Lipoxygenase Activity Research Articles

Research progress on the role of lipoxygenase and its inhibitors in prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) has become a common disease among middle-aged and elderly men. The lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway plays a crucial role in the occurrence, development, invasion and metastasis of PCa and is therefore considered a new target for the prevention and treatment of PCa. 5-LOX and 12-LOX have a promoting effect on the occurrence, development, invasion and metastasis of PCa. 15-LOX-2 has an inhibitory effect on PCa. LOX inhibitors can effectively inhibit the metabolic activity of LOX. The research aims to review the mechanism of action and inhibitors of LOX in PCa, in order to provide relevant references for the prevention and treatment of PCa.

Exogenous nitric oxide extends longevity in cut Lilium tigrinum flowers by orchestrating biochemical and molecular aspects.

Senescence represents a developmentally orchestrated and precisely regulated cascade of events, culminating in the abscission of plant organs and ultimately leading to the demise of the plant or its constituent parts. In this study, we observed that senescence in cut Lilium tigrinum flowers is induced by elevated ABA levels and the hyperactivation of lipoxygenase (LOX) activity. This cascade increased ROS concentrations, heightened oxidative damage, and disrupted cellular redox equilibrium. This was evidenced by elevated lipid peroxidation, attenuated antioxidant machinery, and reduced membrane stability index (MSI). Despite its known role in delaying flower senescence, the specific biochemical and molecular mechanisms by which nitric oxide (NO) regulates senescence in cut L. tigrinum flowers are not fully elucidated. Specifically, the interactions between NO signaling and ABA metabolism, the regulation of protease activity, and the influence of NO-mediated ROS scavenging, senescence-associated gene expression requires further exploration. Exogenous application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a source of NO, mitigated senescence in L. tigrinum cut flowers by upregulating the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and reducing the LOX activity, an indicator of lipid peroxidation. SNP treatment also downregulated the relative expression of senescence-associated gene (SAG12 ),lipoxygenase 1 (LOX1 ), and abscisic aldehyde oxidase 3 (AAO3 ). NO also upregulated defender against apoptotic death 1 (DAD1 ) expression correlated with minimized protease activity and reduced α-amino acid content in SNP-treated tepals. This regulation was accompanied by increased contents of sugars, proteins and phenols and reduced abscisic acid content, which collectively delayed the senesecence and enhanced the longevity of L. tigrinum cut flowers. This study demonstrates that exogenous SNP application can effectively mitigate senescence in cut L. tigrinum flowers by modulating antioxidant enzyme activities, reducing oxidative stress, and regulating the expression of key senescence-associated genes. This study unravels the complex molecular networks involved in NO-mediated senescence delay, which may lead to the development of innovative approaches for improving flower longevity.

Osmotic stress in roots drives lipoxygenase-dependent plastid remodeling through singlet oxygen production.

Osmotic stress, caused by the lack of water or by high salinity, is a common problem in plant roots. Osmotic stress can be reproducibly simulated with the application of solutions of the high-molecular-weight and impermeable polyethylene glycol. The accumulation of different reactive oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide, accompany this stress. Among them, singlet oxygen, produced as a byproduct of lipoxygenase activity, has been associated with limiting root growth. To better understand the source and effect of singlet oxygen, we followed its production at the cellular level in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Osmotic stress initiated profound changes in plastid and vacuole structure. Confocal and electron microscopy showed that the plastids were a source of singlet oxygen accompanied by the appearance of multiple, small extraplastidic bodies that were also an intense source of singlet oxygen. A marker protein, CRUMPLED LEAF, indicated that these small bodies originated from the plastid outer membrane. Remarkably, LINOLEATE 9S-LIPOXYGENASE 5, (LOX5), was shown to change its distribution from uniformly cytoplasmic to a more clumped distribution together with plastids and the small bodies. In addition, oxylipin products of type 9 lipoxygenase increased, while products of type 13 lipoxygenases decreased. Inhibition of lipoxygenase by the SHAM inhibitor or in down-regulated lipoxygenase lines prevented cells from initiating the cellular responses, leading to cell death. In contrast, singlet oxygen scavenging halted terminal cell death. These findings underscore the reversible nature of osmotic stress-induced changes, emphasizing the pivotal roles of lipoxygenases and singlet oxygen in root stress physiology.

