Activity Of Lemongrass Essential Oil Research Articles

Insecticidal activity of lemongrass essential oil and its major compounds on velvet caterpillar

The present work aimed to evaluate the insecticidal activity of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil and its major compounds (citral and myrcene) on Anticarsia gemmatalis. The essential oil, citral, myrcene, and a mixture of citral and myrcene were tested at the concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 % v/v, plus two negative controls (distilled water and Tween-80® 0.5 % v/v) and a positive control (novaluron 0.075 % w/v). Insect mortality was evaluated in 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. According to the results, C. citratus essential oil and the citral-myrcene mixture at 0.9 % v/v were effective in the control of A. gemmatalis, with 96 % and 88 % mortality, respectively, in the first 24 h. At this concentration, citral caused 100 % mortality after 72 h, whereas myrcene had no effect on the caterpillars even after 96 h of exposure. Thus, C. citratus essential oil can be a potential option for the alternative control of A. gemmatalis.

Modifications in Lemongrass (Cymbopogon spp.) in response to green synthesized nano-selenium complex

• Selenium nano-complex improved the photosynthetic capacity and essential oil yield. • Application of selenium nano-complex increased the content of citral in EOs. • Se NC increased the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil. Selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) have different applications in various technologies due to their individual properties. In order to investigate the impacts of different concentrations of a green-synthesized selenium nano-complex (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg L −1 ) on the chemical composition, antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity of lemongrass essential oil (EO), an experiment was designed as a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. The application of 40 mg L −1 selenium nano-complex caused the highest EO yield (3.96 ± 0.09%). The dominant compounds in EO, geranial (44.12 ± 1.22%) and neral (32.53 ± 1.08%), were achieved by the application of 60 mg L −1 selenium nano-complex. HPLC analysis indicated that the extracts were rich in 5-o-cafeoylquinicacid, luteolin 6-c-pentosyl-8-c-pentoside, and luteolin 2-o-deoxyhexosyl-6-c-glucoside. The extracts of lemongrass plants treated with 40 and 60 mg L −1 selenium nano-complex achieved the highest amount of 5-o-cafeoylquinicacid (25.29±1.31 and 24.16±1.26 µg mL −1 , respectively). The highest antioxidant capacity was observed in the 40 mg L −1 selenium nano-complex treated plants. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EO derived from the 60 mg L −1 selenium nano-complex treated lemongrass for Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans was 0.63±0.03, 1.84±0.1, 1.05±0.05, 0.008±0.01, 0.6±0.01 and 0.1±0.01 mg mL −1 , respectively. It is expected that the selenium nano-complex would find a wide range of applications in medicine for its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. It may also be applied to medicinal plants to enhance the quality and quantity of EOs.

Stability and antimicrobial activity of lemongrass essential oil in nanoemulsions produced by high‐intensity ultrasounds and stabilized by soy lecithin, hydrolyzed whey proteins, gum Arabic, or their ternary admixture

Stability and antimicrobial activity of lemongrass essential oil (LEO) nanoemulsions (NEs) as affected by high-intensity ultrasounds, emulsifier type and concentration were investigated during 14 days of storage. Soy lecithin (SL), whey protein hydrolysates (WPH) and ternary admixture were the most efficient emulsifiers to decrease the droplet size. WPH emulsions, followed by SL, have shown to be the most oxidatively stable with constant levels of PV and TBARS until end of storage, even SL emulsions showed high TBARS levels. Unlike WPH and SL emulsions, gum Arabic (GA) and ternary stabilized admixtures were only able to lag TBARS level up to 7 days of storage. GA emulsions were the most effective as antimicrobials against all pathogens tested. Samples treated with emulsions prepared with GA and WPH, although they were not as efficient in log reduction as the pure oil, the microorganism was not able to recover the survivability after 24 h.

Cymbopogon citratus Protects Erythrocytes from Lipid Peroxidation in vitro.

Essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile compounds, primarily composed of terpenes and abundant aromatic plants. For example, Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) is an aromatic plant that produces a monoterpene-rich essential oil, and studies show that this essential oil has excellent antioxidant activity. Erythrocytes incubated under high sugar levels are constantly exposed to reactive oxygen species, which results in the oxidation of their membranes. The aim of this article is to investigate the antioxidant activity of lemongrass essential oil and its protective effect on erythrocytes exposed to high levels of glucose. The essential oil was obtained by steam dragging distillation; blood cell suspensions were incubated with glucose 5, 20, 50, and 100 mmol/L. The amount of TBARS produced was measured at 532 nm. In addition, the percentage of antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH free radical assay. Lemongrass essential oil showed an increase in the antioxidant activity up to 240 mg/ml, while ascorbic acid used as positive control showed a dose-dependent increase in antioxidant activity starting at 1 mmol/L up to 18 mmol/L. However, such a lemongrass dose prevented peroxidation in erythrocytes incubated under a high glucose media, whereas ascorbic acid showed a protective effect only at a concentration of 1 mmol/L. Lemongrass essential oil has high antioxidant activity compared to standard antioxidant as ascorbic acid, and also acts as a protective agent against erythrocyte lipoperoxidation due to hyperglycemia in vitro.

The Antifungal Activity and Action Mechanism of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) Essential Oil Against Fusarium avenaceum

Fusarium avenaceum is distributed worldwide and directly causes considerable crop losses. The compositions of lemongrass essential oils (EOs) were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antifungal activity of lemongrass essential oils (EOs) and the main compounds against F. avenaceum were evaluated in vitro, and the underlying mechanism was investigated. Geranial, geranyl acetate, β-citronellol, citronellal, limonene, and citral were demonstrated to be the major constituents of the EOs. Lemongrass EOs and the main compounds possessed the antifungal effect against F. avenaceum, and citral exerted the strongest antifungal effects against F. avenaceum compared with other compounds, with IC50 values of 0.087 µl/mL. Lemongrass EOs and their major constituents increased the permeability of the F. avenaceum plasma membrane, resulting in increased conductivity, protein and soluble sugar leakage. The activity of pectin methyl galacturonase (PMG) in F. avenaceum was suppressed after treatment with lemongrass EOs. The results indicated that lemongrass EOs inhibited F. avenaceum growth by targeting its plasma membrane and reduced its pathogenicity by inhibiting enzyme activity.

Insecticidal Activity of Lemongrass Essential Oil as an Eco-Friendly Agent against the Black Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Simple SummaryThe insect pest, black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), attacks the seedling stage of many field crops in several countries around the world. To control this insect pest, in this study, lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil observed potential insecticidal activity against the second-instar larvae of A. ipsilon.Background: The destructive insect pest Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous species targeting many economically important plants. The extensive and arbitrary use of insecticides has resulted in the build-up of insecticide resistance and pesticide residues accumulating in food. Therefore, it is becoming evident that alternative pest management tools are needed to reduce risks to humans, the environment, and non-target organisms, and at the same time, they should be used in field application at the lowest cost. Methods: In view of this objective, the present study demonstrates the toxicity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) essential oil (EO), against the black cutworm A. ipsilon under controlled laboratory conditions in terms of measuring the activity of peroxidase and detoxification enzymes. The chemical components of the EO were analyzed using GC–MS. Results: The results show that after 96 h post treatment, the LC15 and LC50 values were 427.67 and 2623.06 mg/L, respectively, of C. citratus EO on second-instar larvae of A. ipsilon. A slight significance in elongation of the larval duration with LC15 and LC50 value was found with control. By GC–MS analysis, the main compounds identified in the EO were α-citral and β-citral with percentages of 35.91%, and 35%, respectively. The oxidative stress indicates a significant increase in CAT and lipid peroxidase enzyme activity after 96 h post treatment at the LC15 and LC50. Conversely, the detoxification enzyme activity shows an inhibition of CarE and GST enzymes of larvae exposed to LC15 and LC50 values in response to C. citratus EO. Conclusions: The present data show that lemongrass EO has insecticidal activity against the black cutworm, A. ipsilon.

