Actor Framework Research Articles

Media Representation of Male Protagonists in Thai Boy Love Commercials: A Visual Discourse Analysis

The media portrayal of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) community may impact public understanding and attitudes towards this community, which has not been extensively studied. This article explores the media representation of gay men in commercials by presenting a visual discourse analysis of three Thai Boy Love commercials. Combining the visual representation framework of social actors and genre and functionality analysis, it examines (a) how the male protagonists are visually represented in relation to the audience from three symbolic dimensions and (b) how the salient patterns of presenting boy love commercials are integrated with the story’s narrative stages and genre functions. The findings suggest that the boys are primarily portrayed positively as inclusive, close, agentive and ordinary social members who feature soft masculinity. Nevertheless, such a generic and idealised representation romanticises gay relationships, diminishes the individuality of gay people and obscures the diversity within the gay community. The portrayal also prioritises the female gaze to cater to the core audience of heterosexual young women consumers. This article provides insights into the reciprocal relationship between public receptivity towards the LGBTQ community and their favourable visual representations in commercials.

Examining barriers to antiretroviral therapy initiation in infants living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa despite the availability of point-of-care diagnostic testing: a narrative systematic review.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in infants living with HIV before 12 weeks of age can reduce the risk of mortality by 75%. Point-of-care (POC) diagnostic testing is critical for prompt ART initiation; however, despite its availability, rates of ART initiation are still relatively low before 12 weeks of age. This systematic review describes the barriers to ART initiation in infants before 12 weeks of age, despite the availability of POC. This systematic review used a narrative synthesis methodology. We searched PubMed and Scopus using search strategies that combined terms of multiple variants of the keywords "early infant initiation on antiretroviral therapy," "barriers" and "sub-Saharan Africa" (initial search 18th January 2023; final search 1st August 2023). We included qualitative, observational and mixed methods studies that reported the influences of early infant initiation on ART. We excluded studies that reported influences on other components of the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission cascade. Using a deductive approach guided by the updated Consolidated Framework of Implementation Research, we developed descriptive codes and themes around barriers to early infant initiation on ART. We then developed recommendations for interventions for the identified barriers using the action, actor, target and time framework from the codes. Of the 266 abstracts reviewed, 52 full-text papers were examined, of which 12 papers were included. South Africa had most papers from a single country (n = 3) and the most reported study design was retrospective (n = 6). Delays in ART initiation beyond 12 weeks in infants 0-12 months were primarily associated with health facility and maternal factors. The most prominent barriers identified were inadequate resources for POC testing (including human resources, laboratory facilities and patient follow-up). Maternal-related factors, such as limited male involvement and maternal perceptions of treatment and care, were also influential. We identified structural barriers to ART initiation at the health system, social and cultural levels. Improvements in the timely allocation of resources for POC testing operations, coupled with interventions addressing social and behavioural barriers among both mothers and healthcare providers, hold a promise for enhancing timely ART initiation in infants. This paper identifies barriers and proposes strategies for timely ART initiation in infants.

Key informant perspectives on implementing genomic newborn screening: a qualitative study guided by the Action, Actor, Context, Target, Time framework.

Newborn screening (NBS) programmes are highly successful, trusted, public health interventions. Genomic sequencing offers the opportunity to increase the benefits of NBS by screening infants for a greater number and variety of childhood-onset conditions. This study aimed to describe who needs to do what, when, and for whom to deliver genomic newborn screening (gNBS) and capture perceived implementation barriers and enablers. 'Key informants' (individuals involved in the delivery of NBS) were interviewed. The Actor, Action, Context, Time and Target framework guided data collection and analysis. Participants (N = 20) identified new Actions required to deliver gNBS (educating healthcare providers, longitudinal psychosocial support), NBS Actions needing modification (obtaining consent) and NBS Actions that could be adopted for gNBS (prompt referral pathways). Obtaining consent in a prenatal Context was a source of some disagreement. The Time to disclose high chance results was raised as a key consideration in gNBS programme design. Genetic counsellors were identified as key Actors in results management, but workforce limitations may be a barrier. Online decision support tools were an enabler to offering gNBS. The implementation of gNBS will require behaviour changes from HCPs delivering NBS. Findings can inform how to deliver gNBS at population-scale.

