Activities Of Key Antioxidant Enzymes Research Articles

Transcriptome Analysis of Different Aquaculture Substrates on the Immune Response of Babylonia areolata.

To assess the impact of different substrates in a recirculating water system on the immune response and antioxidant capacity of Babylonia areolata, we conducted a comparative analysis of the transcriptomes and antioxidant performance of the digestive glands in three substrate environments (sand-S group, ceramic granules-C group, and PVC breeding nest-P group). Transcriptome results revealed that the S group and P group exhibited the highest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with a total of 2218 DEGs, including 928 upregulated and 1290 downregulated DEGs. The C group and P group had 1055 DEGs in common, with 316 upregulated and 739 downregulated DEGs. The C group and S group had the fewest DEGs, with 521 in total, including 303 upregulated and 218 downregulated DEGs. GO enrichment analysis showed that in the S vs P group, terms such as catalytic activity, membrane part, and cellular process were enriched with 287, 262, and 180 DEGs, respectively. In the C vs P group, binding, cellular process, and cell part were enriched with 146, 135, and 127 DEGs, respectively. In the C vs S group, catalytic activity, membrane part, and metabolic process were enriched with 90, 83, and 59 DEGs, respectively. Kegg enrichment analysis revealed significant changes in immune-related pathways in the S vs P group, including lysosome, phagosome, and leukocyte transendothelial migration, with 30, 13, and 10 enriched DEGs, respectively. In the C vs P group, phagosome, drug metabolism-other enzymes, and N-Glycan biosynthesis showed significant changes in immune-related pathways, with 9, 6, and 4 enriched DEGs, respectively. In the C vs S group, lysosome, PPAR signaling pathway, and fatty acid degradation exhibited significant changes in immune-related pathways, with 8, 4, and 3 enriched DEGs, respectively. Regarding antioxidant capacity, the S group showed significantly higher total T-AOC than the other experimental groups, while CAT, SOD, POD, and AKP were lower than in the C and P groups. The ACP level in the Sand group was not significantly different from the P group but significantly lower than the C group. In conclusion, substrate environments significantly influence the immune-related genes and key antioxidant enzyme activities in B. areolata.

Endogenous IAA affected fluoranthene accumulation by regulating H+-ATPase and SOD activity in ryegrass

This study explores the role of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in modulating plant responses to pollution stress and its effect on pollutant accumulation, with a focus on fluoranthene (Flu) in ryegrass. To elucidate the mechanism, we employed an IAA promoter (α-aminobutyric acid [α-AB]) and an IAA inhibitor (naphthylphthalamic acid [NPA]) to regulate IAA levels and analyze Flu uptake characteristics. The experimental setup included a Flu treatment group (ryegrass with Flu addition) and a control group (ryegrass without Flu). Our findings demonstrate that Flu treatment enhanced IAA content and plant growth in ryegrass compared to the control. The Flu+AB treatment further enhanced these effects, while the Flu+NPA treatment exhibited a contrasting trend. Moreover, Flu+AB treatment led to increased Flu accumulation, in contrast to the inhibitory effect observed with Flu+NPA treatment. Flu treatment also enhanced the activities of key antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT) and increased soluble sugar and protein levels, indicative of enzymatic and nonenzymatic defense responses, respectively. The Flu+AB treatment amplified these responses, whereas the Flu+NPA treatment attenuated them. Significantly, Flu treatment raised H+-ATPase activity compared to the control, an effect further elevated by Flu+AB treatment and diminished by Flu+NPA treatment. A random forest analysis suggested that Flu accumulation dependency varied under different treatments: it relied more on H+-ATPase activity under Flu+AB treatment and more on SOD activity under Flu+NPA treatment. Additionally, Flu+AB treatment boosted the transpiration rate in ryegrass, thereby increasing the Flu translocation factor, a trend reversed by Flu+NPA treatment. This research highlights crucial factors influencing Flu accumulation in ryegrass, offering potential new avenues for controlling the gathering of contaminants within plant systems.

