Actual Clothing Research Articles

Disassembling the components of virtual clothing presentation: exploring their impact on consumers' perception and purchase intention

PurposeVirtual clothing presentation has a visual 3D effort and allows consumers to interact. Currently, most scholars make virtual clothing presentations as a whole or focus on one element to study its impact on consumers’ purchase intentions. This study disassembles the components of virtual clothing presentation in Taobao and explores how each component (virtual clothing, virtual model, presentation space, presentation technology and system quality) affects consumers’ purchase intention, which can provide clothing companies recommendations for developing it and help improve consumers’ online shopping experience.Design/methodology/approachThis study created the parts of a virtual clothing presentation and took advantage of Taobao’s 3D interactive module to simulate a shopping scenario. Participants experienced a 3D interactive virtual clothing presentation in which they could change clothing colors, show actual clothing sizes, try different model poses, switch presentation backgrounds and unfold clothing structure through interactive buttons. Then they were randomly assigned to view two kinds of images and videos of experiment clothing (real images and videos vs virtual ones), respectively. Hypotheses were tested using SEM and applying SmartPLS 4.FindingsThe results demonstrated that five components of virtual clothing presentation have different degrees of influence on consumers’ purchase intention through different consumer perceptions (perceived usefulness, ease of use and enjoyment). It is necessary to consider the design of the virtual clothing presentation in those five dimensions for different needs. In addition, it is feasible to replace images and animated videos of real clothing with virtual ones in Taobao.Originality/valueDifferent types of virtual clothing presentations can lead to various results in terms of diverse impacts. This study disassembles and researches each component of a virtual clothing presentation. Overall, this study could provide guidance and suggestions for clothing companies to develop and design or invest in virtual clothing presentations.

3D 의류 시뮬레이션 Z-weave 프로그램을 이용한 실물 소재 비교와 지속 가능한 패션 산업에서의 실현성

This study aims not only to address environmental issues caused by indiscriminate fashion consumption, specifically in the context of Fast Fashion but also to find an alternative and a sustainable solution that is ‘Upcycling’ using the 3D clothing simulation program Z-weave. Upcycling products have limitations in that it is difficult to produce samples since finished products must be produced directly with limited materials and resources like waste clothes. To overcome these limitations, a 3D clothing simulation program is introduced to effectively utilize the limited resources of waste clothing. The purpose of this study is to confirm the similarity between a virtual fabric created through Z-weave and a real fabric, through this, to evaluate the possibility of application in the actual fashion industry. As a research method, surveys and interviews were conducted with related majors on virtual clothing created as similar as possible to actual clothing by adjusting the physical properties within the Z-weave program. This study attempted to describe the impact of digital technology on the fashion industry and how 3D clothing simulation programs can be used in sustainable fashion production.

Exploration on 3D imaging model construction of clothing fitting based on virtual reality technology

AbstractWith the continuous development of virtual reality technology (VRt), the clothing industry has begun to use VRt to build three‐dimensional clothing fitting models, which provide consumers with a comprehensive range of fitting effects. However, the traditional 3D (three‐dimensional) imaging model construction method for clothing has certain shortcomings. For example, the construction of fitting models is a process from planar to three‐dimensional, while the three‐dimensional fitting model is a process from two‐dimensional to three‐dimensional, which makes it impossible for users to obtain a more intuitive, visual, and comprehensive fitting effect during fitting. On the basis of summarizing the existing methods for building 3D imaging models of clothing, this paper proposed a method for building 3D clothing fitting models based on VRt and applied it to actual clothing fitting. This provided consumers with a comprehensive method for fitting clothing, thereby improving the shopping efficiency and quality of consumers when purchasing clothing. The research results show that the proportion of positive evaluations using VRt systems was 92%, while the proportion of positive evaluations using conventional technology systems was only 10%, indicating a positive relationship between VRt and the construction of 3D imaging models for clothing fitting. The VRt‐based clothing fitting system has strong practical significance, but it is still in the preliminary exploration stage. The system proposed in this paper does not include face modeling function. Therefore, in the future, we can consider adding a face reconstruction module to build a more personalized human model through photo reconstruction and other ways.