An integrative framework to driver innovation among dairy actors

Objective of the study: We aim to propose, and test an integrative framework for actors’ orchestration in the dairy sector based on a data science perspective to drive innovation. Methodology/Approach: To achieve this aim, a systematic literature review and content analysis were conducted, then, an integrative framework was developed and empirically tested. Subsequently, incremental adjustments in the framework’s data structure were performed based on the interviews conducted through the focus group were taken into consideration. Increasing the framework assertiveness and adaptability in different contexts. Originality/Relevance: The article delves into the world of dairy production, focusing on the key players in the milk and its derivatives sector. It emphasizes the crucial role of data in driving innovation and value co-creation among these actors. By collecting and displaying the relevant data, each player can unlock new opportunities for growth and collaboration within the value chain. The data science principle forms the bedrock of this process, as it enables a deeper understanding of the data flow and facilitates effective information-sharing across the right value chain actors. Main results: A framework that encompasses key data that can be shared among actors, to foster information exchange and long-term relationships, promoting transparency in the process, which raises a sense of trustworthiness, responsibility, and innovation. Theoretical/Methodological contributions: The study involves the development of an integrative framework that is constructed based on insights gathered from the systematic literature review and content analysis. This framework serves as a comprehensive and cohesive structure for understanding the utilization of data flow to connect stakeholders in the dairy sector. It highlights the key elements necessary for successful actors' relationships and outlines the potential impact on value co-creation and the generation of valuable information. Empirical contributions are made through the testing and validation of this framework with a diverse range of stakeholders in the dairy sector. Through focus groups involving multiple players within the industry, valuable insights are gathered, and the framework is tested. The empirical findings validate the applicability and effectiveness of the framework, ensuring its practicality and relevance. Social/management contributions: The framework elevates the knowledge level about the dairy sector and its practices among stakeholders. It amplifies the potential for innovation within the sector, serves as a guiding tool that encourages stakeholders to explore new avenues for enhancing the customer experience. The social and management contributions are evident in its ability to empower stakeholders with knowledge, inspire innovation, and elevate the overall customer experience in the dairy sector.

A systematic review of behaviour change interventions to improve maternal health outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa.

The rate of decline in the global burden of avoidable maternal deaths has stagnated and remains an issue of concern in many sub-Saharan Africa countries. As per the most recent evidence, an average maternal mortality ratio (MMR) of 223 deaths per 100,000 live births has been estimated globally, with sub-Saharan Africa's average MMR at 536 per 100,000 live births-more than twice the global average. Despite the high MMR, there is variation in MMR between and within sub-Saharan Africa countries. Differences in the behaviour of those accessing and/or delivering maternal healthcare may explain variations in outcomes and provide a basis for quality improvement in health systems. There is a gap in describing the landscape of interventions aimed at modifying the behaviours of those accessing and delivering maternal healthcare for improving maternal health outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa. Our objective was to extract and synthesise the target behaviours, component behaviour change strategies and outcomes of behaviour change interventions for improving maternal health outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Our protocol was published a priori on PROSPERO (registration number CRD42022315130). We searched ten electronic databases (PsycINFO, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, International Bibliography of Social Sciences, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL PLUS, African Index Medicus, African Journals Online, and Web of Science) and included randomised trials and quasi-experimental studies. We extracted target behaviours and specified the behavioural interventions using the Action, Actor, Context, Time, and Target (AACTT) framework. We categorised the behaviour change strategies using the intervention functions described in the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW). We reviewed 52 articles (26 randomized trials and 26 quasi-experimental studies). They had a mixed risk of bias. Out of these, 41 studies (78.8%) targeted behaviour change of those accessing maternal healthcare services, while seven studies (13.5%) focused on those delivering maternal healthcare. Four studies (7.7%) targeted mixed stakeholder groups. The studies employed a range of behaviour change strategies, including education 37 (33.3%), persuasion 20 (18%), training 19 (17.1%), enablement 16 (14.4%), environmental restructuring 8 (7.2%), modelling 6 (5.4%) and incentivisation 5 (4.5%). No studies used restriction or coercion strategies. Education was the most common strategy for changing the behaviour of those accessing maternal healthcare, while training was the most common strategy in studies targeting the behaviour of those delivering maternal healthcare. Of the 52 studies, 40 reported effective interventions, 7 were ineffective, and 5 were equivocal. A meta-analysis was not feasible due to methodological and clinical heterogeneity across the studies. In conclusion, there is evidence of effective behaviour change interventions targeted at those accessing and/or delivering maternal healthcare in sub-Saharan Africa. However, more focus should be placed on behaviour change by those delivering maternal healthcare within the health facilities to fast-track the reduction of the huge burden of avoidable maternal deaths in sub-Saharan Africa.