Oxymatrine alleviates high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in C57BL/6 J mice by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a complex complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Oxymatrine (OMT) is an alkaloid extracted from Sophora flavescens with broad pharmacological effects. However, there is currently a lack of research on OMT in the field of NAFLD. The present study aimed to explore the effects and underlying mechanisms of oxymatrine in treating T2DM with NAFLD. The T2DM mice model was induced by high-fat diet (HFD) combined with streptozotocin (STZ) injection in male C57BL/6 J mice. Animals were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8): Control group, DC group, OMT-L group (45 mg/kg i.g.), and OMT-H group (90 mg/kg, i.g.). The drug was administered once a day for 8 weeks. In addition, HepG2 hepatocytes were incubated with palmitic acid (PA) to establish a fatty liver cell model. Treated with OMT, the body weight and fasting blood glucose (FBG) of DC mice were reduced and the liver organ coefficient was significantly optimized. Meanwhile, OMT markedly enhanced the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and also reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. These biochemical alterations were accompanied by noticeable improvements in liver histopathology. Furthermore, OMT down-regulated the expression of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and collagen I significantly, highlighting its potential in modulating inflammatory and fibrotic pathways. In conclusion, OMT improved liver impairment effectively in diabetic mice by suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis. These results suggest that OMT may represent a novel therapy for NAFLD with diabetes.

Investigation of the antioxidative potential of Meretrix meretrix L. derived peptides from simulated gastrointestinal digestion: In vitro and in silico insights

This investigation sought to identify antioxidative peptides derived from Meretrix meretrix L. (MML) throughout simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGD) via in vitro and in silico strategies. The study demonstrated that hydrolysates from MML captured at various SGD phases showcased robust antioxidative activity. These hydrolysates also displayed a protective role against hydrogen peroxide-induced stress in Raw 264.7 cells. Notably, hydrolysates sourced from the intestinal phase of digestion (MMLHs-I) markedly inhibited the reduction of cell viability, limited the generation of reactive oxygen species under oxidative stress conditions, and promoted the activity of key antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, thus amplifying the cells' antioxidative defense system. Through nLC-MS/MS analysis, 105 peptides tracing back to 18 parent proteins were pinpointed in MMLHs-I, with 18 of these peptides previously reported in the BIOPEP-UWM database. Subsequent in silico analysis, alongside empirical antioxidant activity assays, pinpointed the peptide WLV as an exceptional antioxidative agent, demonstrating an IC50 of 0.125 mg/mL in the ABTS assay and an impressive 15.18 μmol Trolox/mg in the ORAC assay. The outcomes highlight MML's promise as a novel source of antioxidative peptides, positioning peptide WLV as a potentially valuable addition to functional foods designed to combat oxidative stress.

The Effects of Oxygen-Derived Free-Radical Scavengers During Normothermic Ex-Situ Heart Perfusion.

Oxidative stress occurs during ex-situ heart perfusion (ESHP) and may negatively affect functional preservation of the heart. We sought to assess the status of key antioxidant enzymes during ESHP, and the effects of augmenting these antioxidants on the attenuation of oxidative stress and improvement of myocardial and endothelial preservation in ESHP. Porcine hearts were perfused for 6 hours with oxygen-derived free-radical scavengers polyethylene glycol (PEG)-catalase or PEG-superoxide dismutase (SOD) or with naive perfusate (control). The oxidative stress-related modifications were determined in the myocardium and coronary vasculature, and contractile function, injury, and endothelial integrity were compared between the groups. The activity of key antioxidant enzymes decreased and adding catalase and SOD restored the enzyme activity. Cardiac function and endothelial integrity were preserved better with restored catalase activity. Catalase and SOD both decreased myocardial injury and catalase reduced ROS production and oxidative modification of proteins in the myocardium and coronary vasculature. The activity of antioxidant enzymes decrease in ESHP. Catalase may improve the preservation of cardiac function and endothelial integrity during ESHP. While catalase and SOD may both exert cardioprotective effects, unbalanced SOD and catalase activity may paradoxically increase the production of reactive species during ESHP.

