Serum Cholinesterase Activity Research Articles

Low-Dose Atropine-Triggered Atrial Fibrillation in Chlorpyrifos Plus Cypermethrin Poisoning: A Rare Case Report and Review of Literature

Background: Poisoning with Organophosphates (OP) and/or Pyrethroids (PYR) pesticides is common. We present a rare case of OP+PYR poisoned patient who suffered from Atrial Fibrillation (AF) at the beginning of treatment by a low dose of atropine and reviewed the literature. Case Presentation: A 50-year-old man had ingested about 5-10 ml of a mixture of chlorpyrifos/cypermethrin. Half an hour later, he went to the rural hospital and 2 hr later, after gastrointestinal decontamination, he was referred to the clinical toxicology department with normal vital signs except normal sinus tachycardia [Heart rate (HR)]=105. On admission, he had nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mild sialorrhea, symmetric mid-size pupils, wet skin, and bilateral moist rales in his lungs. His cardiac rhythm changed to rapid AF (HR >140 beats/min) after treatment with 3 mg midazolam followed by 0.3 mg of atropine (0.1 mg every 1-3 min). Atropine administration was discontinued and he was treated with 0.5 mg of digoxin. 6 hr later, his arrhythmia disappeared and all cardiac and laboratory evaluations changed to normal except reduced serum cholinesterase activity. Conclusion: AF may be induced by Organophosphates (OP) and Pyrethroids (PYR) intoxication or during the treatment by atropine. We could not find any known risk factor (cardiac or medical issues) for AF in the current case. It may be suggested that poisoning with OP, PYR (alone or mixed) or atropine (in general or in low dose), or combination is the trigger of AF. However, AF is not life threating and can easily cure by antiarrhythmic therapy.

The Potential Risk of Reduced Serum Cholinesterase Activity in COVID-19 Patients Suffering From Cytokine Storm.

Background and objective Several blood biochemical parameters are used to biomonitorcoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Reduced serum cholinesterase (ChE) has been suggested to be a predictive indicator of the severity and outcome of COVID-19 infection. This study aimed to examineserum ChE activity in hospitalized and terminally ill COVID-19 patients with cytokine storm and evaluate the enzyme for the in vitro ChE-inhibitory activity of the organophosphate dichlorvos. Methods We determined the serum ChE activity, electrometrically, among hospitalized COVID-19-cytokine storm patientsand their non-cytokine stormcounterparts. Aliquots of serum samples from healthy volunteers, COVID-19-cytokine storm patients, and non-cytokine storm COVID-19 patients were pooled separately. They were incubated in vitro for 10 minutes with dichlorvos at 0.25 or 0.5 μM.Serum samples from the three groups were subjected to ChE inhibition temporally (5-60 minutes) by 0.25 μM dichlorvos to evaluate the kinetics of enzyme inhibition using steady-state kinetics. Results Of the 165 hospitalized patients with COVID-19, 33 (20%) suffered from the cytokine storm. Serum ChE activity offemale COVID-19 patients with cytokine storm was significantly lower than that of the non-cytokine storm counterparts. Risk analysis of reduced serum ChE activity (≥20%) among the 33 COVID-19 patients with cytokine storm compared to 111 non-cytokine storm COVID-19 patients revealed that the formerwere significantly at risk of reduced enzyme activity. In vitro, dichlorvos at 0.25 μM and 0.5 μM significantly inhibited serum ChE activity in all the groups. The COVID-19-cytokine storm group was the least affected. Dichlorvos at 0.25 μM progressively (5-60 minutes) inhibited serum ChE activity. The inhibition kinetic parameters in COVID-19-cytokine storm patients showed a decreasein the half-life of inhibition (14.54%), inhibition rate (51.46%), and total inhibition time (14.55%). Conclusions Reduced serum ChE in COVID-19 patients with cytokine storm could be adopted as a potential additional laboratory examination tool for bedside risk assessment. The in vitro inhibition profile of serum ChE activity by dichlorvos in COVID-19-cytokine storm patients suggests reduced susceptibility of the enzyme to inhibition. The response of COVID-19 patients to ChE-inhibiting medications should be cautiously evaluated with prior in vitro tests.

