Actual Exit Research Articles

Polarization and the Ties That Bind: Congressional Staff Turnover

Congressional staff serve as the “invisible force” in Congress by helping draft legislation and conduct oversight. Given this, excessive turnover among staff is a loss of institutional memory and inhibits legislators’ ability to effectively conduct their constitutional duties. Using a mixed methods research design of interviews and a new survey of staff in the 115th session of Congress, I capture staffer intent to leave their current position and track whether they actually left their position 12 months later. Similar to civil servants, staff who report dissatisfaction with coworkers report higher levels of turnover intention, while the type of office, age, and level of education impact actual turnover. However, the extent to which polarization impacts staffers’ job satisfaction impacts both intention and actual exit. My study makes a unique contributions to the growing body of literature devoted to understanding congressional staff by providing important insights into how to recruit and retain staff.

Application of mixed reality technology in free fibular flap transplantation for repairing mandibular defects

To explore the feasibility and effectiveness of mixed reality technology for localizing perforator vessels in the repair of mandibular defects using free fibular flap. Between June 2020 and June 2023, 12 patients with mandibular defects were repaired with free fibular flap. There were 8 males and 4 females, with an average age of 61 years (range, 35-78 years). There were 9 cases of ameloblastomas and 3 cases of squamous cell carcinomas involving the mandible. The disease duration ranged from 15 days to 2 years (median, 14.2 months). The length of mandibular defects ranged from 5 to 14 cm (mean, 8.5 cm). The area of soft tissue defects ranged from 5 cm×4 cm to 8 cm×6 cm. Preoperative enhanced CT scans of the maxillofacial region and CT angiography of the lower limbs were performed, and the data was used to create three-dimensional models of the mandible and lower limb perforator vessels. During operation, the mixed reality technology was used to overlay the three-dimensional model of perforator vessels onto the body surface for harvesting the free fibular flap. The length of the fibula harvested ranged from 6 to 15 cm, with a mean of 9.5 cm; the size of the flap ranged from 6 cm×5 cm to 10 cm×8 cm. The donor sites were sutured directly in 7 cases and repaired with free skin grafting in 5 cases. Thirty perforator vessels were located by mixed reality technology before operation, with an average of 2.5 vessels per case; the distance between the exit point of the perforator vessels located before operation and the actual exit point ranged from 1 to 4 mm, with a mean of 2.8 mm. All fibular flaps survived; 1 case had necrosis at the distal end of flap, which healed after dressing changes. One donor site had infection, which healed after anti-inflammatory dressing changes; the remaining incisions healed by first intention, and the grafts survived smoothly. All patients were followed up 8-36 months (median, 21 months). The repaired facial appearance was satisfactory, with no flap swelling. Among the patients underwent postoperative radiotherapy, 2 patients had normal bone healing and 1 had delayed healing at 6 months. In free fibular flap reconstruction of mandibular defects, the use of mixed reality technology for perforator vessel localization can achieve three-dimensional visualization, simplify surgical procedures, and reduce errors.

Numerical investigation on flow characteristics of multi-stream supersonic nozzle with serpentine configuration

The serpentine configuration is utilized in the multi-stream supersonic nozzle of the Adaptive Cycle Engine to improve the stealth performance of next-generation fighters. Compared to single-stream conventional nozzles, the multi-stream supersonic nozzle involves a larger number of design parameters and exhibits a strong interaction between the multiple streams. The serpentine configuration introduces a complex influence on the flow characteristics of the multi-stream supersonic nozzle, which presents significant challenges in designing high-performance nozzles. It is crucial to understand and effectively manage the flow features to optimize the design of multi-stream supersonic nozzles with a serpentine configuration. As a result, the effects of the serpentine configuration and nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) on the flow characteristics of the multi-stream supersonic nozzle were investigated numerically in this paper. The numerical simulation employs the implicit density-based algorithm and Shear Stress Transport k-ω turbulent model of the commercial software ANSYS Fluent. The results show that the shock waves and contra-rotating vortices are generated by the nonuniform main stream and corner vortices from the serpentine configuration when the streams mix, which lead to the decline of the aerodynamic performance compared to the no serpentine case. The mass flow rate of the main stream and tertiary stream reduce by 1.4 % and 4.2 %, respectively, and the thrust performance reduces by 0.35 %. As the NPR rises, the tertiary streams are compressed by the main stream. The mass flow rate of the tertiary streams drop sharply with the contraction of the actual throat area. The flow condition of the tertiary streams convert from the over-expanded condition of convergent-divergent nozzle to the critical condition of convergent nozzle. Due to the enlargement of the actual exit area for the main stream, the maximal thrust performance is at NPR = 7.0 instead of the designed NPR.