Lipoxygenase activity in tropical fish: Changes during surimi processing and some biochemical characterization in lizardfish (Saurida tumbil).

The lipoxygenase (LOX) activity of major tropical fish used for surimi production, including threadfin bream (TB), lizardfish (LZ), and goatfish (GF), was measured in the gills, skin, and muscle. The highest LOX activity was observed in the LZ samples (p<0.05), with the gills exhibiting the greatest activity at 376.56U/mg (p<0.05). The highest peroxide value was detected in the TB samples, particularly in the gills (p<0.05). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were the main polyunsaturated fatty acids in all the tissues and surimi. The total lipid and DHA contents of washed mince reduced considerably after the screw press process. Although LOX activity decreased during surimi production, a residual activity of 21.33U/g was observed in the finished surimi. LOX was partially purified and characterized from LZ gills. The purification was conducted using two successive chromatographic steps, Sephacryl S-200 and diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-sepharose, resulting in a 3.52% yield and a 22.43-fold increase in purity. The optimum activity was found at 25°C and pH 7.5, with pH stability between 6.0 and 8.5. The relatively high thermal stability at 4°C-10°C suggested that LOX might contribute to fish lipid oxidation during cold storage. The enzyme was thermally inactivated at 60°C. The preferred substrate was EPA. LOX from the LZ gills was inhibited by 1mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and activated by 1mM Fe2+, Na+, and Ca2+. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Elucidating lipoxygenase activity and lipid oxidation in various tropical fish tissues, as well as understanding the characteristics of LOX, can help take appropriate postharvest actions to afford high-quality surimi.

Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and selenomethionine supplementation on physicochemical properties, oxidative stability and endogenous enzyme activities of fresh pork loin

This study evaluated the physicochemical properties, oxidative stability, and endogenous enzyme activities in fresh pork loin from pigs fattened by supplementation of 3 % soybean oil (control), 3 % linseed oil or 3 % linseed oil combined with 0.3 mg/kg selenomethionine (SeMet). Both linseed oil treatments led to higher n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels, lower L* values, n-6/n-3 ratios, and lipoxygenase activity compared to the control (P < 0.001). Supplementation with linseed oil alone reduced a*, n-6 PUFA, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, and GPx activity in pork loin compared to other treatments (P < 0.05). Adding SeMet decreased neutral lipase activity but did not affect a* or GPx activity (P > 0.05), likely due to the antioxidant property of SeMet. Overall, linseed oil and SeMet supplementation is a promising strategy to significantly increase n-3 PUFA content in pork without compromising color properties or oxidative stability.

Activity of Lipoxygenase and Partial Purification of Its Isoenzymes in Patients with Viral Hepatitis B

Activity of Lipoxygenase and Partial Purification of Its Isoenzymes in Patients with Viral Hepatitis B

Antiviral activity of lipoxygenase against severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus.

Antiviral activity of lipoxygenase against severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus.

Impacts of Harvest Year and Cultivation Location on Off-Flavor Compounds and Functionality of Pea Protein Isolate.

The impact of four different harvest years and two cultivation locations (CLs) of pea seeds on their protein wet fractionation yield, volatile and non-volatile beany flavors, and functionality were investigated. Both harvest years and CLs significantly affected protein recovery, but protein purity was primarily influenced by CLs. Seed age emerged as a dominant factor causing the reduction in linolenic/linoleic acid content and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity which surpassed the effect of harvest years in the seeds but not in their proteins. CL significantly affected fatty acid composition in both seeds and proteins, whereas its effect on LOX activity was discernible only in the proteins. Volatile beany compounds in the proteins were affected by both harvest years and CLs, correlating with their polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content and LOX activity. Both factors minimally impacted the emulsification capacity of the proteins but imposed a significant effect on their rheological properties. Altogether, the results revealed that seed crop years and especially locations affect pea protein quality, calling for proper adaptation strategies.

