Actual Encounters Research Articles

Exploiting Tragedy: Dark Tourism

People by nature are travelers, if need be, one likes to travel to great distances just see the unknown. This has been our nature for thousands of years. Earlier if was due to the need of shelter, food and protection, and today the need is leisure and to be away for short intervals to escape from the daily hum-drums of the monotony of life. Tourism industry thrives on this human nature. People from time-to-time have opted for different kind of adrenaline rushes to keep their cave-man craving at the behest. And the one of latest in this is “Dark Tourism”. By definition purpose, it means traveling to a location wholly, or partially, motivated by the desire for actual or symbolic encounters with death, particularly, but not exclusively, violent death, which may, to a varying degree be activated by the person-specific features of those whose deaths are its focal objects. The phenomenon raises ethical issues over the status and nature of objects, the extent of their interpretation, the appropriate political and managerial response and the nature of the experience as perceived by the visitor, their residents and local residents. Events, sites, types of visit and 'host' reactions are considered in order to construct the parameters of the concept of 'dark tourism'. Many acts of inhumanity are celebrated as heritage sites in Britain (for example, the Tower of London, Edinburgh Castle), and the Berlin Wall has become a significant attraction despite claiming many victims. India is slowly catching up on this global phenomenon. We still have a long way to go, but there is a start. This paper is a generalized outlook on a personal note on what is being done so far and what options are there available and where we stand as of now.

Prior consumer satisfaction and alliance encounter satisfaction attributions

PurposeBuilt upon brand attitude literature, particularly the cognitive dissonance theory and contrast theory, the authors' conceptual framework aims to explain how prior consumer satisfaction with each alliance partner affects consumer attributions (i.e. credit or blame) directed toward each partner for both highly satisfying and less‐than‐highly satisfying alliance experiences.Design/methodology/approachThis paper extends the cognitive dissonance theory and contrast theory to the brand alliance context. Survey responses from 1,510 consumers, each having had purchase experiences with one of 18 brand alliances, were used to test hypotheses.FindingsThe authors identify which of the two theories provides greater explanatory power under varying conditions. Further, they find an intriguing host effect. That is, consumers tend to hold host partners more responsible for both highly satisfying and less‐than‐highly satisfying alliance encounters.Practical implicationsThe authors' findings help firms better understand how consumers respond to alliance encounters. Practical insights include distinct advice for host versus guest partners in partner selection and resource commitments to alliance platforms.Originality/valueThis paper is among the first to investigate consumer reactions to actual alliance encounters, especially in market rather than experimental conditions. Further, whereas the literature has focused on positive consumer experiences with brand alliances, the authors' research includes both highly satisfying and less‐than‐highly satisfying alliance experiences and thus they uniquely report on the full range of alliance encounter outcomes.

On the Meaning of Alarm Calls: A Review of Functional Reference in Avian Alarm Calling

AbstractA long‐standing question in animal communication is whether signals reveal intrinsic properties of the signaller or extrinsic properties of its environment. Alarm calls, one of the most conspicuous components of antipredator behaviour, intuitively would appear to reflect internal states of the signaller. Pioneering research in primates and fowl, however, demonstrated that signallers may produce unique alarm calls during encounters with different types of predators, suggesting that signallers through selective production of alarm calls provide to conspecific receivers information about predators in the environment. In this article, we review evidence for such ‘functional reference’ in the alarm calls of birds based on explicit tests of two criteria proposed in Macedonia & Evans’ (Ethology 93, 1993, 177) influential conceptual framework: (1) that unique alarm calls are given to specific predator categories, and (2) that alarm calls isolated from contextual information elicit antipredator responses from receivers similar to those produced during actual predator encounters. Despite the importance of research on birds in development of the conceptual framework and the ubiquity of alarm calls in birds, evidence for functionally referential alarm calls in this clade is limited to six species. In these species, alarm calls are associated with the type of predator encountered as well as variation in hunting behaviour; with defence of reproductive effort in addition to predators of adults; with age‐related changes in predation risk; and with strong fitness benefits. Our review likely underestimates the occurrence of functional reference in avian alarm calls, as incomplete application and testing of the conceptual framework has limited our understanding. Throughout, therefore, we suggest avian taxa for future studies, as well as additional questions and experimental approaches that would strengthen our understanding of the meaning of functional reference in avian alarm calls.

