, 8 events and complications, and routine laboratory results after listing. Results: Seventy-eight deaths and 381 adverse events occurred during listing. A score based on 17 variables was developed, including black race, actual listing (vs. MCS), pulmonary artery pressure, history of coronary artery disease, diabetes, and ventricular tachycardia at listing, MCS implant and complications, dialysis, respiratory events, and neurologic events on the waitlist, and time-varying serum total bilirubin and creatinine. The figure shows a sample of predicted mortality scores varying over time as events and changes in biomarkers occur. Conclusions: We demonstrated a dynamic, updatable mortality risk score that predicts urgency among patients waiting for hearts independent of most demographics, heart failure etiology, symptoms, and cardiac function. This score tracks dynamic changes with time as biomarkers change and adverse events occur. MCS-related complications, neurologic events, and kidney failure significantly affect mortality. Future changes to U.S. heart transplant policies could use this newly developed tool as part of a larger allocation system.

The Electoral History of the Post-Soviet Crimea: from UkSSR to Russia

Abstract: One year ago, the referendum was held in the Ukrainian autonomous republic of Crimea which resulted in the peninsula becomino part of Russia. This article discusses all Crimean voting, including referendums and elections: from the first referendum in the history of the Soviet Union in January 1991, to the last election to the State Council of the Republic of Crimea within the Russian Federation in September 2014. For each vote, except for the regional elections, the average results of the main candidates are presented in the Crimea and in Ukraine. Sevastopol always has particular identity and special administrative status of the city, regardless of the sovereign center title (Moscow or Kyiv). That`s why we give the data for Sevastopol in addition to the Crimea for each vote. The author analyzes the voting results and compares them with those in other south-eastern regions of Ukraine. A special Crimean identity postulates in this case and changing of regional political trends in Ukraine in the mid-2000s are given. After 2002, Donetsk and Luhansk regions provided 70-100% of support to ”Party of Regions“ and its leader. While their main rivals always received minimum points from the Donbass. Crimea and Sevastopol were always in second position supporting the ruling party until the end of their Ukrainian history. For a visual comparison of the difference in votes of the Crimea, Sevastopol and the whole Ukraine, the author offers the original graph. In addition, the article focuses on the results and sociological basis of the last Crimean referendum held in March 2014. On the one hand its procedure creates many questions: the lack of equality in the agitation, the presence of paramilitaries, the vote in the absence of actual voter lists, etc. On the other hand, there are, at least, 4 researches of Ukrainian and American sociological services, according to which the sovereignty of Russia is a real value perceived by the majority of Crimea and Sevastopol citizens.

A New Critical Estimate of Named Species-Level Diversity of the Recent Mollusca*

Modern estimates of species-level diversity in the recent Mollusca range from 34,000 to 120,000 described species, with total diversity including undescribed species often cited as 200,000. Most estimates are unverifiable, not being based on reproducible methods. Ultimately the best way to gauge diversity is explicit enumeration: actual listing of known species. Comprehensive lists of species are valued as a basis for systematic revisions and for comparing diversity across taxa, but it is less appreciated that they also provide a means for statistical sampling of biodiversity databases. I assessed the completeness of molluscan species listings in the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) by comparing it to a standardized inventory of the species represented in the Malacology collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP). Random samples of names were scored for presence or absence in WoRMS, with standard errors calculated from the binomial distribution. The WoRMS database has about 1,200 duplicate or extraneous listings for mollusk species and is missing about 1,300 (3%). Overall marine molluscan diversity is estimated at 43,600 ± 900 species, where 900 is a 95% confidence interval. The validity of this confidence interval depends on the WoRMS database and the ANSP collection not having correlated weaknesses. Lack of relatively complete species databases prevents similar assessments for terrestrial and freshwater mollusks, but, using less rigorous methods, I estimate that there are 70,000 to 76,000 described species of recent Mollusca.The low end of this estimate, 70,000 species, is similar to the number of recent chordate species, 69,000, so it is possible that the Mollusca are not the second most diverse phylum of animals in terms of recognized recent species. Naming rates for chordate are currently higher than for mollusk, 750 versus 600 species per year, although the Mollusca are regarded as having higher undescribed diversity. The Mollusca have long been considered the most species-rich marine phylum, but the estimate of 43,600 is substantially below the 56,000 species of Arthropoda listed in WoRMS. Globally, the ratio of marine gastropod to marine bivalve species in WoRMS is 4:1, which is higher than in any regional fauna, suggesting that gastropods have smaller geographic ranges on average than bivalves. The main remaining gaps in WoRMS are among opisthobranchs (8% missing) and Indo-Pacific marine mollusks (6%). The most diverse molluscan genus in WoRMS is Turbonilla, with more than 1,000 species listed as accepted.