Modulation of the wheat transcriptome by TaZFP13D under well-watered and drought conditions

Maintaining global food security in the context of climate changes will be an important challenge in the next century. Improving abiotic stress tolerance of major crops such as wheat can contribute to this goal. This can be achieved by the identification of the genes involved and their use to develop tools for breeding programs aiming to generate better adapted cultivars. Recently, we identified the wheat TaZFP13D gene encoding Zinc Finger Protein 13D as a new gene improving water-stress tolerance. The current work analyzes the TaZFP13D-dependent transcriptome modifications that occur in well-watered and dehydration conditions to better understand its function during normal growth and during drought. Plants that overexpress TaZFP13D have a higher biomass under well-watered conditions, indicating a positive effect of the protein on growth. Survival rate and stress recovery after a severe drought stress are improved compared to wild-type plants. The latter is likely due the higher activity of key antioxidant enzymes and concomitant reduction of drought-induced oxidative damage. Conversely, down-regulation of TaZFP13D decreases drought tolerance and protection against drought-induced oxidative damage. RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis identified many genes regulated by TaZFP13D that are known to improve drought tolerance. The analysis also revealed several genes involved in the photosynthetic electron transfer chain known to improve photosynthetic efficiency and chloroplast protection against drought-induced ROS damage. This study highlights the important role of TaZFP13D in wheat drought tolerance, contributes to unravel the complex regulation governed by TaZFPs, and suggests that it could be a promising marker to select wheat cultivars with higher drought tolerance.

Sensitivity of genotypically diverse rice varieties to radiation and the related changes to antioxidant enzyme activities

PurposeRadiation mutagenesis, which typically involves gamma rays, is important for generating new rice germplasm resources. Determining the appropriate radiation dose range is critical for the success of radiation mutagenesis. Clarifying the sensitivity and tolerance of genotypically diverse rice varieties to gamma irradiation as well as the radiation-induced changes to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and antioxidant enzyme activities is crucial for increasing the utility of radiation mutagenesis in rice breeding programs.Materials and methodsThe seeds of the following four rice varieties with different genotypes were used as test materials: indica Zhe 1613, glutinous indica Zhe 1708, japonica Zhejing 100, and glutinous japonica Zhenuo 65. Additionally,60Co was used as the source of gamma rays. The rice seeds were irradiated with 14 doses (0, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, and 750 Gy). Non-irradiated seeds were used as the control. The seedling survival rate for each variety was recorded at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after sowing. Moreover, the median lethal dose (LD50) and critical dose (LD40) were calculated according to the seedling survival rates at 28 days after sowing. The seedling superoxide anion (O2•−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were analyzed at 7 days after sowing.ResultsAs the radiation dose increased, the seedling survival rate decreased. The seedling survival rate also decreased significantly as the number of days after sowing increased. Among the rice genotypes, the rank-order of the radiation tolerance was as follows: indica Zhe 1613 > glutinous indica Zhe 1708 > japonica Zhejing 100 > glutinous japonica Zhenuo 65. The LD50 values were 426.7 Gy for Zhe 1613, 329.2 Gy for Zhe 1708, 318.3 Gy for Zhejing 100, and 316.6 Gy for Zhenuo 65. Increases in the radiation dose resulted in significant increases in the seedling O2•− and H2O2 contents, but only up to a certain point. Further increases in the radiation dose caused the seedling O2•− and H2O2 contents to decrease. The H2O2 content for each variety peaked when the radiation dose was very close to the LD50. We propose that the radiation dose associated with the highest H2O2 content (±50 Gy) should be used as the recommended dose for the gamma irradiation of rice. The radiation dose that resulted in peak seedling O2•− contents in the analyzed rice varieties was very close to the LD40. In all rice varieties, the MDA content increased as the radiation dose increased. The SOD, CAT, POD, and APX activities increased as the radiation dose increased within a certain range (less than 600 Gy for Zhe 1613 and 400 Gy for the other varieties), but there were slight differences among the rice varieties.ConclusionsGenotypically diverse rice varieties vary regarding their sensitivity to gamma irradiation. Our findings suggest that ROS generation and antioxidant enzyme activities are important factors associated with the radiation mutagenesis of rice. The close relationship between the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD, POD, APX, and CAT, and the LD50 and LD40 may be exploited to enhance radiation mutagenesis through the use of plant growth regulators.