Perspectives for using serratiopeptidase in systemic enzyme therapy for low-intensity chronic inflammation and pain syndromes: from mechanisms of action to practical implementation (literature review)

Background. Recent experimental and clinical stu­dies have confirmed the effectiveness and safety of serratiopeptidase (SRP) as a powerful anti-inflammatory agent, highlighting its potential benefits across various fields of medicine. The ­purpose was to analyze current literature on the mechanisms of action of SRP as a means of systemic enzyme therapy for low-intensity chronic inflammation and pain syndromes, its clinical applications, and prospects for implementation in general medical practice. ­Materials and methods. To identify relevant literature sources, a comprehensive search was conducted in electronic databases, inclu­ding PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. ­Results. According to modern literature data, SRP demonstrates quite powerful anti-inflammatory, analgesic, reparative, fibrinoly­tic, and mucolytic properties, and exhibits a certain antimicrobial activity, especially against biofilm-forming bacteria. The combination of this enzyme with traditional antibiotics provides a more effective treatment of infectious processes. SRP has significant potential in the treatment of conditions and diseases associated with the development of low-intensity chronic inflammation and pain syndromes (especially in comorbid ones) due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-edematous, antithrombotic, and analgesic properties associated with the inhibition of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2, 5-lipoxygenase activity, myeloperoxidase and elastase, suppression of the formation and/or release of bradykinin, biogenic amines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, cleavage of bradykinin-related peptides, limitation of oxidative-nitrosative stress. The effectiveness of the enzyme notably increases when it is combined with some prebiotics and/or probiotics. Conclusions. The development of new dosage forms of SRP, along with further preclinical and clinical trials, could lead to new strategies for the prevention and treatment of inflamatory diseases.

Unveiling the power of liquid chromatography in examining a library of degradable poly(2-oxazoline)s in nanomedicine applications.

A library of degradable poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) analogues (dPOx) with different length of the alkyl substituents was characterized in detail by gradient elution liquid chromatography. The hydrophobicity increased with increased side chain length as confirmed by a hydrophobicity row, established by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Those dPOx were cytocompatible and formed colloidally stable nanoparticle (NP) formulations with positive zeta potential. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed that dPOx with increased hydrophobicity tended to form NPs with increased sizes. NPs created from the most hydrophobic polymer, degradable poly(2-nonyl-2-oxazoline) (dPNonOx), showed tendency for aggregation at pH 5.0, and in the presence of protease in solution, in particular for NPs formulated without surfactant. Liquid chromatography revealed enzymatic degradation of dPNonOx NPs, clearly demonstrating the disappearance of polymer signals and the appearance of hydrophilic degradation products eluting close to the chromatographic void time. The degradation process was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. dPNonOx NPs containing the anti-inflammatory drug BRP-201 as payload reduced 5-lipoxygenase activity in human neutrophils. Thereby, composition analysis of the resultant NPs, including drug quantification, was also enabled by liquid chromatography. The results indicate the importance of a detailed analysis of the final polymer-based NP formulations by a multimethod approach, including, next to standard applied techniques such as DLS/ELS, the underexplored potential of liquid chromatography. The latter is demonstrated to resolve a fine structure of solution composition, together with an assessment of possible degradation pathways and is versatile in determining hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of polymer materials. Our study underscores the power of liquid chromatography for characterization of soft matter drug carriers.

Exploring the possible mechanisms of X-rays treatment for retention aroma volatiles in shiitake mushrooms during low temperature storage

X-rays irradiation has been demonstrated to effectively preserve the freshness of edible fungi and delay the loss of aroma during storage. In this study, shiitake mushrooms were irradiated with X-rays dose of 0.5 kGy and stored at 2 °C for 35 days. Non-irradiated mushrooms were recorded as control group. Results indicated that 0.5 kGy X-rays treatment preserved the flavor quality by exhibiting higher volatile substance content in shiitake mushrooms. X-rays treatment promoted the activities of lipoxygenase (LOX) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and oxidation of linoleic acid. In addition, the degradation of methionine and cysteine was facilitated by X-rays. Higher enzymes activities for γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and cystine sulfoxide lyase (CS lyase) were found in 0.5 kGy X-rays irradiated mushrooms. These findings suggest that the retention of mushroom flavor by X-rays treatment is closely related to fatty acid metabolism, sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism, and lentinic acid metabolism.