Digital Restoration and 3D Virtual Space Display of Hakka Cardigan Based on Optimization of Numerical Algorithm

The Hakka cardigan stands as a quintessential representation of traditional Hakka attire, embodying not only the rich cultural heritage of a nation but also serving as a global cultural treasure. In this academic paper, we focus on a representative model to showcase the development of an autonomous 3D scanning system founded on an offline point cloud generation algorithm. Through a meticulous process involving the emulation of clothing pattern restoration, we employ a diverse array of software tools including Photoshop, Autodesk Maya, and CORELDRAW, harnessing graphic and image processing techniques to seamlessly transition from two-dimensional pattern restoration to a three-dimensional realm. This study revolves around the establishment of an autonomous 3D scanning system centered on a representative model, leveraging an offline point cloud generation algorithm. We incorporate the La-place mesh deformation algorithm to execute conformal transformations on neighboring vertices of motion vertices, while delving into the fundamental methodologies behind digital restoration and the three-dimensional virtual presentation of Hakka cardigans. Our experiments culminate in the measurement of six three-dimensional clothing pieces, revealing absolute deviation between the model and the actual clothing. Furthermore, when we compare the automatic measurements from 200 3D scanned human bodies with their manually obtained counterparts, the displayed measurement error hovers at approximately 0.5 cm. This research endeavor charts an expedited pathway to achieve digital restoration and three-dimensional virtual representation of Hakka cardigans. It not only offers a novel perspective for the digital revitalization of traditional clothing but also serves as a valuable augmentation to contemporary methods of preserving traditional clothing.

Research and practice of multi-level project-based teaching mode -- taking the fashion and apparel design programme as an example

Introducing the multi-level project-based teaching mode into our school's fashion and apparel design major, contacting the actual clothing industry, integrating with real projects, breaking the original sub-subject teaching mode of the major, and organically integrating the related professional courses to form a project-based curriculum system by level, are the social demand of the development of the local economy and the industry, and also an effective way of highlighting the students' innovation and practical operation ability, and cultivating the high-quality applied undergraduates with engineering ability and innovation ability.

Forging National Belonging: Transformation, Visibility, and Dress in the German-Jewish Youth Movement Blau-Weiss, 1912–1927

AbstractLooking at Blau-Weiss as the first Zionist youth movement in Germany between 1912 and 1927, the article examines the role of dress in expressing new feelings of national belonging as “Jewish” in modern Germany. Drawing on publications of the movement, memoirs, and photographs, the article shows how Blau-Weiss members tried to become visible as Jews while at the same time trying to copy the dress codes of the nationalist German youth movement Wandervogel. It further shows how, after the First World War, Blau-Weiss tried to forge their own way of Zionist dressing. The article argues that it was not the actual clothes worn or the perception of others that was most crucial to the creation of a national Jewish identity, but rather the inner function that reflections and debates on dress had for Blau-Weiss members in forging and redefining their feelings of belonging and identification as Zionist Jews in Germany.

Categorizing Chinese Consumers’ Behavior to Identify Factors Related to Sustainable Clothing Consumption

Consumers’ current clothing consumption behavior patterns have become the primary challenge to environmental sustainability within the clothing industry. In order to ensure any behavioral change intervention is successful, a thorough understanding of consumers’ current consumption behavior is required. Accordingly, we aimed to identify factors related to sustainable clothing consumption by categorizing the actual clothing consumption behaviors of Chinese consumers. Specifically, the study aims to answer two sub-questions: (1) how can we categorize clothing consumption behaviors? and (2) what factors influence different types of clothing consumption behaviors? Data were collected through a two-phase survey that included observations and a questionnaire. The consumer behavior was divided into three categories based on the actual total number of clothing items and clothing usage frequency during a designated period. Among these categories, demographics and clothing consumption behavior variables were examined in the purchase, use, and disposal phases, using Chi-square analysis, Fisher’s exact test, and variance analysis. The findings show that gender, age, brand preference, annual expenditure, number of new items, purchase priorities, reason for disposal, disposal channels, disposal quantity, repair experience, duration of use, price, and clothing type were the main factors related to sustainable clothing consumption. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings and define the issues to be addressed in order to move towards sustainable clothing consumption behavior changes.