Link of Serum Esterase Enzymes with Cognitive Impairment in Diabetic Patients

Cognitive impairment is one of the main complications of diabetes and patients with cognitive impairment are considered to be in an intermediate stage of decreased cognition with higher risk of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease. This study aimed at evaluating serum activity of two esterase enzymes including cholinesterase and paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) in diabetic patients and association with cognitive performance and metabolic parameters. In this crosssectional study, 128 diabetic patients were enrolled. Cognitive performance was evaluated using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). Body mass index, fasting blood glucose, fasting blood insulin, insulin resistance, serum cholinesterase and paraoxonase 1 activity were measured. Prevalence of cognitive impairment was found to be 77% in the study population. Serum cholinesterase activity was found to be higher in diabetic patients with cognitive impairment than the patients with normal cognitive performance (p < 0.04). Further, a negative correlation was found between cognitive performance and cholinesterase activity, albeit statistically non-significant. Alteration in the activity of cholinesterase enzyme was shown to be associated with cognitive impairment in diabetic patients and future studies are required to find the pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetic cognitive dysfunction.

The effects of Massa Medicata Fermentata on the digestive function and intestinal flora of mice with functional dyspepsia.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to identify the chemical components of Massa Medicata Fermentata (MMF) in different fermentation methods, analyze its regulatory effects on gastrointestinal propulsion and intestinal flora in mice with food accumulation, and further explore its mechanism of action in the treatment of dyspepsia. Methods: The chemical compositions of three kinds of MMF were identified using the UPLC-Q- Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer. A model of spleen deficiency and food accumulation in mice was established. The gastric emptying rate and intestinal propulsion rate were calculated, serum gastrin concentration and cholinesterase activity were measured, and 16S rRNA microbial detection was performed in different groups of mouse feces. Results: The results showed that a total of 95 chemical components were identified from the three MMF extracts, 62 of which were the same, but there were differences in flavonoids and their glycosides, organic acids, and esters. MMF, PFMMF, and commercial MMF could all significantly improve the gastric emptying rate, intestinal propulsion rate, and GAS concentration in the serum of model mice; PFMMF has a better effect, while there was no significant difference in cholinesterase activity among the groups (p > 0.05). The 16S rRNA sequencing results showed that the MMF and PFMMF could increase the content of beneficial bacteria Bacteroidetes and decrease the pathogenic bacteria Verrucomicrobia in the intestines of model mice, while the commercial MMF could not. Discussion: Studies suggest that MMF has a variety of possible mechanisms for improving food accumulation and treating gastrointestinal dyspepsia, which provides reference value for the quality evaluation and clinical application of MMF.

Serum butyrylcholinesterase activity in healthy dogs with and without exposure to diazinon.

Cholinesterase is a biomarker for poisonings by anticholinesterase agents, but its reference values are scarce, and possible interaction with collars containing parasiticides has not been studied. We aimed to evaluate the serum cholinesterase activity of healthy dogs without a history of contact with anticholinesterase agents and healthy animals exposed to commercial collars containing organophosphate. Ninety-nine dogs were used and included healthy animals without recent exposure to anticholinesterase agents and healthy animals previously exposed to diazinon collars. Serum quantification of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BuchE) through spectrophotometry was conducted on all samples. In experiment 1, BuchE activity was quantified at time 0 and 7 days after, a time when the samples were kept at -18°C. In experiment 2, sampling times were 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56 days. Time 0 values were 4622.38 ± 1311.53 U/L. After 7 days, a significant decay was observed, with a mean of 3934.45 ± 1430.45 U/L. Spearman's test was performed, finding a weak correlation between ALT, creatinine, total plasma proteins, age, weight, red blood cells, platelets, leukocytes, and BuchE activities. In experiment 2, the mean at time 0 was 4753 ± 454.8 U/L. With exposure to the collar, there was a decay of up to 93% after 14 days. Normality values of serum BuchE in healthy dogs without a history of exposure to anticholinesterase agents were 4360.8-4883.96 U/L. Freezing serum caused a decrease in BuchE activity. Exposure to commercial collars containing diazinon also reduced BuchE activity without clinical signs, indicating that previously exposed animals should be evaluated carefully.