P‐66: Application of Ergonomics in VR HMD Exit Pupil Positioning Design

To achieve the actual exit pupil distance and ensure display effect of the VR HMD, the positioning structure of exit pupil is studied from three aspects:design data extraction, experimental verification and data compensation. The surface model of sponge which is used to ensure the best fit between the sponge and face is extracted according to the data of ergonomic dimensions. The sponge designed with this model should be made to measure the actual exit pupil distance of the VR HMD by the method studied in this paper. The data of sponge compression from the test should be added to the size before. According to this method, the actual exit pupil distance can be closest to the design to achieve the best display effect.

Entrepreneurs\u2019 Exit Strategy Intentions and Their Final Exit Paths

This paper explores entrepreneurs’ initially intended exit strategies and compares them to their final exit paths using an inductive approach that builds on the grounded theory methodology. Our data shows that initially intended and final exit strategies differ among entrepreneurs. Two groups of entrepreneurs emerged from our data. The first group comprises entrepreneurs who financed their firms through equity investors. The second group is made up of entrepreneurs who financed their businesses solely with their own equities. Our data shows that the first group originally intended a financial harvest exit strategy and settled with this harvest exit strategy. The second group initially intended a stewardship exit strategy but did not succeed. We used the theory of planned behavior and the behavioral agency model to analyze our data. By examining our results from these two theoretical perspectives, our study explains how entrepreneurs’ exit intentions lead to their actual exit strategies.

Feel dragged out: a recovery perspective in the relationship between emotional exhaustion and entrepreneurial exit

PurposeThis study investigates the relationship between emotional exhaustion and entrepreneurial exit, particularly how this relationship might be invigorated by two critical psychological factors, namely cognitive well-being (CWB) and affective well-being (AWB).Design/methodology/approachBinary logistic regression analysis was employed on a longitudinal data set of 997 self-employed individuals taken from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) during years 2012-2013.FindingsGreater level of emotional exhaustion increases the likelihood of entrepreneurial exit. However, individuals with higher levels of affective or/and cognitive well-being are less likely to engage in the actual entrepreneurial exit behaviors.Practical implicationsEntrepreneurial exit is one of the crucial managerial decisions made by entrepreneurs. The decision to quit is not only triggered by poor firm performance but also by various psychological factors. The authors found subjective well-being as an essential mechanism promoting entrepreneurs’ overall well-being, thus recommending that entrepreneurs psychologically distance themselves from work during off times.Originality/valueFirst, the study discovered emotional exhaustion as a crucial psychological precursor of entrepreneurial exit by focusing on actual exit instances rather than intentions and strategies to exit. That contributes to understanding the psychological mechanism involved in resource gain and loss while making exit decisions. Second, affective and cognitive well-being are found to be two crucial enablers that work as a recovery process to deal with emotional exhaustion.

Business Exit During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Non-Traditional Measures in Historical Context

<ns2:p>Lags in official data releases have forced economists and policymakers to leverage "alternative" or "non-traditional" data to measure business exit resulting from the COVID- 19 pandemic. We first review official data on business exit in recent decades to place the alternative measures of exit within historical context. For the U.S., business exit is countercyclical and fairly common, with about 7.5 percent of firms exiting annually in recent years. Both the high level and the cyclicality of exit are driven by very small firms and establishments. We then explore a range of alternative measures of business exit, including novel measures based on paycheck issuance and phone-tracking data, which indicate exit was elevated in certain sectors during the first year of the pandemic. The evidence is mixed, however; many industries have likely seen lower-than-usual exit rates, and exiting businesses do not appear to represent a large share of U.S. employment. Actual exit is likely to have been lower than widespread expectations from early in the pandemic. Moreover, businesses have recently exhibited notable optimism about their survival prospects.</ns2:p>

Intention, barriers and opportunities to exit from commercial sex work among female sex workers in Ethiopia: Qualitative study