Development of clothing-type platforms considering pressure and user satisfaction: focusing on industrial workers who tend to lift loads

The purpose of this study was to develop a clothing-type platform of wearable robots for industrial workers who usually lift loads to prevent accidents and increase their work efficiency. First, fabrics were selected through test analyses of the elongation recovery rate and tensile strength. Second, a suit-type platform embedded with electrostatic clutch band actuators was prototyped and measured the friction force, and a washing dimension change rate of the test with the platform was conducted. Third, clothing pressures were measured after the developed prototype was worn, using an air injection sensor system at nine points and with four motions. Next, subjective clothing pressure and satisfaction surveys were conducted. The study produced four major results: (a) the selected fabrics and the prototype with the electrostatic clutch actuator met the performance requirements; (b) the greatest clothing pressure occurred at the back, back waist, and back knee, where actuators were connected, and the clothing pressure was sufficient for positional stability; (c) the subjective pressure was different in each section from the actual clothing pressure measurement; and (d) participants were satisfied with the developed prototypes, and they showed willingness to purchase them. The results can help developers of wearable robots increase comfort and user satisfaction.

메타버스 환경에서 인지된 실재감이 확장된 자아와 가상의류 및 실제의류 제품의 구매의도에 미치는 영향 : 이상적 자아 추구성향의 조절효과 검증

In the metaverse, which has emerged as a new topic, instead of the real self, avatars move, wear clothes, and communicate with others. The metaverse, which expanded the real world to the virtual world, similarly shifted human life, which led users to purchase virtual clothing for avatars. This research intended to determine how presence affects metaverse users and why users want to purchase virtual or actual clothes in the metaverse. To this end, an online survey was conducted on 330 men and women in their 20s and 40s familiar with the metaverse, and the collected data were analyzed using a structural equations model and the macro process of SPSS. The findings revealed that presence (self, physical, and social) had a positive effect on the extended self through avatars. The extended self had a positive effect on both virtual clothing purchase intention and actual clothing purchase intention. Those with high virtual clothing purchase intention showed high actual clothing purchase intention. In addition, for those with a higher ideal self-seeking tendency, the influence of the relationship between the extended self and actual clothing purchase intention was greater. The results of this study will provide insights into fashion brand channel operations and brand product exposure strategies in the metaverse.

Effects of thermal comfort-driven control based on real-time clothing insulation estimated using an image-processing model

The aim of this study is to estimate real-time clothing insulation (R-CLO) and to evaluate the effectiveness of predicted mean vote (PMV)-based control on thermal comfort and electrical energy. For this purpose, an image-processing R-CLO model was developed to estimate the clothing insulation for various ensembles of garments worn by the occupants. The R-CLO model classified 16 individual garments and estimated the total clothing insulation for various ensembles based on these garments. Performance testing using the PMV output from the R-CLO model was conducted. The resulting PMV-based control changed the indoor set temperature according to changes in the clothing insulation, which improved the thermal comfort of the occupants when compared with existing control methods. Even though the proposed control method established a comfortable indoor environment for all clothing conditions, but also affected the electrical energy. The electrical energy is increased as the clothing insulation increased. This study confirmed the potential of comfort-driven control using a vision-based R-CLO model and verified that actual clothing information is required to achieve thermal comfort in the real building as well as to operate the system considering energy.

Image-based virtual try-on system with clothing extraction module that adapts to any posture

In this study, we developed a virtual try-on system that automatically creates a clothing model from a person’s image, and thus a clothing model is not required as an input. Recently, the scale of the E-commerce market in the fashion field has expanded. When purchasing clothes on a fashion E-commerce site, a user can browse and buy various brands at once without visiting a physical store. However, users cannot pick up the actual clothes and try them on. Therefore, the user may not be satisfied with the design and size after receiving clothing bought on-line. Virtual try-on systems have been developed in various studies that allow users to virtually try on clothes using a computer. In particular, many image-based virtual try-on systems have been reported that transition the clothing model’s features to the clothing area on the target person. However, this method has the following problems: (1) it is necessary to prepare a clothing model in advance and (2) the posture for changing clothes is restricted. Thus, we developed a virtual try-on system that does not require a clothing model as an input, thereby enabling the automatic creation of a clothing model from a person’s image by incorporating a clothing extraction module into the virtual try-on system. In addition, we improved the virtual try-on system so it can adapt to any posture and evaluated the improvements in simulations.