Serum Pseudocholinesterase as a Biomarker in the Differentiation between Gastric Cancer and Benign Gastric Diseases

Background: Worldwide gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer with poor prognosis. In early stages, it is hard to distinguish gastric cancer from benign gastric diseases, resulting in delayed diagnosis. There is a need to develop a biomarker for differentiating between gastric cancer and benign gastric diseases. Serum cholinesterase is synthesized in liver and released into plasma, and it has an important role in oncogenesis. Objectives: To determine the correlation between serum cholinesterase activity and gastric cancer, in comparison to benign gastric diseases. Subjects and Methods: A case control study carried out at Medical City Directorate\ Gastroenterology, Hepatology Hospital, and at Oncology Teaching Hospital from April 2022 to September 2022. It involved 25 patients with gastric cancer and age matched 25 patients with benign gastric diseases. Serum cholinesterase activity was determined by a colorimetric method.. Results: There was a significant difference in the mean level of serum cholinesterase between gastric cancer group (5339.28 U/L±1816) and benign gastric diseases group (7516.92 U/L±2351) with (P value<0.001). Significant association between low levels of serum cholinesterase and early cancer stages and grades (P value<0.001). Serum cholinesterase showed 60% sensitivity and 80% specificity in differentiating between gastric cancer and benign gastric diseases with optimal cutoff value of 5568U\L. Conclusions: Serum cholinesterase can be considered as a potential rapid and non-invasive biomarker for differentiating between gastric cancer and benign gastric diseases.

Clinical Significance of Serum Cholinesterase in the Diagnosis and Assessment of Clinical Activity in Patients with IBD

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis, witnessed dramatic rise in incidence in the past few decades. Fecal calprotectin has been widely established as laboratory marker in assessment, diagnosis and severity of IBD. It showed low specificity and high number of false positive results. Cholinesterase (ChE) enzymatic glycoprotein used in hydrolosis of acetylcholine, showed significant correlation with IBD activity, it showed also potential role in diagnosis and assessing clinical severity in IBD patients. We will evaluate the role of serum cholinesterase in diagnosis and assessment of severity in IBD patients. Aim of the Work The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of serum cholinesterase (ChE) in diagnosis and assessment of activity in IBD patients Patients and Methods A Case control study in outpatients and inpatients in departments of Internal Medicine, Ain Shams University Hospital for Six months since beginning of data collection (till fulfilling the sample size) on 70 subjects divided into 3 groups: Group A: 25 patients with Crohn’s disease evidenced by colonoscopy and tissue biopsy, group B: 25 patients with Ulcerative Colitis disease evidenced by colonoscopy and tissue biopsy, group C: 20 age-matched, sex-matched healthy controls Results Our results confirmed that, compared with healthy controls, serum ChE levels were decreased in patients with IBD, and the decline in serum ChE levels was more pronounced as clinical activity in IBD increased. We also found that the serum ChE levels of patients with CD and those with UC were significantly different. It needs to be further clarified the relationship between serum ChE and endoscopic activity in the future. Conclusion Serum ChE levels can be used as a simple, economical method to help diagnose and distinguish the different stages of IBD. With the increasing biomedical research on the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and ChE, serum ChE is expected to become a new immunotherapy target for IBD.

Clinical course of congestive hepatopathy pre/post heart transplantation.