Background: Commercial sex work exposed women to countless risks and exit is recommended as an essential strategy to tackle those risks. Intention to exit can predict women’s actual exit potential from commercial sex work. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to explore intention, barriers and facilitating situations to exit from commercial sex work among female sex workers in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
 Method: We conducted qualitative research among 18 female sex workers using in-depth interviews. Once data was collected with the local language, we transcribed the recorded data and translated to English before exporting to ATLASti7 to facilitate the data analysis process. We used respondent-driven sampling to recruit study participants. We implemented the inductive thematic analysis approach.
 Result and discussion: Women had a strong intention to exit from commercial sex work. Although women intended to give up on commercial sex work, they needed to pass barriers like financial insecurity, social stigma and discrimination, skill gap, lack of support and poor education status before they successfully exit. Their demand for minimal financial supports to open a private business and strong motivation are opportunities for a successful exit from commercial sex work.
 Conclusion: Women had a strong intention to exit from commercial sex work though they demanded support from others. Therefore, government and other stakeholders need to provide comprehensive support to commercial sex workers like financial support, fill skill gap and improve poor saving habit through training and establish functioning rehabilitation centers for drug addict women.

In-plume acceleration of leading-edge ions from a pulsed plasma thruster

Pulsed plasma thrusters are a form of electric propulsion for spacecraft. Their research has undergone recent growth due to an increasing interest in small satellites. However, their plasma plumes are transient and challenging to study due to the extremely short discharge time that lasts in the order of microseconds. The plasma plume is accelerated by a combination of electrothermal and electromagnetic forces. With electromagnetic acceleration, the ions are typically thought to be only accelerated within the thruster by the Lorentz force. Estimated downstream exhaust velocities have ranged widely from 5 to 60 km s−1, with values on the lower end corresponding to electrothermal acceleration. However, we show here that the fastest leading-edge ions continue to accelerate in the plume even in the absence of electromagnetic forces. Pulsed plasma thruster plumes are composed of electrons and a mixture of ion species with different ionization levels. Due to this quasi-neutrality of the plasma plume with electrons featuring much larger velocities than ions, we suggest that the acceleration might be ambipolar in nature. The leading-edge ions eventually reach velocities in excess of 100 km s−1, far greater than values typically associated with electrothermal acceleration. This indicates that care must be taken in the accurate measurement of the ion velocity in the plume. The ion plume may also be more energetic than previously believed. Furthermore, we also propose that simple extrapolation can be used to determine the actual exit plane ion velocity; this value can be used as accurate input data for future simulations.

Job characteristics and experience as predictors of occupational turnover intention and occupational turnover in the European nursing sector

The present study aims to unravel the relationships between job demands and resources, occupational turnover intention, and occupational turnover. To do so, we tested a model wherein associations between nurses' age, tenure in profession and tenure with present employer (experience in the profession), job demands (emotional demands, work-home interference), and job resources (influence at work and opportunities for development) predicted occupational turnover intention, and, subsequently, occupational turnover. A longitudinal survey was conducted among a sample of 753 nurses working in European health care institutions (hospitals, nursing homes, and community/home care). The results supported the hypotheses that job demands are positively related with occupational turnover intention while job resources and experience in the nursing profession are negatively related with occupational turnover intention. We did not find evidence supporting the hypothesis that occupational turnover intention mediates the relationship between job demands and job resources on the one hand, and occupational turnover on the other hand. Experience in the nursing profession had a direct effect on occupational turnover, in addition to the direct effect of occupational turnover intention. The implications of our findings for understanding the process through which health care organizations can affect occupational turnover intention and actual exit behavior, are discussed.

Factors affecting turnover rates of public child welfare front line workers: comparing cohorts of title IV-E program graduates with regularly hired and trained staff

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study is to examine the impact of a statewide intervention (BSW level Title IV-E Program) on both the workers’ intent to leave the job and their actual exit from a state administered public child welfare agency. Employees completed an extensive survey including scales assessing individual, team, and organizational variables that might impact turnover. Results show that more Title IV-E graduates stay with the agency than do regular hires and leave at a slower rate. Different variables impact intent to leave compared to actual exit and vary across type of employee. Implications for the workforce are discussed.

