Actor-partner Interdependence Model Research Articles

Evaluating dyadic factors associated with self-care in patients with heart failure and their family caregivers: Using an Actor-Partner Interdependence Model

Dyadic conditions of patients with heart failure and their caregivers may affect both patient self-care and caregiver contribution to patient self-care (CCPS). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of patient-caregiver physical function and depressive symptoms to the patient self-care (maintenance and management) and CCPS. Data from 55 were analyzed using an Actor–Partner Interdependence Model to address the aim through AMOS. Patient self-care was very poor. Better patient physical function was related to better patient self-care management (actor effect) and poorer CCPS maintenance (partner effect). Better caregiver physical function was related to CCPS management (actor effect). Severer patient depressive symptoms were related to poorer patient self-care maintenance (actor effect) and poorer CCPS management (partner effect). Physical function and depressive symptoms in patient-caregiver dyads were related to patient self-care and CCPS. To improve patient self-care and CCPS, dyadic support for physical function and depressive symptoms is needed.

Dyadic investigations of past traumatic events and affectionate touch frequency in couples.

Past traumatic events negatively affect romantic relationships, yet their impact on affectionate touch, an important predictor of psychological and relational well-being, remains unknown. In two preregistered studies with nonclinical samples, we hypothesized that traumatic events are negatively associated with affectionate touch frequency for both the victim (i.e., actor effect) and their romantic partner (i.e., partner effect). We also expected this negative link to be stronger for the people perceiving relatively low responsiveness and/or high insensitivity in their partner. We used secondary data from 70 Swiss couples in Study 1 and collected data online from 441 couples living in the United States or United Kingdom in Study 2. All couples were heterosexual, and both studies were dyadic and cross-sectional. Unlike our hypotheses, analyses with Actor-Partner Interdependence Models revealed no negative associations between past traumatic events and affectionate touch. In Study 1, we found no significant actor effects but small-sized positive partner effects of men's traumatic events on women's affectionate touch frequency. In Study 2, however, two out of three actor effects and one partner effect were positive with negligible to small sizes. Neither perceived partner responsiveness nor insensitivity had a moderating role. The association between past traumatic experiences and affectionate touch was inconsistently nonsignificant or positive but consistently nonnegative across our two studies. Our research demonstrated that past traumatic events did not inhibit individuals from expressing love and care to their partner through affectionate touch in our sample, even for varying levels of perceived partner responsiveness (insensitivity). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Extending the healthy context paradox to nonintervention settings: Escalating problem behaviors among victimized social outliers.

It can be risky to be different. The healthy context paradox notes that a reduction in classroom bullying exacerbates problems for those who remain victimized (Huitsing et al., 2019). The present study extends this work by examining the costs associated with being a victimized social outlier [known also as a "social misfit" (Wright et al., 1986)] in (nonintervention) regular classroom settings, to determine whether students who are outliers in terms of classroom victimization respond with increasing adjustment problems. Participants were 706 public primary and middle school students (ages 9-14 years, Mage = 11.80, SDage = 1.13) in the United States (80 girls, 85 boys) and Lithuania (259 girls, 282 boys). Peer nominations of physical victimization and disruptiveness along with self-reports of physical victimization, conduct problems, and delinquent behavior were collected twice during an academic year (4 months apart). Longitudinal group actor-partner interdependence model analyses indicated that increases in adjustment problems over the course of the school year were a product of the degree to which a child was a victimized social outlier. Specifically, the discrepancy between individual victimization and classroom victimization norms at the beginning of the school year predicted increases in disruptiveness (d = -0.11), delinquent behavior (d = -0.10), and conduct problems (d = -0.08) from the beginning to the end of the school year. The results are consistent with the assertion that the risks of being a social outlier extend to those who stand apart in terms of their victimization experiences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Examining within- and between-member cohesion and working alliance effects on group members’ motivation: a preliminary actor-partner interdependence study