Heart failure (HF) might lead to increased hepatic venous pressure, thereby impairing hepatic blood outflow and subsequently inducing congestive hepatopathy. We aimed to evaluate prevalence of congestive hepatopathy in patients undergoing heart transplantation (HTX) as well as their post-transplant course. Patients undergoing HTX from 2015-2020 at the Vienna General Hospital were included (n = 205). Congestive hepatopathy was defined by hepatic congestion on abdominal imaging and hepatic injury. Laboratory parameters, ascites severity, and clinical events were assessed and post-HTX outcomes evaluated. At listing, 104 (54%) patients showed hepatic congestion, 97 (47%) hepatic injury, and 50 (26%) had ascites. Congestive hepatopathy was diagnosed in 60 (29%) patients, who showed more often ascites, lower serum sodium and cholinesterase activity, and higher hepatic injury markers. Mean albumin-bilirubin (ALBI)-score as well as (modified)-model for end-stage liver disease (MELD)-scores were higher in patients with congestive hepatopathy. Median levels of laboratory parameters/scores normalised after HTX, and ascites resolved in most patients with congestive hepatopathy (n = 48/56, 86%). The post-HTX (median follow-up 55.1months) survival was 87% and liver-related events were rare (3%). Severe ascites, low cholinesterase, and MELD/MELD-XI were associated with ascites persistence/death 1‑year after HTX. Age, male sex, and severe ascites were the only independent predictors of post-HTX mortality. Both ALBI and MELD-scores were robust indicators of post-HTX survival when measured 4weeks after HTX (ALBI log-rank test p < 0.001; MELD log-rank test p = 0.012). Congestive hepatopathy and ascites were mostly reversible after HTX. Liver-related scores and ascites improve prognostication in patients after HTX.

Study of acid base imbalance in organophosphorus poisoning in intensive care patients of eastern Gujarat tribal region

Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides poisoning can result from occupational, accidental or intentional exposure. The compounds can be absorbed through skin, conjunctiva, oral mucosa, GI tract or respiratory tract. This study aimed to analyze arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis and serum cholinesterase (SC) activity in OP poisoning, to study clinical correlation of OP poisoning with the help of ABG analysis and SC and to compare factors of OP poisoning patients and control group. A total, 156 OP poisoning cases and 156 control participants were included in this study. The ABG and SC sample was processed at Central Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Medical College and Hospital, in a tertiary health care in eastern Gujarat. Most of the OP poisoning cases were young people 80% (&lt;50 years of age) with mean±SD age as 26.41±11.28 years (range: 11-80). Among these 90(57.69%) and 66(42.31%) were females and males respectively. While control participants with mean±SD age as 29.97±15.75 (range: 15-85) and male were 103(66%) and 53(34%) were females. Significant difference was found out between the age, Electrolytes: Na+, K+, Cl- and SC (p&lt;0.001), mean SC level in patients with the latent grade of poisoning was 1363.24±1326.76 IU/L, which is clinically significant (p&lt;0.001), no significant difference found between pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3act and HCO3std (p&gt;0.05). This study concluded that mortality is directly proportionate to the amount of OP substances consumed, clinical severity of poison, SC levels, ABG analysis and electrolytes level in blood. This study can be improving survival or reduces mortality in patients with organophosphorus insecticide poisoning.

Saliva and Serum Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Multiple Sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis is mediated by the immune system that damages the myelin sheath. Most patients experience inflammation. Since one of the factors that have a role in reducing inflammation is acetylcholine, and according to the benefits of saliva, in this study, the level of salivary and serum cholinesterase activity in patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy were evaluated. Thirty women with multiple sclerosis who were hospitalized in the neurology ward of Imam Reza and Hazrat Rasoul Hospitals and 30 healthy females participated in the study. The severity of multiple sclerosis was calculated by expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Saliva and serum samples were collected in the morning. Cholinesterase activity was assessed by a photometric method. The mean cholinesterase activity in stimulated and unstimulated saliva and serum significantly reduced in the multiple sclerosis group. The cutoff for differentiation of multiple sclerosis patients from healthy individuals by assessing cholinesterase activity (IU/L) was 3577 in serum, 241 in unstimulated saliva, and 266 in stimulated saliva. It seems that cholinesterase activity decreases in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Clinical Evaluation of Plasma Cholinesterase with Clinical Symptomatology in Organophosphorus Poisoning