The role of oil solutions of thiosulfonates in the modulation of antioxidant parameters in rat kidneys

This study investigated the influence of thiosulfonate esters, specifically S-ethyl-4-aminobenzenethiosulfonate (ETS), S-allyl-4-aminobenzenethiosulfonate (ATS), and S-allyl-4-acetylaminobenzenethiosulfonate (AATS), at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight on the antioxidant defense system in rat kidneys. The kidneys are essential organs involved in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and they are constantly exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. The effectiveness of the antioxidant defense system was evaluated by measuring oxidative stress markers, including lipid peroxidation (LPO), as well as the activity of key antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GP), glutathione reductase (GR), and the level of reduced glutathione (GSH). Dysfunction of oxidant protection was observed with an oily diet, characterized by an increase in lipid hydroperoxide levels, a decrease in the SOD and catalase activity, and a decrease in the antioxidant activity of the entire glutathione chain. Administration of thiosulfonates, especially ETS and AATS, helped stabilize antioxidant protection. The beneficial antioxidant effects of thiosulfonates can be partially explained by their ability to prevent the formation of free radicals, can intercept, neutralize reactive oxygen species and other harmful substances that can damage body cells.

Exogenous monoterpenes mitigate H2O2-induced lipid damage but do not attenuate photosynthetic decline during water deficit in tomato.

Although monoterpenes are suggested to mediate oxidative status, their role in abiotic stress responses is currently unclear. A foliar spray of monoterpenes increased antioxidant capacity and decreased oxidative stress of Solanum lycopersicum under water deficit stress. The foliar content of monoterpenes increased with spray concentration indicating foliar uptake of exogenous monoterpenes. Exogenous monoterpene application substantially decreased foliar accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA). However, it appears that monoterpenes prevent the accumulation of reactive oxygen species rather than mitigating subsequent ROS-induced damage. Low spray concentration (1.25mM) proved most effective in decreasing oxidative stress but did not up-regulate the activity of key antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase) even though higher (2.5 and 5mM) spray concentrations did, suggesting a complex role for monoterpenes in mediating antioxidant processes. Furthermore, soil drying caused similar photosynthetic limitations in all plants irrespective of monoterpene treatments, apparently driven by strong reductions in stomatal conductance as Photosystem II efficiency only decreased in very dry soil. We suggest that exogenous monoterpenes may mitigate drought-induced oxidative stress by direct quenching and/or upregulating endogenous antioxidative processes. The protective properties of specific monoterpenes and endogenous antioxidants require further investigation.

Mancozeb-induced cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes: enhanced generation of reactive species, hemoglobin oxidation, diminished antioxidant power, membrane damage and morphological changes

Mancozeb is an ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate fungicide extensively used in agriculture to safeguard crops from various fungal diseases. The general population is exposed to mancozeb through consumption of contaminated food or water. Here, we have investigated the effect of mancozeb on isolated human erythrocytes under in vitro conditions. Erythrocytes were treated with different concentrations of mancozeb (0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 μM) and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. Analysis of biochemical parameters and cell morphology showed dose-dependent toxicity of mancozeb in human erythrocytes. Mancozeb treatment caused hemoglobin oxidation and heme degradation. Protein and lipid oxidation were enhanced, while a significant decrease was seen in reduced glutathione and total sulfhydryl content. A significant increase in the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species was detected in mancozeb-treated erythrocytes. The antioxidant capacity and the activity of key antioxidant enzymes were greatly diminished, while crucial metabolic pathways were inhibited in erythrocytes. Damage to the erythrocyte membrane on mancozeb treatment was apparent from increased cell lysis and osmotic fragility, along with the impairment of the plasma membrane redox system. Mancozeb also caused morphological alterations and transformed the normal discoid-shaped erythrocytes into echinocytes and stomatocytes. Thus, mancozeb induces oxidative stress in human erythrocytes, impairs the antioxidant defense system, oxidizes cellular components, that will adversely affect erythrocyte structure and function.