Objective: Informed by the person-environment fit theory, this preliminary study examined if a fit between a group member’s treatment experience and their working therapy context (other group members’ aggregated treatment experiences) were related to their level of motivation within a group treatment for healing from internalized weight stigma. Method: We examined the relationship between two types of within-member and between-member’s group cohesion, working alliance, and motivation. Specifically, we utilized the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model to operationalize the impact of actor’s within-member cohesion and alliance (personal changes over time) and between-member cohesion and alliance (individual differences) as well as partner’s within-member cohesion and alliance (contextual changes over time) and between-member cohesion and alliance (contextual differences) on group members’ motivation. This study utilized self-report data from 26 group members who participated in three online weight stigma psychotherapy groups. Results: For cohesion, results suggested that the relationship between partner within-member cohesion and motivation was larger for members who reported low cohesion across all the sessions compared to the other members of their group. Additionally, an individual group member who perceived a group session more cohesive than they did on average, reported increased motivation in that session, and this relationship was stronger for members who on average perceived their group less cohesive than other group members. Lastly, session-level alliance was more strongly associated with an individual member’s motivation in that session when the other group members reported higher group alliance on average. Conclusions: These findings underscore the significance of member-group fit in group therapy and the reciprocal impact of individual members and the group on each other’s therapy outcomes.

Dyadic Associations Between Self and Peer Engagement in Online Alcohol-Facilitative Communication and College Student Drinking

In a sample of 562 college student peer dyads ( M age = 20.47, SD = 1.26; 65.7% female; 68.8% White), this study investigates how college student engagement (both their own and their peer’s) in online alcohol-facilitative communication is associated with frequency of past year drinking. Data were drawn from a study conducted in 2016–2018 in the Southeastern United States. Actor-partner interdependence models suggest that college students who engaged in more alcohol-facilitative communication, and whose peer engaged in more alcohol-facilitative communication, drank more frequently and more heavily than those students who engaged in less alcohol-facilitative communication (even when controlling for their peer's offline drinking). Moreover, college student engagement in online alcohol-facilitative communication was a stronger predictor of their own drinking than their peer's engagement. The hypothesized interaction between self- and peer-reported alcohol-facilitative communication did not emerge overall, though exploratory analyses of specific subdimensions of alcohol-facilitative communication suggested a potential ceiling effect.

Dyadic effects of attachment styles on marital satisfaction among Chinese couples: The mediating role of perceived partner responsiveness

Insecure attachment styles, widely recognized as negative predictors in most Western samples, have been found to impair marital satisfaction for individuals high in attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance. However, Chinese culture is more tolerant of some features of attachment avoidance, which may lead to different implications of attachment styles for marital relationships. Besides, considering that responses of the partner play a vital role in the interaction of intimate relationships, the current study examined how attachment styles affect marital satisfaction through perceived partner responsiveness (PPR). This study is based on dyadic data from 668 Chinese couples across six marital stages, whose average length of marriage was 15.22 years (ranging from 0.03 to 67.57 years, SD = 13.88). Using the actor-partner interdependence model (APIMeM) to analyze these data, results suggested that: (a) individuals’ attachment anxiety was negatively associated with marital satisfaction for both themselves and their partner, and these associations were partially mediated by PPR; (b) PPR was a full mediator of the positive association between individuals' attachment avoidance and their own marital satisfaction; (c) wives’ PPR fully mediated the positive association between their attachment avoidance and their partner’s marital satisfaction, whereas husbands’ PPR partially mediated the positive association between their attachment avoidance and their partner’s marital satisfaction. These findings differ from previous studies based on Western samples and advance our understanding of how attachment styles are related to PPR and marital satisfaction in Chinese context, providing practical guidance on marital interactions for people with insecure attachment styles.

Associations between parents’ adult attachment, Co-parenting and parent-child relationships: an actor-partner interdependence model

ABSTRACT This study used the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model to examine how parents’ adult attachment influences their their own and the partners’ co-parenting and parent-child relationships. Participants were from a cross-sectional sample of 1313 Chinese heterosexual married couples (fathers’ Mage = 39.74, SD = 5.61; mothers’ Mage = 37.55, SD = 5.04) whose biological children were pupils (Mage = 10.25, SD = 2.35). Results revealed that: (a) Couple members’ actor effects from adult attachment avoidance to positive and negative co-parenting and parent-child closeness and conflict were found both significant; (b) The actor effects from adult attachment anxiety to negative co-parenting and parent-child conflict were found significant, whereas only partner effect from attachment avoidance to positive co-parenting and from attachment anxiety to parent-child conflict were significant. The results highlight the negative effects of parents’ attachment avoidance and anxiety on their partners’ parenting function.