An Objective Comparison of two Prominent Virtual Actor Frameworks: Proto.Actor and Orleans

An Objective Comparison of two Prominent Virtual Actor Frameworks: Proto.Actor and Orleans

An objective comparison of two prominent virtual actor frameworks: Proto.Actor and Orleans

An objective comparison of two prominent virtual actor frameworks: Proto.Actor and Orleans

High-performance Deterministic Concurrency Using Lingua Franca

Actor frameworks and similar reactive programming techniques are widely used for building concurrent systems. They promise to be efficient and scale well to a large number of cores or nodes in a distributed system. However, they also expose programmers to nondeterminism, which often makes implementations hard to understand, debug, and test. The recently proposed reactor model is a promising alternative that enables deterministic concurrency. In this article, we present an efficient, parallel implementation of reactors and demonstrate that the determinacy of reactors does not imply a loss in performance. To show this, we evaluate Lingua Franca (LF), a reactor-oriented coordination language. LF equips mainstream programming languages with a deterministic concurrency model that automatically takes advantage of opportunities to exploit parallelism. Our implementation of the Savina benchmark suite demonstrates that, in terms of execution time, the runtime performance of LF programs even exceeds popular and highly optimized actor frameworks. We compare against Akka and CAF, which LF outperforms by 1.86× and 1.42×, respectively.

Artificial intelligence-generated virtual influencer: Examining the effects of emotional display on user engagement

Focusing on the application of artificial intelligence, this study investigates the impact of emotional display on user engagement with computer-generated imagery influencers through the lens of the computers are social actors (CASA) framework. It breaks down emotions into individual muscle movements (i.e., facial action units). By using facial recognition based on 1,028 pictures shared by Lil Miquela, the findings disclose the significance of happiness, sadness, disgust, and surprise in triggering user engagement when promoting diverse products with visually captivating content. The findings highlight the importance of balancing the intensity of muscle movement to streamline the interplay between technology, human behaviour, and digital communication.

Mengubah Sampah Menjadi Rezeki: Analisis Actors Dalam Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Pada Pengelolaan Sampah.

In the ACTORS theory, there is an ACTORS framework consisting of Authority, Confidence and Competence, Trust, Opportunities, Responsibilities, and Support. This study aims to determine and describe the ACTORS and impacts in community empowerment through waste management at the Baiman Main Waste Bank, Alalak Utara Village, Banjarmasin City. This research uses qualitative research. The data collection techniques used in this research are observation, interviews and documentation. The results of research through the ACTORS framework show that the manager's authority in making decisions related to programs and activities in the waste bank is an authority that cannot be intervened by the Banjarmasin city government. Through trust that is well established between managers and customers, it provides opportunities for customers to participate in training and making recycled products. By participating in training and making recycled products, customers gain economic capacity. The opportunities provided by the Waste Bank through training in making recycled products foster an entrepreneurial spirit in the community. Support from the Banjarmasin City Government in providing transportation facilities to support waste transportation activities. Based on the ACTORS analysis, there are no points of belief and responsibility in the empowerment activities and programs of the Banjarmasin City Baiman Main Waste Bank. The programs carried out by Baiman Main Waste Bank have an impact on the community including: the health and environmental impact of sorting activities, the impact of sorting activities on gender equality, economic impacts and business opportunities, impacts related to the 3R principle, through the reuse of waste.