Predator faunas past and present: quantifying the influence of waterborne cues in divergent ecotypes of the isopod Asellus aquaticus

Waterborne chemical cues are an important source of information for many aquatic organisms, in particular when assessing the current risk of predation. The ability to use chemical cues to detect and respond to potential predators before an actual encounter can improve prey chances of survival. We investigated predator recognition and the impact of chemical cues on predator avoidance in the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus. This isopod has recently colonised a novel habitat and diverged into two distinct ecotypes, which encounter different predator communities. Using laboratory-based choice experiments, we have quantified behavioural responses to chemical cues from predators typical of the two predator communities (larval dragonflies in the ancestral habitat, perch in the newly colonised habitat) in wild-caught and lab-reared Asellus of the two ecotypes. Individuals with prior experience of predators showed strong predator avoidance to cues from both predator types. Both ecotypes showed similar antipredator responses, but sexes differed in terms of threat-sensitive responses with males avoiding areas containing predator cues to a larger extent than females. Overall, chemical cues from fish elicited stronger predator avoidance than cues from larval dragonflies. Our results indicate that in these isopods, prior exposure to predators is needed to develop antipredator behaviour based on waterborne cues. Furthermore, the results emphasise the need to analyse predator avoidance in relation to waterborne cues in a sex-specific context, because of potential differences between males and females in terms of vulnerability and life history strategies.

Early Cultural Dialogues in Cross-Cultural Clinical Practice

This article examines the quality of cultural dialogues between clients and therapists when they initiate and integrate verbal references to culture in the beginning process of therapy. Six cross-cultural dyads in short-term–oriented community mental health services participated in the study. The initial three sessions of actual clinical encounters were taped, and conversation analysis was used for an intensive analysis of the treatment sessions. Despite the presence of a wide range of affectively charged cultural content raised by the clients, the therapists showed only minimal responses to these topics. The potential of therapeutically germane cultural dialogue was lost, and the discussion of material involving cultural differences regressed to monologues expressed by clients. In this sample, there was little talk that focused on cultural differences or similarities between clients and therapists. Implications and limitations of the study in cross-cultural clinical practice are discussed.

Working with teachers to develop healthy relationships with students

AbstractThis article describes activities that can be used with multiple audiences of teachers, administrators, or other caregivers regarding setting boundaries in personal relationships with students. First, participants must think about and discuss relationships that they experienced with their own teachers in the past and determine what aspects of those relationships made an impression on them. In many cases, these connections deeply influenced teachers to join the profession. Second, participants consider dilemmas that they would realistically face with students and decide how they would respond. The dilemmas are derived from actual encounters teachers describe in this volume and elsewhere. In groups, they discuss what the ramifications might be in each circumstance and explore together sound and appropriate responses. Finally, there is an emphasis on the process of strategizing well before these dilemmas arise.

Shaping Citizen Perceptions of Police Legitimacy: A Randomized Field Trial of Procedural Justice

Exploring the relationship between procedural justice and citizen perceptions of police is a well‐trodden pathway. Studies show that when citizens perceive the police acting in a procedurally just manner—by treating people with dignity and respect, and by being fair and neutral in their actions—they view the police as legitimate and are more likely to comply with directives and cooperate with police. Our article examines both the direct and the indirect outcomes of procedural justice policing, tested under randomized field trial conditions. We assess whether police can enhance perceptions of legitimacy during a short, police‐initiated and procedurally just traffic encounter and how this single encounter shapes general views of police. Our results show significant differences between the control and experimental conditions: Procedurally just traffic encounters with police (experimental condition) shape citizen views about the actual encounter directly and general orientations toward the police relative to business‐as‐usual traffic stops in the control group. The theorized model is supported by our research, demonstrating that the police have much to gain from acting fairly during even short encounters with citizens.