Epsilon-poly-l-lysine and methyl jasmonate synergistically inhibit Pseudomonas tolaasii-caused brown spot disease in postharvest button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

The brown spot disease, caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii is a serious disease that significantly affects the quality of Agaricus bisporus. To develop a safe and effective method to protect mushrooms from disease, the effects of epsilon-poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), either alone or in combination, on brown spot disease caused by P. tolaasii in A. bisporus were investigated. Our results showed that both ε-PL (100 mg L−1) and MeJA (100 μmol L−1) effectively reduced the incidence rate and disease index, inhibited the activity of polyphenol oxidase activated by P. tolaasii, and suppressed the production of malonaldehyde, and their combination achieved a more effective effect; the reason for this result was not due to their coordinated antibacterial activity in vitro, but rather the synergistic induction of disease resistance in mushrooms. The combined treatment of ε-PL and MeJA not only increased the content of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs), the activities of defense enzymes and antioxidant enzymes, but also enhanced the activities of phenylpropanoid pathway-related enzymes and the accumulation of total phenolic and total flavonoid substances. Furthermore, the combined treatment was also more effective in increasing JA levels and the activities of lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase compared to treatment with either ε-PL or MeJA alone. Correlation analysis further demonstrated the important role of defense-related enzymes and PRs as well as phenylpropanoid pathway-related enzymes and metabolites in the inhibition of ε-PL and MeJA alone or in combination on the incidence rate and disease index. Taken together, our results showed that ε-PL combined with MeJA treatment has good prospects for alleviating mushroom brown spot disease.

FGF21 modulates immunometabolic homeostasis via the ALOX15/15-HETE axis in early liver graft injury

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is essential for modulating hepatic homeostasis, but the impact of FGF21 on liver graft injury remains uncertain. Here, we show that high FGF21 levels in liver graft and serum are associated with improved graft function and survival in liver transplantation (LT) recipients. FGF21 deficiency aggravates early graft injury and activates arachidonic acid metabolism and regional inflammation in male mouse models of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and orthotopic LT. Mechanistically, FGF21 deficiency results in abnormal activation of the arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15)/15-hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) pathway, which triggers a cascade of innate immunity-dominated pro-inflammatory responses in grafts. Notably, the modulating role of FGF21/ALOX15/15-HETE pathway is more significant in steatotic livers. In contrast, pharmacological administration of recombinant FGF21 effectively protects against hepatic I/R injury. Overall, our study reveals the regulatory mechanism of FGF21 and offers insights into its potential clinical application in early liver graft injury after LT.

Phytochemical composition and anti-oxidant, anti-Alzheimer and anti-inflammatory activities of pomegranate fruit as function of variety and ripening

IntroductionMedicinal plants are considered as rich resources of secondary metabolites and have been used for treating diseases. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is considered “a pharmacy unto itself”. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of ripening and variety factors on the antioxidant activity of pomegranate fruits and their capacity to inhibit three enzymes involved in degenerative diseases. Material and methodsThe fruits were collected from 4 Tunisian pomegranate varieties (Espagnoule, Rafrafi, Zaghwani and Zehri) during 3 maturity stages. Phytochemical content, the antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS assays and acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and 15-lipoxygenase inhibition activities were carried out. ResultsThe unripe fruits were found to be the richest in terms of total phenolic content. Total flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins and acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and 15-lipoxygenase inhibition activities varied greatly during ripening process and within varieties. It was found that unripe fruits of Zehri (IC50 = 2.2 µg/ mL by ABTS assay) and Rafrafi (IC50 = 73.4 µg/ mL by DPPH assay) varieties exhibited the highest antioxidant capacities. The strongest extract against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase was found to be the unripe fruit extract of Espagnoule variety with IC50 values of 86.7 and 58.0 µg/ mL, respectively. The ethanolic extract from the unripe fruit of Zehri pomegranate variety inhibited moderately 15- lipoxygenase activity with an IC50 value of 63.0 µg/ mL. ConclusionThe current study supported the popular use of pomegranate fruits, and highlighted also the potential effect of variety and ripening factors on their chemical composition and in vitro biological activities.