Extending the study of playfulness in romantic life: Analyzing associations with attachment and jealousy in same-gender and opposite-gender couples

Adult playfulness describes individual differences in (re)framing situations so that they are experienced as entertaining, and/or interesting, and/or intellectually stimulating. There is increasing interest in its role for romantic life. Using the OLIW model of playfulness, we localized its facets Other-directed, Lighthearted, Intellectual, and Whimsical playfulness into systems of attachment styles and romantic jealousy. We analyzed data of 332 mixed-gender and 139 same-gender couples (Ntotal = 942). We found no robust mean differences between same-gender and mixed-gender couples (exception: same-gender couples are lower in emotional jealousy). Actor-Partner Interdependence Model analyses showed that Other-directed, Lighthearted, and Intellectual playfulness yielded negative relations to attachment insecurities in actors, but no partner effects. For jealousy, all types of playfulness related negatively to emotional jealousy, but Whimsical playfulness showed positive inclinations to cognitive and behavioral jealousy in actors. Partners reported greater cognitive jealousy when their partner was high in Lighthearted, whereas partners from Whimsical high scorers reported lower emotional jealousy. The findings are invariant between same-gender and mixed-gender couples. Our study extends the knowledge on how playfulness relates to experiences in close relationships in mixed-gender and same-gender couples. We discuss implications (e.g., Signal Theory of Playfulness) and future directions.

From marital conflict to life satisfaction: How basic psychological need satisfaction operates—A dyadic analysis study

AbstractAlthough attempts have been made to untangle the possible mechanisms underlying the relationship between marital conflict and life satisfaction, the number of studies examining the possible intervening mechanisms is still limited. Therefore, guided by the self‐determination theory, this study aimed to examine the mediating role of basic psychological need satisfaction in the relationship between marital conflict and life satisfaction using a dyadic analysis method. The sample consisted of 235 female (Mage = 44.58, SD = 5.69) and male (Mage = 47.90, SD = 5.77) pairs. The Actor–Partner Interdependence Model Extended to Mediation (APIMeM) was used to examine the within and between pathways in the stated relations. Findings demonstrated actor and partner effects between need satisfaction and life satisfaction; however, females' need satisfaction was only marginally associated positively with their male partners' life satisfaction. Moreover, while males' need satisfaction was negatively related to both their own and their partners' marital conflict, females' need satisfaction was only negatively related to their marital conflict. Finally, for all pathways in the model, males' need satisfaction was supported as a full mediator between marital conflict and life satisfaction. Females' need satisfaction, on the other hand, significantly mediated the relationship between their own marital conflict and life satisfaction. The findings provide insights by elucidating the interplay between these variables in dyadic relationships and highlighting the critical importance of need satisfaction in overcoming marital challenges and enhancing partners' overall life satisfaction.

A Dyadic Analysis of the Relationships Between Antisocial and Borderline Personality and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration.

Cluster B personality disorders of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) have been implicated in predicting intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration. However, most studies include only male perpetrators and ignore the dyadic interactions among couples. The current study examines the interactive role of both partners' ASPD and BPD features to predict IPV perpetration with a dyadic perspective. Seventy-seven married heterosexual couples reporting recent partner violence participated in the study. Each partner completed the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II. A considerable number of participants (53.25% of the men and 46.75% of the women for ASPD and 41.56% of the men and 42.86% of the women for BPD) scored higher than the diagnostic cutoff point. Actor-partner interdependence modeling examined the reciprocal influence of men's and women's personality disorder features on IPV perpetration in two separate actor-partner interdependence models. Results of the first model revealed that the IPV perpetration of both wives and husbands was predicted by their own ASPD scores. In the second model, men's IPV perpetration was predicted both by his own and his partner's BPD features, but this was not true of women's IPV perpetration. While ASPD was a consistent risk factor for IPV perpetration, there were gender differences in the influence of BPD on IPV perpetration. Women's BPD symptoms appear to put her at risk for victimization of IPV. Therefore, in couples experiencing IPV and having BPD symptoms, both partners may benefit from interventions to address emotional instability to prevent future IPV.

Association Between Dyadic Coping and Psychosocial Adjustment and the Mediation Effect of Fear of Disease Progression in Patients With Malignancy and Their Caregivers: Based on the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model.