Uji In Vitro Aktivitas Imunomodulator Minyak Atsiri Serai Dapur (Cymbopogon citratus) terhadap Proliferasi Sel Limfosit Mencit

This study aims to determine the immunomodulatory activity of lemongrass essential oil on the proliferation of mouse lymphocyte cells in vitro. The method used is steam distillation to obtain citronella essential oil. Isolation of lymphocyte cells was obtained from the spleen organ of Swiss-Webster strain mice which was carried out aseptically. The lymphocyte cell proliferation test was carried out using the MTT Assay method and the absorbance was measured using an ELISA reader at 550 nm. The results showed that the lemongrass essential oil contained positive alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids/triterpenoids with an essential oil yield of 0.043%. The higher the volatile oil concentration, the higher the Optical Density (OD) value obtained, but the OD increase at a 50 to 100 g/mL concentration was not significantly different. In conclusion, lemongrass essential oil has immunomodulatory activity against lymphocyte cell proliferation in mice tested in vitro.
 Keywords: Immunomodulator, Essential Oil, Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), Immune System

The role of pre-treatment in enhancing yield and antioxidant activity of lemongrass (Cymbopogun citratus) essential oil

Sample preparation before distillation is an important step in producing high yield and good quality of lemongrass (Cymbopogun sitratus) essential oil. In order to improve the production process and to provide information as reference for further practical applications, the effects of sample pre-treatment (with and without microwave heating) and distillation time (3, 4, and 5 h) were studied. In addition, the samples types (dried stem and dried leaf) were compared. Results of the study suggested that the highest antioxidant activity of lemongrass essential oil (86.33%) was obtained from lemongrass dried stem that were heated in microwave and distilled for 4 h with yield of 2.307%. While the highest yield of lemongrass essential oil produced (2.63%) was obtained from lemongrass dried stem that were heated in microwave and distilled for 5 h with antioxidant activity of 69.67%. Based on the results, it can be concluded that lemongrass stem contains higher essential oil compare to that of the leaf and microwave heating before distillation gave higher yield and better quality of the product.

Efficacy and Residual Activity of Lemongrass Essential Oil (Cymbopogon flexuosus) against German Cockroaches (Blattella germanica)

Efficacy and Residual Activity of Lemongrass Essential Oil (Cymbopogon flexuosus) against German Cockroaches (Blattella germanica)

Impact of microfluidization or ultrasound processing on the antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli of lemongrass oil-loaded nanoemulsions

The effect of the ultrasonication and microfluidization processing conditions on the antimicrobial activity of lemongrass oil–alginate nanoemulsions was studied. Sonication led to less effective nanoemulsions against Escherichia coli, being the loss of antimicrobial potential dependent on the amplitude and treatment time applied. Namely, nanoemulsions sonicated at 100 μm for 180 s almost completely lost their bactericidal action, leading to 0.3 log-reductions of E. coli population after 30 min of contact time. On the contrary, nanoemulsions processed by microfluidization exhibited an enhanced antimicrobial activity, which was proportional to the number of cycles through the microfluidization chamber. In fact, whereas the coarse emulsion reduced the E. coli population up to 0.66, 2.25 and 5.85 log-units after 5, 15 and 30 min of contact time, the microfluidized nanoemulsions (10 cycles, 150 MPa) achieved 1.37, 5.29 and 7.07 log-reductions. Therefore, nanoemulsions with an improved functionally could be obtained by microfluidization, whereas ultrasounds seem to have a deleterious impact on the antimicrobial activity of lemongrass essential oil.

Antimicrobial action and anti-corrosion effect against sulfate reducing bacteria by lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil and its major component, the citral.

The anti-corrosion effect and the antimicrobial activity of lemongrass essential oil (LEO) against the planktonic and sessile growth of a sulfate reducing bacterium (SRB) were evaluated. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of LEO and its major component, the citral, was 0.17 mg ml-1. In addition, both LEO and citral showed an immediate killing effect against SRB in liquid medium, suggesting that citral is responsible for the antimicrobial activity of LEO against SRB. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the MIC of LEO caused discernible cell membrane alterations and formed electron-dense inclusions. Neither biofilm formation nor corrosion was observed on carbon steel coupons after LEO treatment. LEO was effective for the control of the planktonic and sessile SRB growth and for the protection of carbon steel coupons against biocorrosion. The application of LEO as a potential biocide for SRB growth control in petroleum reservoirs and, consequently, for souring prevention, and/or as a coating protection against biocorrosion is of great interest for the petroleum industries.