Final capping passivation layers for long-life microsensors in real fluids

Final capping insulation layer is a critical step in the microfabrication process that determines the lifetime of analytical microsensors in real fluids. Actual processes encounter considerable limitations as (i) organic passivation layers do not provide a satisfying long-term protection against liquids and (ii) inorganic passivation processes (dielectric materials deposition and patterning) are very aggressive for the underlying layers, imposing severe constraints on the integration of sensitive materials. We present here a low temperature deposition process of high quality silicon nitride Si3N4 using ICP-CVD technique combined with a lift-off based process to pattern conformal deposition, in order to avoid harsh treatments such as wet or dry etching. High-density SiNx films with low H content (5×1020at/cm3) were synthesized at 100°C with controlled uniformity (5%), refractive index (2.025 at 830nm), etch rate in buffered hydrofluoric acid (8nm/min), residual stress (−500MPa), breakdown field (3.9MV/cm) and dielectric constant (6.0). In order to validate the compatibility of this passivation process with long-term fluids analysis, microelectrodes were fabricated and their lifetime in natural seawater was evaluated. Their active surfaces were defined by patterning the insulation layer. Special care was given to their accurate estimation through the modelling of chronoamperometric curves. Reproducible and stable electrochemical response was obtained for months (>50 days), demonstrating a considerably extended lifetime in harsh liquid media.

The Effect of Spatial Elevation on Respect Depends on Merit and Medium

Five experiments investigated the effects of spatial elevation on person perception in both a computer setup and actual encounters, determining the moderating role of additional verbal information about the target. In accordance with prior findings, spatial elevation increased respect in a computer setting, especially when the target was described as nonachieving. Liking toward the target was not affected. In an actual encounter the results were reversed: When actually facing the target, spatial elevation decreased respect when it was not legitimized by achievements of the target. We discuss the implications of our findings for the elicitation of respect and experimental approaches to investigate it.

Therapists in a Foreign Land: Acculturation, Language Proficiency and Counseling Self-Efficacy among Foreign-Born Therapists Practicing in the United States

Immigration and acculturation can have profound effects on counselors’ sense of self and interactions with others. Yet the influence of being an immigrant on a therapist’s use of self during actual clinical encounters has received very little empirical attention, even though the number of foreign-born counselors is steadily increasing in the U.S. In order to fill this gap we conducted a web-based survey study to examine the associations between acculturation, language proficiency, and clinician’s self-efficacy in a sample of 258 foreign-born counselors and providers currently practicing in the U.S. Results suggest that perceived prejudice and not the level of acculturation is significantly associated with levels of clinical self-efficacy, suggesting that the attitudes and behaviors of the host community play a much bigger role in the acculturation of immigrant therapists than previously assumed.

Fluoride Varnish: Theory & Technique

OPEN ACCESSSeptember 26, 2012Fluoride Varnish: Theory & Technique Ryan Quock, DDS, Donna Morris Ryan Quock, DDS University of Texas School of Dentistry Google Scholar More articles by this author , Donna Morris University of Texas Google Scholar More articles by this author https://doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.9242 SectionsAbout ToolsDownload Citations ShareFacebookTwitterEmail AbstractThis resource is a focused introduction to the use of fluoride varnish for the prevention of dental caries. The intended resource audience includes any health care provider who is to employ fluoride varnish for the prevention of dental caries. The centerpiece of this submission is a 17-minute instructional video, which introduces the theory and technique of fluoride varnish for the prevention of dental caries to its audience. To aid in assessment of comprehension of basic concepts covered in the fluoride varnish video, a 10-question multiple-choice quiz is also included in this submission. This new and original resource was developed specifically as a concept-based submission for the AAMC's Oral Health in Medicine Model Curriculum; as such, it has not yet been formally deployed by the authors. The content inspiration for this resource was a practical fluoride varnish review previously published by the authors. The format inspiration for this resource was the frequent requests of our students for media in video format, especially demonstrations of clinical technique. Students are especially interested in the ability to review theory and techniques as many times as necessary before actual live patient encounters. With this in mind, the goal was to create a self-contained resource that could be easily accessible for its audience. As mentioned earlier, the self-contained nature of the video makes it easily adaptable to a number of learning scenarios. In addition to utilization by dental and dental hygiene students/residents, the authors anticipate use of the video by medical and allied health students/residents/providers. Educational Objectives By the end of this resource, learners will be able to: Summarize the basic etiology of dental caries.Identify the role that cariogenic bacteria and diet play in lowering oral pH levels, and how this contributes to tooth demineralization.Identify the ways that fluoride can prevent/reverse dental caries.Identify the specific anticaries benefits of fluoride varnish.Summarize the basic technique for applying fluoride varnish to a patient's dentition. Sign up for the latest publications from MedEdPORTAL Add your email below FILES INCLUDEDReferencesRelatedDetails FILES INCLUDED Included in this publication: BOHC Toolkit.pdf Fluoride Varnish - Instructors Guide.docx Fluoride Varnish - Post-Test Self Assessment.doc Fluoride Varnish - Pre-Test Self Assessment.doc Fluoride Varnish Video.m4v To view all publication components, extract (i.e., unzip) them from the downloaded .zip file. Download editor’s noteThis publication may contain technology or a display format that is no longer in use. CitationQuock R, Morris D. Fluoride Varnish: Theory & Technique. MedEdPORTAL. 2012;8:9242. https://doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.9242 Copyright & Permissions© 2012 Quock and Morris. This is an open-access publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike license.KeywordsBuilding Oral Health Capacity (BOHC) CollectionCariesDentitionFluoridesTooth DemineralizationCariogenic BacteriaFluoride Varnishes Disclosures None to report. Funding/Support None to report. Loading ...