Psychosocial adjustment (PSA) in patients exhibits a positive correlation with dyadic coping (DC) and a negative correlation with fear of disease progression (FoP). However, few studies have explored how DC impacts PSA and whether FoP mediates this relationship. To investigate the status of DC, FoP, and PSA in patients with malignancy and their caregivers and to explore the actor-partner and mediating effect of FoP on the association between PSA and DC. This study employed a cross-sectional design with convenience sampling to select patients with malignancy and their caregivers from 2 hospitals in China. SPSS and AMOS were used for data analysis. The model showed the mediation effect accounts for 28.30% of the total effect. For the actor effects, patients' and their caregivers' DC influenced their PSA directly (both β = -.138, P < .05) or through their FoP (β = -.050 and β = -.55, both P < .05). As for partner effects, patients' DC influenced the caregivers' PSA directly or through the patients' FoP (β = -.118 and β = -.020, both P < .05). Caregivers' DC also influenced patients' PSA directly (β = -.118, P < .05) or through the patients' or caregivers' FoP (β = -.098 and β = -.018, both P < .05). The model revealed a significant mediating effect of FoP on the association between the PSA and DC of patients with malignancy and their caregivers. Nurses should adopt a comprehensive perspective that includes caregivers in holistic care to improve their PSA by improving their level of DC or mitigating FoP.

Association between stigma and quality of life among chronic refractory wounds patients and informal caregivers: an actor-partner interdependence model analysis.

The co-occurrence of health impairments in patients and their informal caregivers may be particularly common in intimate care settings in China. Patients with Chronic Refractory Wounds (CRWs) and their informal caregivers constitute a dyad and exhibit dyadic effects during the caring process. Unfortunately, no study has yet explored the dyadic effects of stigma on the QoL of patients with CRWs and their caregivers. We used a convenience sampling method and recruited CRWs patient-caregiver dyads (N = 207) in China between April 2022 and October 2023. We found that: (i) dyadic members experience varying degrees of stigma; (ii) the actor-partner effect of CRWs patients' stigma on their own and their informal caregivers' QoL was significant (Path A1: β = -1.27, Path A2: β = -0.37, Path P1: β = - 0.08, Path P2: β = - 0.18); (iii) informal caregivers' stigma adversely affects both their own and their patients' psychological QoL((Path A4: β = - 0.65, Path P4: β = - 0.52)). Informal caregivers' stigma can negatively impact patients' physical QoL (Path P3: β = - 0.17), whereas it does not significantly affect their own physical QoL. There is a notable actor-partner effect of the CRWs patients' stigma on their own and their informal caregivers' QoL. CRWs patients' stigma should become a priority for the government to improve CRWs patients' and informal caregivers' QoL. Besides, health professionals should be addressing several assessments and interventions to decrease informal caregivers' affiliate stigma symptoms and improve CRWs patients' and informal caregivers' QoL.

Associations Between Attachment and Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults Living With Early-Stage Cognitive Impairment and Their Adult Children.

This study examined the extent to which multiple relationship-specific attachment schemas (general, parent-child, and romantic) are interrelated and relate to depressive symptoms among older adults living with early-stage dementia and their adult children, a context likely to activate the attachment system. The study consisted of 150 early-stage cognitively impaired parents and one child. Both self-reported general, parent-child, and romantic attachment anxiety as well as avoidance and depressive symptoms. Parents' cognitive and functional impairment were assessed. Most attachment variables were interrelated for individuals, except that the child's parent-child-specific avoidance was not associated with their general or romantic avoidance. The parent's worse functional, but not cognitive, impairment was associated with the child's greater parent-child-specific attachment anxiety. Using Actor Partner Interdependence Models, general attachment anxiety was associated with greater depressive symptoms (actor effects). When both dyad members were high in general avoidance, depressive symptoms were greatest (actor × partner effect). A parent had the greatest depressive symptoms when they were avoidantly attached to their child (role × actor effect) and their child was high in anxiety and low in avoidance toward them (role × partner effects). A child had the greatest depressive symptoms when they were low in avoidance toward the parent (role × actor effect) and the parent was low in anxiety and high in avoidance toward the child (role × partner effects). Romantic anxiety was associated with greater depressive symptoms (actor effects). Psychosocial interventions that incorporate attachment theory as a framework may benefit parent-child dyads coping with dementia.