Size, Entry, Exit, and Productivity Growth in Korea’s Export-leading Industries

This study investigates the impact of the entry and exit of establishments within the bounds of size on the productivity growth of 29 export-leading industries and 13 other exporting industries. The impact of entry and exit dynamics of small and medium-sized establishments (SMEs) and large establishments (LEs) on the productivity growth of exporting industries significantly varied depending on the respective industry’s own distinctive features as well as macroeconomic turbulences. Especially, vulnerability of new SME entrants and exiting SMEs in the automobile industry, allegedly resulting from the strongest vertical integration in their industrial structure, to a lesser degree, the similar trend was found in the IT manufacturing industry, resulting from the second strongest vertical integration in their industrial structure. In the export-leading industries, an increase in new SME entrants slowed productivity growth more than did an increase in new LE entrants, and an increase in exiting LEs reduced the productivity growth further, one year prior to actual exit, than did an increase in exiting SMEs. As a remedy to secure the market selection force, the overall institutional system should be redesigned to increase efficiency in resource and market share reallocation between SMEs and LEs, which will ultimately contribute to sustainable long-run economic growth for Korea.

Preliminary Development of an Attrition Risk Assessment Instrument for Secondary Agricultural Educators

Secondary agricultural education has consistently faced a shortage of teachers for the past several decades. Because there are not enough newly qualified teachers certified annually to fill all the vacancies, attrition must be addressed. The purpose of this research was to develop and pilot test an attrition risk assessment instrument. Items were written and included in a preliminary instrument based on existing literature as well as a qualitative study we conducted previously. Principal components analysis resulted in a 25-question instrument, with 17 questions measuring attrition risk in four constructs including alternative career opportunities, expectations versus realities, passions, and people frustrations. Cronbach’s alpha indicated overall instrument reliability wasα= .76. Individual construct reliabilities ranged fromα= .57 toα= .85. Recommendations include further development and refinement of constructs and questions. Additionally, longitudinal data should be collected in order to identify the threshold magnitude of each risk factor that results in actual exit of a teacher from the profession. Finally, implementation of the instrument could assist researchers and teacher educators in identifying the most prevalent risks contributing to teacher attrition in a population.

Examining the effects of turnover intentions on organizational citizenship behaviors and deviance behaviors: A psychological contract approach.

Although turnover intentions are considered the most proximal antecedent of organizational exit, there is often temporal separation between thinking about leaving and actual exit. Using field data from 2 diverse samples of working adults, we explore a causal model of the effects of turnover intentions on employee behavior while they remain with the organization, focusing specifically on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) and deviance behaviors (DBs). Utilizing expectancy theory as an explanatory framework, we argue that turnover intentions result in high levels of transactional contract orientation and low levels of relational contract orientation, which in turn lead to a decrease in the incidence of OCBs and an increase in the incidence of DBs. We first used a pilot study to investigate the direction of causality between turnover intentions and psychological contract orientations. Then, in Study 1, we tested our mediated model using a sample of employees from a large drug retailing chain. In Study 2, we expanded our model by arguing that the mediated effects are much stronger when the organization is deemed responsible for potential exit. We then tested our full model using a sample of employees from a large state-owned telecommunications corporation in China. Across both studies, results were generally consistent and supportive of our hypotheses. We discuss the implications of our findings for future theory, research, and practice regarding the management of both the turnover process and discretionary behaviors at work. (PsycINFO Database Record

Change of Retirement Attitudes and Retirement Planning: A Latent Growth Modeling Approach

Retirement presents a major life transition for older workers. Today, retirement is defined as a dynamic process that starts with retirement planning and decision making which may occur long time before the actual exit from workforce. By adopting a latent growth modeling approach, the present study aims to explore the change patterns of positive and negative attitudes toward retirement during pre-retirement period, and examine the relationship between retirement planning (i.e., financial, health, interpersonal, and work planning) and the change trajectories of retirement attitudes. Longitudinal data were collected from a sample of 464 Chinese older workers. Results indicated an increasing trend of positive attitudes toward retirement and a decreasing trend of negative attitudes toward retirement during the last year before expected retirement. Supporting the existence of promotion-focused and prevention-focused regulatory motives, the initial levels of both positive and negative retirement attitudes encouraged older workers’ engagement in retirement planning activities. In turn, retirement planning in health and interpersonal domains buffered the increase of negative attitudes toward retirement across time.

Exit as Governance: An Empirical Analysis

ABSTRACTRecent theory posits a new governance channel available to blockholders: threat of exit. Threat of exit, as opposed to actual exit, is difficult to measure directly. However, a crucial property is that it is weaker when stock liquidity is lower and vice versa. We use natural experiments of financial crises and decimalization as exogenous shocks to stock liquidity. Firms with larger blockholdings experience greater declines (increases) in firm value during the crises (decimalization), particularly if the manager's wealth is sensitive to the stock price and thus to exit threats. Additional tests suggest exit threats are distinct from blockholder intervention.