Automatic Measurements of Garment Sizes Using Computer Vision Deep Learning Models and Point Cloud Data

Automatic garment size measurement approaches using computer vision algorithms have been attempted in various ways, but there are still many limitations to overcome. One limitation is that the process involves 2D images, which results in constraints in the process of determining the actual distance between the estimated points. To solve this problem, in this paper, we propose an automated method for measuring garment sizes using computer vision deep learning models and point cloud data. In the proposed method, a deep learning-based keypoint estimation model is first used to capture the clothing size measurement points from 2D images. Then, point cloud data from a LiDAR sensor are used to provide real-world distance information to calculate the actual clothing sizes. As the proposed method uses a mobile device equipped with a LiDAR sensor and camera, it is also more easily configurable than extant methods, which have varied constraints. Experimental results show that our method is not only precise but also robust in measuring the size regardless of the shape, direction, or design of the clothes in two different environments, with 1.59% and 2.08% of the average relative error, respectively.

Color identification method for fashion runway images: An experimental study

AbstractFashion runway images are one of the most important sources for color research. In this study, an experimental study was conducted to develop the optimal color identification method for fashion images under uncertain conditions. For this purpose, five different experimental schemes were designed for comparison. Experts' visual assessment, PANTONE Color Palettes Generator (PCPG), and K‐means method are the existing methods. Experts' visual assessment combined with PCPG and experts' visual assessment combined with K‐means method are the new method developed in this study. The color measuring instrument extracted the color of the standard sample by the actual clothing. Five methods extracted the color of the contrast sample from the clothing image, and the color difference was calculated. The data were processed using Microsoft Excel and the statistical program SPSS23.0. Descriptive analyses, One‐way ANOVA and least‐significant difference multiple comparisons analysis were conducted to analyze the color difference data. The results of data analysis showed that experts' visual assessment combined with K‐means method was the most accurate method with ΔE*ab 1.41–4.58, mean <4, and SD <1. The experimental results were verified and the accurate method was stable. These results are of great importance for the research of fashion colors. They help to improve the accuracy of fashion color database.

Drape comparison between virtual fabric and real fabric for the production of virtual clothing

Three-dimensional (3D) virtual garments imitate the silhouette and details of clothing in a virtual space on a computer without producing actual clothing and have been used in a variety of fields. As non-face-to-face services have become more popular in the fashion field, they are now being used for virtual models or digital fashion shows. As a result, the virtual garment must be similar to the real one. Drape is one of the factors that determines the silhouette of the garment. Thus, in this study, we compared the difference between real and virtual fabrics by using drape to confirm the similarity between the real and virtual fabrics. Fabrics were divided based on the fabric type and drape difference between the real and virtual fabrics. The experiment was carried out with the help of 287 woven and 318 knit fabrics. The drape ratio was used to test the drape quality of materials. By employing drape ratio, woven and knit fabrics were divided into seven grades, with eight fabrics selected for each grade. The drape ratio of the virtual and real fabrics was evaluated after creating virtual fabrics of selected fabrics using the CLO 3D application. Correlation analysis revealed that there is a correlation between the drape ratio of the real and virtual fabric for both woven and knit fabrics. However, t-test results demonstrate that there is a difference between the drape ratio of the real and virtual fabric, with the virtual fabric drape tending to be larger than the drape ratio of the real fabric. When fabrics were divided by type, the outer fabrics had the largest difference in drape between real and virtual. As drape property is affected by fabric functional processing, additional research is needed to determine what kind of functional processing affects the difference between real and virtual fabrics. In this study, physical and data were extracted from, and it is expected that this research can help contribute to the reproducibility of 3D modeling in the fashion field.

Dress and Dress Fasteners from the Pagan Norse Graves of Scotland: Origins and Identity

The pagan Norse graves of Scotland provide a tantalising glimpse of what the interred were wearing at the time of burial. However, the survival of actual clothing, frequently in a mineralised state, is rare. Yet dress accessories—typically brooches, cloak pins and belt fittings—help to create a more comprehensive picture of the dress worn, and of contemporary fashion. The origins of these fittings can be identified by their form, ornament and metallic composition. Some, such as the paired oval brooches found in female burials, are typically Scandinavian and indicative of the wearing of a pinafore-like dress, corroborated on occasion by surviving textile loops mineralised within their shells. However, others, including penannular brooches, ringed pins and bossed belt fittings, are of Insular origin and illustrate an emerging Hiberno-Scandinavian identity. Such evidence for cultural interaction through dress provides a fascinating insight into contemporary perceptions of identity, just prior to the abandonment of the pagan ritual with the subsequent loss of this rich source of evidence.