A Study of the Dyadic Associations of Self-Compassion on Sexual Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction: Evidence of Differential Associations

ABSTRACT Recent research has supported the positive effects of self-compassion for couples’ relationships; however, these efforts have only recently been applied to couples’ sexuality. Although there is some evidence supporting the associations between self-compassion and sexual satisfaction when satisfaction is conceptualized unidimensionally, it is unclear if and to what degree those associations are different for satisfaction and dissatisfaction when these constructs are assessed separately. The aim of this study was to understand the associations between self-compassion separately for sexual satisfaction and sexual dissatisfaction for romantic partner dyads. A sample of 230 married midlife Canadian couples participated in an online survey. Findings from distinguishable Actor Partner Interdependence Models indicated that women and men with higher levels of self-compassion reported more sexual satisfaction and less sexual dissatisfaction but the effects were stronger for satisfaction than dissatisfaction. Only men’s self-compassion affected women’s sexual dissatisfaction, but not vice versa. Findings are discussed in terms of their relevance to societal attitudes and application to sex and couples therapy.

Revisiting the Link between Workplace Support for Families, Family Support, Diet Quality, and Satisfaction with Food-Related Life in the Second Year of the Pandemic.

The main objective of this study was to examine the actor and partner effects between Perceived Workplace Support for Families (PWSFs) and family support (PFS), diet quality, and satisfaction with food-related life (SWFoL) in households with both parents working and adolescents, along with the role of the three family members' diet quality as a mediator. During the second year of the pandemic in Chile, 860 dual-earner parents of different sexes and their adolescent child (average age 13 years, with 50.7% being male) were recruited from two cities. Parents responded to a measure of PWSFs and the Perceived Family Support Scale. Mothers, fathers, and adolescents answered the Adapted Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) and the satisfaction with food-related life Scale. The examination employed the mediation Actor-Partner Interdependence Model and structural equation modeling for the analyses. Results showed that mothers' PWSFs improved their and their teenage children's SWFoL, while fathers' PWSFs only improved their SWFoL. The mothers' PFS improved their and the fathers' diet quality while enhancing their SWFoL and the adolescents' SWFoL. The fathers' PFS enhanced their and the adolescents' SWFoL. The mothers' PFS also indirectly enhanced their and the fathers' SWFoL via each parent's diet quality. Each family member's diet quality was positively related to their SWFoL, while mothers' diet quality was positively related to the fathers' SWFoL. These results imply that resources obtained by parents from PFS positively impact the SWFoL of the three family members through different mechanisms. They also highlight the importance of maternal family support for SWFoL during the pandemic.

The dyadic effects of posttraumatic stress symptoms on the regulation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia following an acute stress induction among couples.

Posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) can have detrimental influences on both individual and couple functioning, including how individuals respond to stressors and regulate emotions. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) can serve as a key indicator of emotion regulation; however, few studies have examined psychophysiological stress reactions within a couple's context. Forty-three couples (N = 86 individuals) with a trauma history were assessed for PTSS and RSA at baseline. One partner then completed a stressor task using a film-clip depicting sexual assault. Afterward, the couple was reunited and completed a dyadic discussion task where both partners' RSA was continuously measured while they discussed the stressed partner's thoughts and feelings about the stressful film-clip. Moderated repeated measures actor-partner interdependence models were conducted, examining the self and coregulation of RSA and moderation of such regulation by PTSS. There was significant self-regulation from both partners, and a coregulation process whereby the nonstressed partner's RSA influenced the rate of change in RSA of their stressed partner. Additionally, greater PTSS in the nonstressed partner was associated with a weakening of both self and coregulation. Patterns of both self- and coregulation, within and between romantic partners emerged and illustrate the impact of PTSS within these dyadic physiologic processes. Findings have theoretical and clinical implications in physiological dyadic interactions and potential stress recovery, particularly emphasizing the relevance of examining biomarkers such as RSA among partners with a trauma history during recovery from stress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Relationship between motivations and dietary behaviours within parent-adolescent dyads: Application of actor-partner interdependence models.

Parents play a substantial role in improving adolescent dietary behaviours. To examine the interdependent relationships between motivations (autonomous and emotional motivation) and dietary behaviours (fruit and vegetable [F/V] and junk food and sugar-sweetened beverage [JF/SSB] intake) within parent-adolescent dyads. This secondary data analysis was conducted on 1522 parent-adolescent dyads using a cross-sectional Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating (FLASHE) study. The ratio of boys to girls among the adolescents was approximately equal, and 74% of the parents were mothers. The adolescents were between 12 and 17 years old, and 85.5% of the parents were between 35 and 59 years old. Parents and adolescents completed an online survey on dietary motivations and behaviours. Actor-partner interdependence models were performed within parent-adolescent dyads. F/V and JF/SSB intake was influenced by parents' or adolescents' autonomous motivation (actor-only pattern), except among adolescents with obesity. A dyadic pattern was found in the relationship between autonomous motivation and F/V and JF/SSB intake, but only among adolescents with normal weight. No relationship was found between F/V and JF/SSB controlled motivation and F/V or JF/SSB intake among adolescents with overweight or obesity. Autonomous motivation had a significant relationship with F/V and JF/SSB intake for both parents and adolescents, but the association varied depending on the adolescents' weight. Personalized programmes that foster autonomous motivation to change dietary behaviours should be provided based on the adolescents' weight status.