Exits in the gasoline market: Evidence from Austria

The retail gasoline market is going through a process of restructuring and consolidation in many developed economies. During the past decade, a large number of gasoline stations have been closed down. The present paper aims to investigate this process. One of the key characteristics of the retail gasoline market is that competition is localised, and this spatial dimension of competition has to be taken into account when investigating the (binary) decision of whether or not to exit from this business. The results of a probit model estimated on the Austrian retail gasoline sector suggest that the degree of spatial differentiation (distance between gasoline stations) as well as other station-specific and regional characteristics can explain parts of the actual exit behaviour observed between 2003 and 2011.

Effects of temperament on pregnancy rates to fixed-timed AI in Bos indicus beef cows

The objective of the present experiment was to assess the effects of temperament on pregnancy rates to fixed-time AI (FTAI) in Bos indicus beef cows. A total of 761 multiparous lactating Nelore cows, originated from 4 different commercial cow–calf ranches, were evaluated for BCS and temperament at the time of FTAI (day 0). Temperament was assessed by chute score and exit velocity. Further, individual exit score was calculated by dividing exit velocity results into quintiles and assigning cows with a score from 1 to 5 (exit score: 1=slowest cows; 5=fastest cow). Temperament scores were calculated by averaging cow chute score and exit score. Cows were also classified for temperament type according to temperament score (≤3=adequate temperament, >3=excitable temperament). Pregnancy status was verified by detecting a viable conceptus with rectal ultrasonography approximately 40days after FTAI. Chute score, exit velocity, and temperament score were not correlated to BCS (P>0.31). Hence, BCS did not differ (P=0.30) according to temperament type (4.13 vs. 4.09 for cows with excitable and adequate temperament, respectively; SEM=0.070). Pregnancy rates to FTAI tended to be negatively affected by temperament score (P=0.08), whereas the probability of cows becoming pregnant to FTAI was negatively associated with temperament score (linear effect, P<0.01). Accordingly, pregnancy rates were reduced (P=0.05) in cows with excitable temperament compared to cows with adequate temperament (35.3 vs. 42.8% of pregnant cows/total cows, respectively; SEM=2.85). Pregnancy rates to FTAI were not affected by chute score (P=0.25), although the probability of cows becoming pregnant to FTAI tended to be negatively associated with chute score (linear effect, P=0.07). Pregnancy rates to FTAI were negatively affected by exit score (P=0.05), and the probability of cows becoming pregnant to FTAI was negatively associated with exit score and with actual exit velocity (linear effects, P<0.01). Results from this experiment indicate that excitable temperament is detrimental to pregnancy rates of B. indicus cows assigned to an estrus synchronization+FTAI protocol.

A method to determine the local surface profile from reconstructed exit waves

Reconstructed exit waves are useful to quantify unknown structure parameters such as the position and composition of the atom columns at atomic scale. Existing techniques provide a complex wave in a flat plane which is close to the plane where the electrons leave the atom columns. However, due to local deviation in the flatness of the exit surface, there will be an offset between the plane of reconstruction and the actual exit of a specific atom column. Using the channelling theory, it has been shown that this defocus offset can in principle be determined atom column-by-atom column. As such, the surface roughness could be quantified at atomic scale. However, the outcome strongly depends on the initial plane of reconstruction especially in a crystalline structure. If this plane is further away from the true exit, the waves of the atom columns become delocalized and interfere mutually which strongly complicates the interpretation of the exit wave in terms of the local structure. In this paper, we will study the delocalization with defocus using the channelling theory in a more systematic way.

Exit as Governance: An Empirical Analysis

Recent theory posits a new governance channel available to blockholders: threat of exit. The threat of exit, as opposed to actual exit, is difficult to measure directly. However, a crucial property is that the threat of exit is weaker when stock liquidity is lower and vice versa. We use natural experiments of financial crises and decimalization as exogenous shocks to stock liquidity. Firms with larger blockholdings experience greater declines in firm value during these crises periods (and increases during decimalization), particularly if the manager’s wealth is more sensitive to the stock price and thus to the threat of exit. Additional tests suggest exit threats are distinct from blockholder intervention.