Scripts for Actual First Date and Hanging-Out Encounters Among Young Heterosexual Hispanic Adults

This research presents two studies examining scripts for the actual initial romantic encounters of young heterosexual Hispanic adults in the Southeastern U.S. In Study 1, 242 Hispanic undergraduates were asked to describe their most recent first romantic encounter using a cognitive script methodology, and then to classify the encounter as being a date, hangout, hookup, one-night stand, or other type of encounter. Encounters were most frequently classified as a date, followed by hangouts; very few individuals indicated that their most recent encounter was a hookup or one-night stand. Dates were described as highly gender stereotypic, with men performing significantly more actions overall than women. The date script also included more gender-typed actions, was more structured, and was considered more ideal than a hangout. In Study 2, a checklist of 60 actions derived from Study 1 was used to assess the most recent initial romantic encounters of 217 Hispanic undergraduates. Dates were reported most frequently, followed by hangouts. Dates continued to be highly gender stereotyped with men being responsible for more actions than women, and the date script continued to include more gender-typed actions than the hangout. A date was also more structured and rated as more ideal and satisfying than a hangout. The predominance of and preference for dates, the most gender-typed way for young adults to get together romantically, was consistent with Hispanic cultural norms that support traditional gender roles.

Are you talking to me?! An exploration of the triadic physician–patient–companion communication within memory clinics encounters

ObjectiveTo explore and gain further insight into the nature of the triadic interaction among patients, companions and physicians in first-time diagnostic disclosure encounters of Alzheimer's disease in memory-clinic visits. MethodsTwenty-five real-time observations of actual triadic encounters by six different physicians were analyzed. The analysis was accomplished through an innovative combination of grounded theory text analysis and graphics to illustrate the communicational exchanges. ResultsThe “triadic” communication was actually a series of alternating dyadic exchanges where the third person tries, with inconsistent degrees of success, to become actively involved. During the initial introduction (phase 1) and summation/disclosure (phase 3), the core dyad shifts from physician–patient to physician–companion. ConclusionThe focus of communication shifts within these encounters: from talking with the patient to talking about him or ignoring him. These shifts may signify an emotionally loaded role transformation from companion to caregiver. Practice implicationsEffective and empathic management of a triadic communication that avoids unnecessary interruptions and frustrations requires specific communication skills (e.g., explaining the rules and order of the conversation). Professionals need to facilitate the emotionally difficult shift from companion to caregiver and the adjustment of companion and demented patient to this shift.