Objective: Level of plasma cholinesterase and its association with clinical manifestations. Methods: This is a prospective study and observation study of 50 cases of organo phosphorus poisoning compound admitted in casualty and intensive care department. In present study we were evaluated plasma cholinesterase levels and correlate with clinical symptomatology in organo phosphorus poisoning, also included patient requiring ventilator support in respiratory failure patients. Prior approval for the study and the protocol was obtained from the institution ethical committee. In present study, serum cholinesterase estimation was repeated on after 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 96 hours and 7th day of stay in intensive care unit. The serum cholinesterase activity was measured by Genx cholinesterase butyryl thiocholinemethod (quantitative determination of cholinesterase in human serum). Conclusion: In present study 50 cases of organophosphorus compound poisoning admitted to our tertiary care centre. Commonest age group 21 to 30 years and 31 to 40 years. Serum cholinesterase is a useful marker for predicting clinical outcome in op poisoning as marked reductions are associated with increased need for ventilator support, atropine requirement, duration of hospital stay and outcome. Serum cholinesterase levels correlated well with clinical manifestation, severity of poisoning, ventilator support required or not and outcome.

The mechanistic basis for the toxicity difference between juvenile rats and mice following exposure to the agricultural insecticide chlorpyrifos

At high exposure levels, organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) exert their toxicity in mammals through the inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) leading to the accumulation of acetylcholine in cholinergic synapses and hyperactivity of the nervous system. Currently, there is a concern that low-level exposure to OPs induces negative impacts in developing children and the chemical most linked to these issues is chlorpyrifos (CPF). Our laboratory has observed that a difference in the susceptibility to repeated exposure to CPF exists between juvenile mice and rats with respect to the inhibition of brain AChE. The basis for this difference is unknown but differences in the levels of the detoxification mechanisms could play a role. To investigate this, 10-day old rat and mice pups were exposed daily for 7 days to either corn oil or a range of dosages of CPF via oral gavage. Four hours following the last administration of CPF on day 16, brain, blood, and liver were collected. The inhibition of brain AChE activity was higher in juvenile rats as compared to juvenile mice. The levels of activity of the detoxification enzymes and the impact of CPF exposure on their activity were determined in the two species at this age. In blood and liver, the enzyme paraoxonase-1 (PON1) hydrolyzes the active metabolite of CPF (CPF-oxon), and the enzymes carboxylesterase (CES) and cholinesterase (ChE) act as alternative binding sites for CPF-oxon removing it from circulation and providing protection. Both species had similar levels of PON1 activity in the liver and serum. Mice had higher ChE activity in liver and serum than rats but, following CPF exposure, the percentage inhibition was similar between species at an equivalent dosage. Even though rats had slightly higher liver CES activity than mice, the level of inhibition following exposure was higher in rats. In serum, juvenile mice had an 8-fold higher CES activity than rats, and exposure to a CPF dosage that almost eliminated CES activity in rats only resulted in 22% inhibition in mice suggesting that the high serum CES activity in mice as compared to rats is a key component in this species difference. In addition, there was a species difference in the sensitivity of CES to inhibition by CPF-oxon with rats having a lower IC50 in both liver and serum as compared to mice. This greater enzyme sensitivity suggests that saturation of CES would occur more rapidly in juvenile rats than in mice, resulting in more CPF reaching the brain to inhibit AChE in rats.

Alteration of Serum Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases. One of the factors that are known to play a role in reducing inflammation is acetylcholine (Ach), which decreases cholinesterase to increase Ach. The present study investigated cholinesterase activity in the serum of patients with GERD. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 30 patients with GERD were referred to Imam Reza Hospital, and 30 healthy individuals were included in the study. Serum was collected in the morning and the fasting state. Cholinesterase activity was measured photometrically and analyzed by unpaired student t-test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: The mean serum cholinesterase activity was significantly lower in the GERD group (5,445 ± 411 IU/L) than in healthy individuals (6,728 ± 305 IU/L). The cut-off for the detection of patients suffering from GERD by the serum activity of cholinesterase was 5,637 IU/L. Conclusions: It seems that the cholinesterase activity reduces in the serum of patients with GERD.

Prognostic Value of Serum Cholinesterase Activity in Severe SARS-CoV-2-Infected Patients Requiring Intensive Care Unit Admission.