Experimental assessment of convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients for various clothing ensembles.

The convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients of clothing are important parameters for human thermoregulation and comfort models. Many researchers have studied convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients of the naked human body. However, there is limited information on convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients for the clothed human body. Therefore, this study aims to confirm whether the convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients vary with different clothing ensembles in addition to clarifying how the difference in clothing heat transfer coefficients affects the prediction of thermal comfort index, such as the predicted mean vote (PMV) index. The convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients for eight sets of clothing ensembles were measured through a manikin experiment. The results demonstrated that (1) the largest difference between convective heat transfer coefficients for various clothing ensembles was 32%, and (2) PMV values differed between the clothing ensembles with the largest value being approximately 0.2, which corresponds nearly 1 °C change in the indoor temperature. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the actual clothing convective heat transfer coefficient for the precise prediction of thermal comfort.

Style and fit customization: a web content mining approach to evaluate online mass customization experiences

PurposeThis study intends to examine consumers' fashion customization experiences through a web content mining (WCM) approach. By applying the theory of customer value, this study explores the benefits and costs of two levels of mass customization (MC) to identify the values derived from style (i.e. shoe customization) and fit customization experiences (i.e. apparel customization) and further to compare the dominating dimensions of value derived across style and fit customization.Design/methodology/approachA WCM approach was applied. Also, two case studies were conducted with one focusing on style customization and the other focusing on fit customization. The brand Vans was selected to examine style customization in study 1. The brand Sumissura was selected to examine fit customization in study 2. Consumers' comments on customization experiences from these two brands were collected through social networks, respectively. After data cleaning, 394 reviews for Vans and 510 reviews for Sumissura were included in the final data analysis. Co-occurrence plots, feature extraction and grouping were used for the data analysis.FindingsThe emotional value was found to be the major benefit for style customization, while the functional value was indicated as the major benefit for fit customization, followed by ease of use and emotional value. In addition, three major themes of costs, including unsatisfied service, disappointing product performance and financial risk, were revealed by excavating and evaluating consumers' feedback of their actual clothing customization experiences with Sumissura.Originality/valueThis study initiates the effort to use web mining, specifically, the WCM approach to thoroughly investigate the benefits and costs of MC through real consumers' feedback of two different types of fashion products. The analysis of this study also reflects the levels of customization: style and fit. It provides an in-depth text analysis of online MC consumers' feedback through the use of feature extraction analysis and word co-occurrence networks.

CLOTHES FROM THE XIONGNU WARDROBE (Based on Finds from the Noin-Ula Burial Mounds)