‘Shrieking Savages’ and ‘Men of Milder Customs’

Adolf Bernhard Meyer (1840–1911), a German-Jewish medical scientist, naturalist and museum director, travelled and collected in northwest New Guinea between March and July 1873. He was one of the first German-born naturalists to visit New Guinea and the first to publish extensively in German on his field experiences there. Though his subsequent career as a museum director was built on the scientific results and collections from this expedition, after his death the expedition itself was largely forgotten and the publications resulting from it — including a lengthy travelogue and works on New Guinean physical anthropology, language and religious beliefs — were ignored or discredited. This paper re-examines this neglected corpus of scholarship and considers the ways in which Meyer's encounters with indigenous New Guineans influenced his contributions to discussions, in the European metropoles, of racial difference. On the one hand, Meyer's perceptions of ‘Papuan’ physical and cultural identity were shaped by his pre-voyage readings, particularly of works by the British traveller-naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace and the German psychologist and ethnologist Theodor Waitz, and by the constraints, on his post-voyage publications, of genre and discourse. On the other hand, these perceptions were constantly challenged in the field by his actual encounters with indigenous New Guineans and by the diversity and unexpectedness of their physical appearances, initiatives, demeanours and actions.

Situated Justice: A Contextual Analysis of Fairness and Inequality in Employment Discrimination Litigation

A substantial body of sociolegal scholarship suggests that the legitimacy of the law crucially depends on the public's perception that legal processes are fair. The bulk of this research relies on an underdeveloped account of the material and institutional contexts of litigants' perceptions of fairness. We introduce an analysis of situated justice to capture a contextualized conception of how litigants narrate fairness in their actual legal encounters. Our analysis draws on 100 in-depth interviews with defendant's representatives, plaintiffs, and lawyers involved in employment discrimination lawsuits, selected as part of a multimethod study of 1,788 discrimination cases filed in U.S. district courts between 1988 and 2003. This article offers two key empirical findings, the first at the level of individual perceptions and the second at the level of legal institutions. First, we find that neither defendants' representatives nor plaintiffs believe discrimination law is fair. Rather than sharing a complaint, however, each side sees unfairness only in those aspects of the process that work to their disadvantage. Second, we demonstrate that the very notion of fairness can belie structural asymmetries that, overall, profoundly benefit employers in employment discrimination lawsuits. We conclude by discussing how a situated justice analysis calls for a rethinking of empirical research on fairness. Audio recordings of respondents quoted in this article are available online.*

Uprisings for the Earth: Reconnecting Culture with NatureOsprey OrielleLake. Ashland, OR: White Cloud Press, 2010.

Uprisings for the Earth: Reconnecting Culture with Nature Osprey Orielle Lake. Ashland, OR: White Cloud Press, 2010. Principally informed by her experiences living along Northern California's Mendocino County coast, her artist's perception of the world and numerous crosscultural journeys, Uprising for the Earth shares Osprey Orielle Lake's vision for a necessary greening of human cultures. In grounding her vision, Lake discerns models of creative equilibrium in nature, which are supported by diversity and gender-balance. She contends that the current ecological crisis is calling on all of us to personally integrate such participatory models, rediscover our indigenous senses and reconnect all our human cultures with nature. Lake argues that the required act is one of reconnection because all of us necessarily came from cultures that, like aboriginal cultures in the United States, at one time lived in harmony with the rhythm of nature. She holds that recovering this proper sense of our place within nature points the way forward for our cultures today. It is through such means that Lake hopes we will come to see the folly of the smooth, easy highway of over consumption that we have set ourselves upon, which is leading towards planetary ruin, so that diverse positive paths, though smaller and less defined, can come together to form an Earth-honoring global human culture. A key rejoinder for Lake is that this Earth-honoring global culture would not erase human or biological diversity as per the trends in consumer culture today. Indeed, according to her vision, local cultural stories are required to contribute to the grand story that would sustain the Earth-honoring global culture as a life-enhancing partnership. In the face of domination and destructive models of human organization, technology could help establish the communicative linkages that are necessary to share alternative and hopeinspiring stories. For instance, she cites the networking potential of the internet in this regard. However, Lake also emphasizes that it cannot be a TV documentary about nature or cultural diversity that brings about the required transformation. Beyond TV, there is urgent need for actual physical encounters with nature and the human other to foster the necessary cultural renewal to effectively respond to the grave sustainability problem at hand. Simply put, we need more stargazing time, story time, hiking time, tree time, wilderness time and less screen time in office cubicles so that we can learn from each other and from nature in order to re-awaken the creative imagination required to carry our cultures into a sustainable future. …