ABSTRACT.We evaluated the prognostic value of serum cholinesterase (SChE) levels in SARS-CoV-2–infected patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. This is a retrospective study of severe, critically ill, adult COVID-19 patients, all of whom had a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and were admitted into the ICU of a university hospital. We included all patients admitted to our ICU and whose SChE levels were explored on ICU admission and during ICU stay. One hundred and thirty-seven patients were included. There were 100 male and 37 female patients. The mean of SChE activity on ICU admission was 5,656 ± 1,818 UI/L (range: 1926–11,192 IU/L). The SChE activity on ICU admission was significantly lower in nonsurvivors (P < 0.001). A significant association between the SChE activity on ICU admission and the need for invasive mechanical ventilation was found. We also found a significant correlation between the SChE activity and other biomarkers of sepsis (C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and leukocytes) on ICU admission and during the ICU stay. A significant correlation among SChE nadir value activity recorded during ICU stay, the occurrence of nosocomial infection, and the outcome of studied patients was found. Our study shows that the low SChE activity value is associated with a severe outcome. It might be used as a biomarker to aid in prognostic risk stratification in SARS-CoV-2–infected patients. Further studies for external validation of our findings are needed on this subject.

Concurrent Change in Serum Cholinesterase Activity and Midregional-Proadrennomedullin Level Could Predict Patient Outcome following Liver Transplantation.

Background: After liver transplantation (LTX), patients are susceptible to opportunistic infections resulting in reduced outcomes within the early post-transplantation period. The postoperative monitoring of LTX patients has gained much importance in recent years. However, reliable plasmatic markers predicting 90-day outcomes are still lacking. Methods: In the post hoc analysis of a prospective, observational study, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM), as well as conventional inflammatory markers (procalcitonin, C-reactive protein) were evaluated in 93 patients at seven consecutive timepoints within the first 28 days following LTX. Results: Persistently reduced activity of BChE and elevated MR-proADM levels indicated reduced 90-day survival following LTX. Furthermore, reduced BChE and increased MR-proADM activity could indicate early post-transplantation bacterial infections, whereas conventional inflammatory biomarkers showed no diagnostic efficacy within the observation period. Conclusion: Concurrent assessment of BChE and MR-proADM activity might serve as a bedside diagnostic tool for early bacterial infections following liver transplantation. Thus, a combined utilization of the two biomarkers may be a useful tool in the risk evaluation of patients following liver transplantation.

Distinct CholinomiR Blood Cell Signature as a Potential Modulator of the Cholinergic System in Women with Fibromyalgia Syndrome.

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a heterogeneous chronic pain syndrome characterized by musculoskeletal pain and other key co-morbidities including fatigue and a depressed mood. FMS involves altered functioning of the central and peripheral nervous system (CNS, PNS) and immune system, but the specific molecular pathophysiology remains unclear. Anti-cholinergic treatment is effective in FMS patient subgroups, and cholinergic signaling is a strong modulator of CNS and PNS immune processes. Therefore, we used whole blood small RNA-sequencing of female FMS patients and healthy controls to profile microRNA regulators of cholinergic transcripts (CholinomiRs). We compared microRNA profiles with those from Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients with pain as disease controls. We validated the sequencing results with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and identified cholinergic targets. Further, we measured serum cholinesterase activity in FMS patients and healthy controls. Small RNA-sequencing revealed FMS-specific changes in 19 CholinomiRs compared to healthy controls and PD patients. qRT-PCR validated miR-182-5p upregulation, distinguishing FMS patients from healthy controls. mRNA targets of CholinomiRs bone morphogenic protein receptor 2 and interleukin 6 signal transducer were downregulated. Serum acetylcholinesterase levels and cholinesterase activity in FMS patients were unchanged. Our findings identified an FMS-specific CholinomiR signature in whole blood, modulating immune-related gene expression.