Clothing has always served as a major ethnic marker by uniting people of the same community. Written and archaeological sources tell us a lot about the Xiongnu culture, but the appearance of these formidable rulers of the steppe remains a mystery, and we are still on our way to deciphering it.
 Archaeological finds for reconstructing the Xiongnu costume come from the Noin-Ula burial mounds (Mongolia), the only site attributed to this people where objects from organic materials have survived. Many items of clothing were discovered as early as in the 1920s by Pyotr Kozlov’s expedition. New data were obtained from three large Noin-Ula mounds as a result of studies organized and directed by the author of this article at the beginning of this century.
 The main conclusions that we have arrived at today are as follows:
 The costume worn by the Xiongnu nobility was eclectic and consisted of items of different origin. Those were mainly robes made of expensive silk, which were manufactured at Chinese (Han) workshops and presented by the emperor as gifts to the chanyu, who then passed them, as was the custom, to his confidants.
 Clothes for people of high rank were sewn from an imported woolen textile of the topmost quality. The clothes from this textile — caftans, trousers, leggings-were created directly in the Steppe, possibly by craftswomen at the chanyu’s base camp.
 We do not know the design of the woolen caftans, but the small fragments that were found in Noin-Ula mounds 20 and 22 give us a clue of how bright and decorative they were: these caftans must have been completely covered with embroidery and trimmed with sable fur. A variety of silk textiles were also used in creating these clothing items. It is known that the Xiongnu received from the imperial court as gifts (disguised tribute) plenty of silks from the best workshops of China. These unique textiles were then passed to local craftswomen, who skillfully combined them with woolen textiles and fur. They created truly magnificent garments, as is evident from the surviving fragments of a caftan from Noin-Ula mound 20. In our opinion, it was these caftans that represented the costume of the Xiongnu nobility; i. e., the eclecticism of this costume manifested itself not only in a combination of items of different origin and culture but also in the fact that the clothing items that were created directly in the Steppe were made not only from local materials-felts, coarse textiles, birch bark — but also from imported woolen and silk textiles and embroideries. A good example of these clothes is the leggings from Noin-Ula mound 22. They were sewn by a local craftswoman from a magnificent woolen textile produced in the Mediterranean workshops and embroidered with silk by a Chinese craftswoman, of whom there were many at the chanyu’s base camp. Felt shoes sewn to the leggings were covered with Chinese silk, and their soles were carved from birch bark. This one item brings together three civilizations: Mediterranean, China, and Eurasian Steppe.
 Even if we possessed actual clothing items from the burials, we would not be able to confidently reconstruct the Xiongnu costume because we could not be sure that the available items represented the entire wardrobe. Furthermore, we would not know exactly how these clothes were worn. The experience of studying the undisturbed Pazyryk mounds showed that only in those cases where we see all the details of clothes directly on human body, we get a correct idea of how related to one another and how they were worn.
 The recent finds from the Noin-Ula mounds added a lot of new details to the description of the costume of the Xiongnu nobility. However, the costume itself, by which we mean not only a set of clothes from the headdress to the shoes but also the color scheme, hairstyle, jewelry, cosmetics, accessories, and manner of wearing, still cannot be reconstructed in its entirety. As of now, we can describe in detail only individual components of this costume. However, I believe that over time we will «assemble» the entire wardrobe and reconstruct the appearance of the splendid riders of the Mongolian steppes.

아두이노를 활용한 방향지시 라이딩웨어 개발에 관한 연구

This research to provide comfortable apparel for bike riding that incorporates safety. Specifically, the information and communications technology (ICT) device, arduino, is applied to the clothing design process. Riders’ moving direction is considered to maximize their visibility and thus their safety. With this focus, a proper jumper and vest are developed. As the first part of our research method, a demand survey was performed. Based on its result, the actual clothes were made. The concept of this kind of clothing is basically urban sports wear. Clothes are designed for bike riding women in their 20s; and they will also work as designs for their daily lives during the spring and fall seasons. Three-layered Gore Tex was selected as the main fabric. Colors such as pistachio green, reflex blue, deept mahogany, and crimson were chosen. For the direction indicating device, an arduino device was adopted. LED lighting indicators were applied to both the jumper and the vest at key areas, including the front, right side, and left side, as well between the lower part of scapula and the waist line.

A Novel Fabric Muscle Based on Shape Memory Alloy Springs.

Fabric muscle is important for wearable robots that are soft, compliant, and silent with high contractility and high force. This study presents a novel shape memory alloy (SMA) spring-based fabric muscle (SFM). The SFM is manufactured by bundling SMA springs with proven performance as artificial muscle. The SFM generates high contractility and high force, and is soft, flexible, and light because it is covered with fabric used to make actual clothes. The SFM is contracted by heat and shows a contraction strain of 50% at a heating temperature of 70°C while generating 100 N force or higher. Furthermore, it generates a maximum contraction strain of 67% under no load. To drive it with the optimum voltage and current, the SFM is designed by optimizing the serial and parallel connection methods for the embedded SMA springs. We propose herein design and manufacturing methods for the SFM and verify the usability of the SFM as a soft actuator through a performance evaluation. The SFM as a soft actuator with a simple structure-like fabric is easily applicable to soft wearable robots that can support muscle power by simply being attached to usual suits. The SFM has a soft touch, and is lightweight; hence, it has the potential for wide applications to new-concept soft wearable robots that can be comfortably worn anytime and anywhere like usual clothes.