Island Cities and Disaster Risk: A Study of San Juan’s Hurricane Early Warning System

Early warning systems offer a common framework for national, state, and local actors to prepare for, respond to, and understand disaster risk. Existing scholarship mostly examines early warning systems at an aggregate level for small islands, without many case studies of how early warning systems work in specific island cities. In order to address the need to expand the evidence base of case studies on early warning systems on small islands, this paper offers a multi-sector case study of San Juan’s relationship and engagement with Puerto Rico’s hurricane early warning system. It maps out various facets of the hurricane early warning system in San Juan; classifies them as hierarchical or heterarchical; and evaluates the early warning system based on the strengths and weaknesses of either approach. Finally, the paper reflects on possible implications of these findings to other island cities on subnational island territories similar to Puerto Rico.

A social semiotic study of public institutional websites focusing on teenage pregnancy in Brazil

Although institutional websites focusing on health matters play an important role in providing information in contemporary society, analysis of the way they use visual communication has received scarce academic attention. This exploratory study seeks to address this neglect through a visual analysis of public institutional websites concerned with the prevention of teenage pregnancy, which, in Brazil, is a serious sociocultural predicament. Drawing on a social semiotic approach to communication, specifically using systemic-functional grammar, Kress and Van Leeuwen’s grammar of visual design ( Reading Images, 2021[2006]) and Van Leeuwen’s (2008) framework of visual social actors, the authors analyse the visual and verbal features used to portray the social actors in images from the selected websites. Results show that pregnant teenagers tend to be visually portrayed in isolation, suggesting a sense of powerlessness. Other relevant social actors such as parents and/or family members, fathers of the babies, medical and educational professionals are usually not represented. In addition, pregnant teenagers are portrayed generically, categorizing them, rather than portraying them as individuals. Teenagers who apparently abstain from sexuality, on the other hand, are shown in naturalistic images, smiling at the viewer and in happy closely-knit groups of friends. The texts also foreground the institutions providing the information, through logos and through typography.

Multimodal resources in the ‘Get It Together’ reproductive health campaign in Nigeria

This study analyses the use of multimodal semiotic resources in the Family Planning campaign materials of the Nigerian Urban Reproductive Health Initiative’s (NURHI) ‘Get It Together’ (GIT) campaign which aims to persuade individuals and families, families to adopt family planning and thus significantly reduce the country’s high fertility and maternal mortality rate. Using Kress and Van Leeuwen’s (2006) visual grammar in Reading Images and Van Leeuwen’s (2008) social actor framework in Discourse and Practice, combined with research in the Nigerian social and cultural context, the study finds that the campaign uses both visual and verbal means to create awareness of contraceptive methods and to counter misconceptions about them. The author also finds that the campaign primarily addresses married couples and includes people from different ethnoreligious backgrounds, but excludes young people, subtly affirming ‘sexual abstinence’ before marriage. Furthermore, the campaign uses a range of strategies for persuading Nigerians to adopt family planning, including linking the adoption of family planning to the benefits of a modern urban lifestyle, engaging religious and community leaders as supporters of the campaign and countering patriarchal traditions by promoting the participation of men in family planning.

A conceptual framework for modeling heterogeneous actors' behavior in national innovation systems

AbstractVarious analytical frameworks, such as the National Innovation System (NISs) and N-tuple innovation helices, have been developed to address technological change at a spatial or sectoral-technological level. Several quantitative methodological approaches have been used to capture the effectiveness, efficiency, and overall performance of innovation at the national level. Reviewing these approaches, we highlight important aspects of the innovation process, such as actor heterogeneity, the intensity of interactions, and evolutionary dynamics within and between innovation subsystems that are often underestimated. We conceive NISs consisting of five interacting helices: government, academia, industry, society, and finance. Actors belonging to these helices develop their behavior – in terms of resource commitment/allocation – in the context of interdependencies and interactions that condition the effectiveness and efficiency of their actions. As a result, their expectations are formed from their perception of how other actors and the system behave. We develop a conceptual framework that goes beyond the static illustration of ‘innovation scoreboards’ and linear models. It illustrates how individual parameter changes – in one helix of the system – may generate non-linear effects throughout. We use a causal loop diagram (CLD) to depict the intricacies of the interactions amongst various elements in NISs, and a stock-and-flow diagram (SFD), which forces more detailed specification of causal mechanisms. Our framework facilitates helix-based actor heterogeneity and highlights the key causal mechanisms and feedback loops – set in motion from actor interactions – that govern NIS’s evolution and performance without losing oneself in immense detailed complexity.