Culinary properties, nutritional quality, and in vitro starch digestibility of innovative gluten-free and climate smart cowpea-based pasta

This study investigates the processability, culinary and rheological properties, biochemical composition and in-vitro starch digestibility of new gluten-free pasta formulated with whole cowpea flour alone or combined with teff and/or amaranth leaf flour(s). These pasta are compared with three wheat-based pasta with fiber content increasing from 4% to 16% g/100g, 16% g/100g being the average fiber content of cowpea-based pasta. The pasta were processed using low temperature extrusion and drying. The antioxidant properties of amaranth leaf flour facilitated extrusion by limiting excessive aggregation of the dough during hydration/mixing that is attributed to lipoxygenase activity of cowpea flour. The optimal cooking time and cooking losses of cowpea-based pasta were similar to wheat-based pasta with comparable fiber content, highlighting fiber as a key factor influencing culinary properties. Adding teff to cowpea-based pasta reduced cooking losses and firmness. Although some micronutrients were lost during pasta processing and cooking, the consumption of a cooked portion of 100 g of dry cowpea-based pasta still covered FAO nutritional recommendations for protein, fiber, iron, zinc, and vitamin B9 targeting adult women. Adding amaranth leaves helped meet recommended beta-carotene levels. The in vitro slowly digestible starch content of cowpea-based pasta is similar to or higher than that of wheat-based pasta.

Methyl salicylate induces endogenous jasmonic acid and salicylic acid in 'Nam Dok Mai' mango to maintain postharvest ripening and quality

Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are indispensable phytohormones whose interaction influences the ripening process in plants. Methyl salicylate (MeSA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) have been utilized to elevate the endogenous levels of SA and JA in horticultural products after harvest. However, their ability to preserve mango is uncertain. Individually and combined effects of exogenous MeSA and MeJA on mango ripening quality were investigated. 'Nam Dok Mai' mangoes were fumigated with MeSA, MeJA, and MeSA plus MeJA (MeSAJA) prior to storage for 6 d at 25 °C and 80–85% relative humidity (RH). Fruit ripening attributes, respiration rate, ethylene (ET) production, total phenolics (TP), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed. Endogenous SA and JA levels were measured, as were the activities of lipoxygenase (LOX) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and the expression of related genes MiPAL, MiICS, and MiLOX. Individual application of MeSA or MeJA preserved the mango quality by reducing ET production, respiration rate, and MDA levels while raising TP shortly after treatment. The ripening quality mirrored the induced SA and JA levels and correlated with the high expression of biosynthetic-related genes (MiPAL, MiICS, and MiLOX). Individual treatments stimulated SA and JA biosynthesis, demonstrating that these phytohormones are functionally connected and interdependent. When combined, MeSAJA caused a tradeoff response and distinct phenotypic outcomes compared to the individual treatments. As a result, MeSA fumigation is a practical method for preserving mango quality after harvest.

The Allelopathic Effects of Persicaria salicifolia on the Growth and Antioxidant Enzymes of Synechocystis pevalekii and Tetradesmus bernardii

In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on the prospect of exploiting macrophytes as an alternative strategy to control undesired algal growth. The present research was conducted to study the effect of different concentrations of an aqueous stem extract of Persicaria salicifolia on the growth, some metabolites and antioxidant enzymes of the green microalgae Synechocystis pevalekii and Tetradesmus bernardii. Chlorophyll a, dry weight, total protein, total carbohydrate and proline contents of the tested algae decreased with increasing the crude extract concentrations of P. salicifolia. In general, catalase, superoxide dismutase and lipoxygenase activity of T. bernardii increased with increasing the aqueous extract of P. salicifolia. The identification of phytochemical components of the plant extract by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed the presence of various biologically active compounds such as 11-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (18.03%) and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (15.03%) that are capable of inhibiting the growth of S. pevalekii and T. bernardii. Therefore, P. salicifolia may provide a cheap and environmentally friendly alternative for controlling microalgae in aquatic ecosystems.

Rhododendron luteum Sweet Flower Supercritical CO2 Extracts: Terpenes Composition, Pro-Inflammatory Enzymes Inhibition and Antioxidant Activity.