Bakır oksit nanopartikülleri ve Bakır sülfatın O. niloticus’da Serum Parametreleri ve Serum Enzim Aktiviteleri Üzerine Toksik Etkilerinin Karşılaştırılması

Today, human effects due to industrial development and population increase caused water ecosystems to be polluted by various pollutant such as heavy metals. Serum biochemical parameters are widely used in blood analysis and these parameters are suitable indicators for monitoring physiological changes in fish. Hence, the aim of present study to the effects of waterborne copper on serum glucose, total protein, albumin and triglyceride levels and serum cholinesterase (ChE), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkalane phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities of O. niloticus were determined after exposing the fish to 10, 50 and 100 µg/L copper applied as CuO nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and CuSO4 over 1, 7 and 15 days. &#x0D; No mortality was observed during the experiments. Serum glucose and albumin levels increased while serum total protein, cholesterol and triglyceride levels decreased compared to control at the end of the 15th day. There was also a decrease in serum ChE activity whereas serum AST, ALT, ALP and LDH activities increased. Overall, CuSO4 and CuO NPs had similar effects in serum parameters of O. niloticus.

Cholinesterase level is a predictor of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and complications after cardiopulmonary bypass.

To study the changes of serum cholinesterase (S-ChE) levels in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and its predictive value for multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Forty-two patients with SIRS after CPB were selected as the SIRS group. Another 42 patients who did not develop SIRS after CPB were selected as the control group. The S-ChE levels of patients were compared between the two groups at the time of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and 48 hours after admission to the ICU. The correlation between S-ChE levels and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health EvaluationII (APACHEII) score, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels was compared between the two groups at the time of ICU admission and 48 hours after ICU admission, and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to analyze the accuracy of S-ChE level in diagnosing MODS in patients with SIRS after CPB. There was no significant difference in the S-ChE levels among the non-SIRS patients between the time of admission to the ICU and 48 hours later. However, the S-ChE levels in SIRS patients exhibited a decreasing trend from 48 hours after ICU admission compared with those at the time of ICU admission. Meanwhile, the S-ChE levels were obviously lower in SIRS patients than in non-SIRS patients at those two time points. Furthermore, we found that S-ChE levels were negatively correlated with APACHEII scores as well as the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 at ICU admission and 48 hours after ICU admission in SIRS patients. Meanwhile, S-ChE levels were associated with the occurrence of MODS of SIRS patients. Subsequent ROC curve analysis revealed that early S-ChE levels could predict the occurrence of SIRS complicated by MODS after CBP. S-ChE was significantly decreased in patients with SIRS after CPB, and the decrease of S-ChE in the early stage was closely related to the severity of SIRS after CBP and the increase of inflammatory cytokines. Meanwhile, there was a close relationship between S-ChE activity and MODS in the early stage.

Clinical Significance of Serum Cholinesterase Determination in Cardiovascular Diseases

The activity of serum cholinesterase was determined by the method of T.V. Pravdich-Neminskaya in 115 people with various diseases of the cardiovascular system (of which 72 - with various manifestations of rheumatism).

Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Partially Compensating the Neurodegenerative Signs at The Behavioral, Physiological, and Molecular Levels in AD Rat Model

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Due to the multifaceted nature of AD pathology and limited understanding of its etiology, AD is difficult to be treated with currently available pharmaceuticals. Recent studies suggest that transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells might have therapeutic potential on several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, it can ameliorate neuropathological deficits and physiological disorders in AD. The current study aims to evaluate the potential therapeutic effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) in AD rat model after the induction with AlCl3. After the induction phase, labeled ADMSCs have been injected intravenously. Open-field behavioral tests were conducted, serum β-amyloid levels, cholinesterase activity, and brain antioxidant status were evaluated. Besides, the expression of apoptotic and necrotic markers was quantified via RT-qPCR in brain tissues. Histopathological alterations in the brain were examined as well. Signs of dementia as manifested by behavioral tests have been recorded in AD rats, accumulation of β-amyloid in blood, reduced serum cholinesterase activity and both apoptotic and necrotic induction in brain tissues had been recorded at the end of the induction phase. All these alterations have been partially/fully compensated by the administration of ADMSCs, which proved their ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and home in the brain tissues. The molecular mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of ADMSCs seems to be correlated with the reduction of neurodegeneration by upregulating the anti-apoptotic marker (Bcl2) and downregulating the pro-apoptotic markers (p53 and Bax) and necrotic factor (Tnfa) simultaneously.