Transcultural pathways to the will to fight

In 2022, the "Will to Fight Act" was referred to the US Congress urging attention to measuring and assessing will to fight. That Bill was not enacted, and evaluation efforts within the political and military establishment remain contentious, fragmented, and meager. This likely will persist, along with attendant policy failures and grievous costs, without awareness of research that the social and psychological sciences reveal on the will to fight [S. Atran, Science 373, 1063 (2021)]. We illustrate such research using converging data from a multimethod and multicultural approach, including field and online studies from the Middle East, North Africa, and Europe. These studies reveal specific psychosocial pathways, within a general causal framework, that predict willingness to make costly sacrifices, including to cooperate, fight, and die in war and sustained conflict. From the continuing strife in Iraq to embattled Ukraine, 31 studies were conducted in 9 countries with nearly 12,000 participants. These include people in longstanding conflicts, refugees, imprisoned jihadists and gangs, US military, studies in Ukraine before and during the current war, and rolling studies with a European ally of Ukraine. Results provide evidence for a mediation model of transcultural pathways to the will to fight. Building on our previous behavioral and brain research, on the battlefield in Iraq, with violent extremists, and with US military, the linear mediation yielding the will to fight involves identity fusion, perceived spiritual formidability, and trust. The model, a variation on "The Devoted Actor Framework," applies to primary reference groups, core cultural values, and leaders.

Towards Zero Maternal Mortality: The Role of Policy Makers in Maternal Perinatal Audit Surveillance and Response

The city of Semarang has formed a Maternal Perinatal Surveillance and Response audit committee team. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of policy actors in the implementation of Maternal Perinatal Surveillance and Response Audit using the policy triangle framework of actors, content, context and process. This research was conducted qualitatively with a case study approach. The selection of informants was carried out purposively. Data collection by in-depth interviews with 6 main informants and 9 triangulation informants. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, with the inclusion criteria of health workers having more than 3 years’ experience in handling maternal death cases. The results showed that the role of AMP-SR actors was optimal at the Health Service and Community Health Centers, the role of AMP-SR actors in hospitals was not optimal. Not all of the contents of the AMP-SR were understood by the midwives at the Health Centers and Hospitals, the identification and notifications were on time, the OVM and RMM reports were not complete, the maternal death assessment had not been all carried out, the responses had not been all followed up. The implementation process is hampered by limited staff and budget, medical devices are not routinely calibrated, the MPDN application has been used but is not optimal. In Conclusion, the role of policy makers is AMP-SR, intervening in reducing maternal mortality and improving the quality of care. Future research is expected to use the mixed method to find out the role of policymakers quantitatively and qualitatively.

A research agenda at the intersection of sport sponsorship and service

PurposeThe purpose of this work is (1) to supply a framework of actors in sport sponsorship and articulate the service relationships that support these partnerships and (2) to propose research questions in this space that are unaddressed and forward-looking.Design/methodology/approachSponsorship is part of a complex network of actors and service relationships found in sport. The sports team, activity, or event is a sport property, often with long-term and dynamic service relationships. The authors consider how a sponsor's relationship with the sport property intersects with organizing bodies, venues, communities and society. The authors identify clusters of actors that interact with and influence other clusters (e.g. governing bodies, media, host community and venue/teams/fans) within an ecosystem, paying special attention to aspects of co-creation and co-destruction and the feedback loops that cause them.FindingsThrough this analysis, the authors identify areas of needed research at the intersection of sport sponsorship and service. The model synthesizes the literature from service-dominant logic, sports, sponsorship, systems thinking and co-creation/co-destruction research areas. Using the model and relevant cases, the authors can better understand the complexities of sport service relationships and advance research at the intersection of sport sponsorship and service.Originality/valueThis is the first sport sponsorship service ecosystem model. It is also the first integration of systems thinking with constructs in sport sponsorship and services.