Terpenes are plant secondary metabolites known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. According to ethnobotanical knowledge, Rhododendron luteum Sweet was used in traditional medicine against inflammation. The present study was conducted to determine the triterpene profile and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) extracts of Rhododendron luteum Sweet flower (RLF). An LC-APCI-MS/MS analysis showed the presence of eight pentacyclic triterpenes and one phytosterol in the extracts obtained with pure CO2 as well as CO2 with the addition of aqueous ethanol as a co-solvent. Among the compounds detected, oleanolic/ursolic acid, β-sitosterol and 3β-taraxerol were the most abundant. The extract obtained with pure SC-CO2 was additionally subjected to HS-SPME-GC-FID-MS, which revealed more than 100 volatiles, mainly eugenol, β-phenylethanol, dodecane, β-caryophyllene, estragole and (Z)- and (E)-cinnamyl alcohol, followed by δ-cadinene. The extracts demonstrated significant hyaluronidase inhibition and exhibited varying modes of lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. The studies of RLF have shown that their SC-CO2 extracts can be a rich source of triterpenes with anti-inflammatory potential.

The elicitation effects of diode and He-Ne laser irradiations on the alleviation of nutrient-deficiency induced damage in anthocyanin-producing red-fleshed apple cell suspension

Purpose We explored the elicitation role of the laser irradiations on the alleviation of nutrient-deficiency induced damage in anthocyanin-producing red-fleshed apple cell suspension in continuous production of anthocyanin. Methods Anthocyanin-producing red-fleshed apple cells were irradiated by 4 intensity levels of red He-Ne (RHNL) and blue diode (BDL) lasers for 20 min. Results Nutrient deficiency indicated negative effect on total soluble proteins (TSP), superoxidase dismutase (SOD) activity, and total phenolics content (TPC) while it displayed a positive effect on malondialdehyde (MDA), total flavonoids content (TFC), O2 -, H2O2 - , and lipoxygenase (LOX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities in light controls, illustrating oxidative stress. The laser irradiations on suspension cells indicated variable effects on measured parameters and were time of growth-, levels of intensity-, and laser type-dependent. Likewise, the elicitation effects of lasers relied on a critical threshold among ROS generation and antioxidative system which determines the fate of cells against oxidative stress. The same trend was displayed by RHNL at 6.46 mWcm−2 intensity and BDL at 13.73 mWcm−2. These intensities resulted in a significant increase in SOD, APX, POD, and CAT activities and TSP, TPC, TFC, proline, and glycine betaine accumulation, while induced decrease in LOX, and PPO activities and MDA, and ROS generation, alleviating cellular injury from prolonged nutrient deficiency by diminishing lipid peroxidation and oxidative damages of cell membrane. Conclusion Results suggested that lasers application on mitigating nutrient deficiency stress relied on establishing a suitable balance between ROS generation and antioxidative system, which enables the nutrient-starved anthocyanin-producing cells to continuously produce anthocyanin.

Modulation of M1/M2 Cytokines and Inflammatory Enzymes by Persicaria Species Leaf Extracts in Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 Cell Macrophages.

Investigating the impacts of plant-based substances on the regulation of pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 cytokines could have significant implications for immune-related health conditions. Seven Persicaria plant species from sub-Saharan Africa were specifically selected for analysis, based on their traditional use in treating inflammation. To investigate the inhibitory effects of methanol leaf extracts from selected plants on enzymes involved in chronic inflammation. The inhibition of nitric oxide production, acetylcholinesterase activity, and 15-lipoxygenase activity was assessed using the Griess reagent method, Ellman's colorimetric method, and the ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange assay. The quantity of M1/M2 cytokines released was quantified using a flow cytometer. At a concentration of 50 µg/mL, the methanol extracts of P. limbata exhibited the highest NO inhibition (97.67%), followed by P. nepalensis (93.06%) and P. setosula (92.78%). The NO inhibition caused by the plant extracts was correlated directly with the decrease in NO release by the LPS-stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, the pro-inflammatory enzyme assays indicated that the methanol extracts of P. setosula exhibited the highest enzyme inhibitory activity (LOX 89.59%, AChE 72.12 %). This was followed by P. limbata (with 92.76% for LOX and 56.93% for AChE) and P. nepalensis (with 88.16% for LOX and 47.17% for AChE). Cytokine assays revealed that the extracts of P. limbata had significant dose-dependent suppressive effects on IFN-γ and TNF-α expression while promoting the secretion of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10. Extracts of P. limbata contain immunomodulatory compounds that could be further explored as potential remedies to target the molecular drivers of chronic inflammation.