Transmission and Transmutation: George Ripley and the Place of English Alchemy in Early Modern Europe

Continental authors and editors often sought to ground alchemical writing within a long-established, coherent and pan-European tradition, appealing to the authority of adepts from different times and places. Greek, Latin and Islamic alchemists met both in person and between the covers of books, in actual, fictional or coincidental encounters: a trope utilised in Michael Maier’s Symbola aureae mensae duodecim nationum (1617). This essay examines how works attributed to an English authority, George Ripley (d. c. 1490), were received in central Europe and incorporated into continental compendia. Placed alongside works by the philosophers of other nations, Ripley’s writings helped affirm the unity and truth of alchemy in defiance of its critics. His continental editors were therefore concerned not only with the provenance of manuscripts and high-quality exemplars, but by a range of other factors, including the desire to suppress controversial material, intervene in contemporary polemics, and defend their art. In the resulting compilations, the vertical axis of alchemy’s long, diachronic tradition may be compared to the horizontal plane of pan-European alchemy.

Anticipated and Perceived Intergroup Relations as Predictors of Immigrants’ Identification Patterns

The present study among Ingrian-Finnish remigrants (N = 153) from Russia to Finland examined the effects of anticipated discrimination in the pre-migration stage on the way intergroup relations are perceived and multiple cultural identities are formed in the post-migration stage. First, the results indicated that anticipated discrimination in the pre-migration stage affected perceived discrimination, permeability of group boundaries, and group status legitimacy in the post-migration stage. Second, anticipated discrimination in the pre-migration stage was not directly associated with any of the identities in the post-migration stage, but it was indirectly associated with national identification, via perceived discrimination and permeability of group boundaries. Perceived discrimination and impermeability of group boundaries in the post-migration stage were associated with lower levels of remigrants’ national (Finnish) identification in the new homeland. Third, the perceived legitimacy of Ingrian-Finns’ low status was associated with increased Russian minority identification. The findings extend previous research on the effects of anticipated intergroup contact on actual intergroup encounters on the one hand, and on the effects of perceived discrimination, status legitimacy, and permeability of group boundaries on national and ethnic identification among immigrants, on the other.

Translating the tourist gaze: from heritage and ‘culture’ to actual encounter

This paper covers two main areas. The fi rst area is an analysis of the various facets of heritage, cultural tourism and tourist encounter with other cultures in terms of culture-bound tourist gaze, a simplifi ed, generalised and necessarily distorted model of 'the Other'. The model of perception is culture itself, and is discussed in terms of 3 macro levels: herita- ge; the practices and traditions of a people; and the system of internal values and beliefs that both form the model of reality and guide it. Secondly, the paper focuses on translation and Outsider interpretation. It reveals how little emphasis is given either to translator language or to cultural competence, and focuses on the problems of mediating for the culture-bound tourist gaze.

Finitude and Violence: Žižek versus Derrida on Politics

In a recent article, Martin McQuillan has inaugurated a vigorous Derridean critique of a violent tone that has recently arisen in continental philosophy, exemplified by Slavoj Žižek's attempt to retrieve Robespierre's notion of Terror. This article sets out to complicate such critique, opening a new perspective on the Derrida- Žižek debate on the question of politics. In particular, it examines Derrida's and Žižek's respective approaches to difference and violence as differing responses to a shared problematic of constructing a consistent (immanent) politics within the horizon of a finite world. It proceeds by elaborating Žižek's critique of Derridean deconstruction, highlighting how Derrida's attempt to minimise violence via maximal openness to difference, within the horizon of the future-to-come, inadvertently reinscribes a minimal but problematic ontotheological trace which ironically circumscribes deconstructive openness to difference. The article goes on to examine how Žižek's alternative construal of a purified violence and (Hegelian) self-difference ends up repeating in somewhat different terms these same problematic features of Derrida's writings. The article concludes by arguing that each approach requires a theoretically-integrated ethos of 'becoming other' in which the unavoidable theoretical anticipation of difference (and the risk of invocation of the ontotheological) is ruptured by the actual encounter with difference.