Pedagogical Orientation of the Concertmaster’s Activity as a Condition for the Professional Training of Future Actors (Competence Analysis)

The article actualizes the problem of expanding the use of professional competencies of the concertmaster, raises the question of considering the concertmaster as a subject of pedagogical activity in the framework of training future actors in a theater university, introduces the concept of “concertmaster-teacher”. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the expediency of the pedagogical orientation of the concertmaster’s activity as a necessary condition for the full development of professional competencies by future actors, with the subsequent application of this knowledge in practice. Methodology. The article provides an overview of the theoretical and methodological heritage of leading concertmasters, publications of modern researchers (E. M. Shenderovich, V. N. Chachava, V. N. Biktashev, N. A. Ravcheeva, E. R. Azeeva, etc.), which are devoted to concertmaster work. The author examines the professional competencies of the concertmaster from the point of view of their orientation to pedagogical activity in a theater university, as well as specifies the types of pedagogical activity of the concertmaster and the forms of its application in the system of professional training of future actors. At the same time, on the basis of competence analysis, the correlation between the successful professional training of future actors and the pedagogically-oriented activity of the concertmaster is revealed. The research data are listed in tables that make it possible to visually and simultaneously trace the relationship between various professional competencies and the areas of their application in various fields of activity (both concertmaster and future actors). Examples of successful activities of graduates-actors who have mastered professional training together with an accompanist at a theater university are given. Conclusion. The article concludes that the pedagogical orientation of the concertmaster’s activity is a necessary condition for the professional training of future actors, which is a positive potential in the system of higher theater education.

Factors Impacting the Uptake of Research into Dietary Sodium Reduction Policies in Five Latin American Countries: A Qualitative Study

BackgroundDiets high in sodium are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Latin American countries (LAC) consume more than double the recommended sodium levels. Research uptake in dietary sodium reduction policies has been inconsistent in LAC, and the factors impacting research uptake are largely unknown. This study aimed to describe the barriers and facilitators to the uptake of research into sodium reduction policies from a funded research consortium with 5 LAC (Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Paraguay, and Peru). MethodsA qualitative case study included 5 researchers and 4 Ministry of Health officers from the funded consortium. Dimensions from Trostle’s framework of actors, content, context, and process and relative advantages from the Diffusion of Innovation informed the semi-structured interview guide and analysis. One-on-one interviews were completed from November 2019 to January 2020. The participants validated transcripts, coded, and analyzed using NVivo software. ResultsKey barriers to policy advancements included 1) conflicts of interest from the food industry and some government actors; 2) government turnover resulting in policy and personnel changes; 3) a lack of human and financial resources; and 4) and communication gaps among key actors. Key facilitators to policy advancement included: 1) the content and quality of health economic, food supply, and qualitative data; 2) support, technical assistance, and alliances with the government, non-governmental organizations, and international experts; and 3) researchers enhanced skillsets facilitated with communication and dissemination with policymakers. ConclusionResearchers and policymakers are faced with several barriers and facilitators on research uptake in policies and programs in LAC; these factors should be addressed and leveraged to advance sodium reduction policy development. Future LAC studies can draw from the insights and lessons learned from this case study and apply the results to future efforts on policy nutrition to promote healthy eating and reduce CVD risk.

RESOURCE VALUE CO-CREATION IN RETAIL: INTEGRATING SERVICE DOMINANT LOGIC OF MARKETING AND CONSUMER CULTURE THEORY

To establish the framework for the research of the value co-creation process in the retail sector, the study merges the Service Dominant Logic of Marketing (S-DL) and Consumer Culture Theory (CCT). S-DL is widely adopted, criticized, developed, and coupled with many disciplines on a global scale. This logic heavily relies on the concept of value co-creation (VCoC), which outlines the overarching objective of marketing interactions and partnerships. S-DL offers a framework for actors' actions and reactions when they collaborate to integrate resources with the intention of creating experiences. Further, thirty-eight interviews were conducted to find out the type of resources that are part of cocreated retail process. The study found out two main resources hard skills and soft skills. The largest frequencies scored was by soft skills. Further, hard skills got four sub themes. They are availability of the stock and on logging it on e-live, smooth operations, marketing research, evaluation and comparison with other brands, and good understanding and knowledge about the products they are selling. However, soft skills depicted thirteen sub themes. They are selling, vision, see the picture in long term, innovative people, adaptable, fresh ideas and new way of doing things, communication, build relation, judge the psychology of customer, creating value, experience to co-create value, try to build a good relationship, and honesty and integrity.