Relationship between marital satisfaction and defeat in IVF-ET: based on actor-partner interdependence model approach

Objective A person’s marital satisfaction is a strong predictor of their own mental health outcomes. However, marital satisfaction results from both spouses’ experiences, so a partner’s marital satisfaction also affects his or her mental health outcomes. This study adopted the actor-partner interdependence model approach (APIM) to evaluate the relationship between marital satisfaction and sense of defeat in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) couples. Methods and measures In this cross-sectional study, 181 infertile couples undergoing IVF-ET treatment were recruited using the Marital Satisfaction Scale of the ENRICH Marital Quality Questionnaire and Defeat Scale. Through APIM and Pearson analysis, the path relationship between marital satisfaction and defeat was analyzed. Results The varying degrees of defeat in IVF-ET couples, are closely related to actors’ and partners’ marital satisfaction. In terms of actor effects, the Marital Satisfaction of both husbands (β = −0.71, p < 0.001) and wives (β = −0.46, p = 0.001) have a significant effect on individual Defeat. With regard to partner effects, husbands’ Marital Satisfaction (β = −0.23, p = 0.038) has a significant impact on wives’ Defeat and the wives’ Marital Satisfaction (β = −0.45, p = −0.005) has a significant impact on husbands’ Defeat. Conclusion IVF-ET couples must be looked at as a whole, and it is critical to include couples and not just men or women when studying infertility. The importance of their interaction is essential to improve the psychosocial adaptation of infertile couples in IVF-ET treatment.

Friend influence and susceptibility to influence on emotions towards math: The role of adolescent temperament.

Peer relationships during adolescence play an important role in shaping academic outcomes. The present study examined friend influences on emotions towards math, as well as the role of temperament in these influences. The sample consisted of 350 Finnish students (mean age 13.29 years; 64% girls) who were involved in stable friendship dyads from fall to spring of Grade 7. In this two-wave study, information on adolescents' temperament (i.e., negative emotionality, extraversion, effortful control) and on seven emotions towards math (i.e., enjoyment, hope, pride, anger, anxiety, shame, hopelessness, and boredom) was collected during grade 7. The data were analysed using longitudinal actor-partner interdependence models. The results showed that friends resembled each other in all the investigated math-related emotions. Furthermore, over and above these initial similarities, friends mutually influenced each other's math-related enjoyment and anger towards math. Students characterized by higher negative emotionality also influenced their friends with lower levels of negative emotionality towards an increase in math-related anger and a lack of effortful control made adolescents more susceptible to friend influence over math-related shame and anxiety. Our findings demonstrate that friends influence each other over time in math-related enjoyment and frustration. Furthermore, high negative emotionality may make adolescents more influential over their friends' math-related anger and a lack of effortful control may make adolescents more susceptible to friend influence over math-related shame and anxiety. Thus, the current findings have implications for how peer relations may impact individual outcomes in mathematics, for better or worse.

Association between help-seeking and motivation for completing a couple relationship education program across service modality.

Levels of motivation and help-seeking impact the effectiveness of couple relationship education (CRE), as those with greater help-seeking and motivation are more likely to attend more sessions and remain engaged. Less is known about what impacts the association between motivation and help-seeking between partners in a couple engaging in CRE. The current study aims to examine (a) the effect of couples' self-stigma for help-seeking on their own or partner's motivation to complete the relationship education program and (b) whether the effects differ between service modality (i.e., online and in-person). We sampled 276 heterosexual couples who participated in a relationship education program. A multiple-group actor-partner interdependence model analysis revealed that women and men with higher self-stigma for seeking help exhibited lower motivation to complete the program in both settings. Higher self-stigma in men for help-seeking significantly enhanced the motivation of their female partners to complete the online relationship education program.