Ion exclusion, osmoregulation and management of oxidative stress improve salt tolerance in rice at seedling stage

Excess ion accumulation disturbs ionic homeostasis, creates an osmotic imbalance, and generates oxidative stress in plants under salinity stress. In the present experiment, the effect of salt stress at the seedling stage on the osmotic equilibrium and ROS scavenging potential was evaluated in ten differentially salt-sensitive rice genotypes. For this, the plants were grown hydroponically and salt stress equivalent to 12 dS m-1 was imposed at 3-4 leaf stages. The results showed that a few genotypes like FL478, AC41585, and AC39416A were able to maintain a lower Na+/K+ ratio in the leaf and thus proved more tolerant to salt stress than others. Additionally, these genotypes produced greater organic osmolytes (proline, glycine betaine, trehalose) and also had higher activities of key antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase). On the contrary, Rashpanjor and CSR27 showed lesser ionic discrimination (higher leaf Na+/K+ ratio) but a moderate degree of salt tolerance, perhaps using Na+ effectively as an inorganic osmoticum to overcome stress. The susceptible genotypes like IR29 and Sabita were found extremely poor in restricting the upward movement of Na+, as well as the management of oxidative stress under saline conditions. From this study, we conclude that an efficient reactive oxygen species scavenging system along with greater osmotolerance helps to render salt tolerance at the seedling stage in rice.

An Insight into the Impact of Serum Tellurium, Thallium, Osmium and Antimony on the Antioxidant/Redox Status of PCOS Patients: A Comprehensive Study.

Humans exploit heavy metals for various industrial and economic reasons. Although some heavy metals are essential for normal physiology, others such as Tellurium (Te), Thallium (TI), antimony (Sb), and Osmium (Os) are highly toxic and can lead to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), a common female factor of infertility. The current study was undertaken to determine levels of the heavy metals TI, Te, Sb and Os in serum of PCOS females (n = 50) compared to healthy non-PCOS controls (n = 56), and to relate such levels with Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), activity of key antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress marker levels and redox status. PCOS serum samples demonstrated significantly higher levels of TI, Te, Sb and Os and diminished TAC compared to control (p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was significant inhibition of SOD, CAT and several glutathione-related enzyme activities in sera of PCOS patients with concurrent elevations in superoxide anions, hydrogen and lipid peroxides, and protein carbonyls, along with disrupted glutathione homeostasis compared to those of controls (p < 0.001 for all parameters). Additionally, a significant negative correlation was found between the elevated levels of heavy metals and TAC, indicative of the role of metal-induced oxidative stress as a prominent phenomenon associated with the pathophysiology of the underlying PCOS. Data obtained in the study suggest toxic metals as risk factors causing PCOS, and thus protective measures should be considered to minimize exposure to prevent such reproductive anomalies.

Salicylic Acid Application Mitigates Oxidative Damage and Improves the Growth Performance of Barley under Drought Stress

Drought is a severe environmental constraint, causing a significant reduction in crop productivity across the world. Salicylic acid (SA) is an important plant growth regulator that helps plants cope with the adverse effects induced by various abiotic stresses. The current study investigated the potential effects of SA on drought tolerance efficacy in two barley (Hordeum vulgare) genotypes, namely BARI barley 5 and BARI barley 7. Ten-day-old barley seedlings were exposed to drought stress by maintaining 7.5% soil moisture content in the absence or presence of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM SA. Drought exposure led to severe damage to both genotypes, as indicated by phenotypic aberrations and reduction of dry biomass. On the other hand, the application of SA to drought-stressed plants protected both barley genotypes from the adverse effects of drought, which was reflected in the improvement of phenotypes and biomass production. SA supplementation improved relative water content and proline levels in drought-stressed barley genotypes, indicating the osmotic adjustment functions of SA under water-deficit conditions. Drought stress induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2 •− ), and the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the leaves of barley plants. Exogenous supply of SA reduced oxidative damage by restricting the accumulation of ROS through the stimulation of the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Among the three-applied concentrations of SA, 0.5 mM SA exhibited better mitigating effects against drought stress considering the phenotypic performance and biochemical data. Furthermore, BARI barley 5 showed better performance under drought stress than BARI barley 7 in the presence of SA application. Collectively, our results suggest that SA played a crucial role in improving water status and antioxidant defense strategy to protect barley plants from the deleterious effects of water deficiency.

Uticaj vitamina B6 na markere oksidativnog stresa, kardiometaboličke i histološke markere u uslovima monokrotalinom indukovane srčane slabosti kod Wistar albino pacova

Introduction/Aim: Heart failure (HF) induced by monocrotaline (MCT) is common in the pulmonary arterial vessels remodeling mechanisms with increased pulmonary resistance and oxidative stress markers. The purpose of this study was to validate the hypothesis that the treatment with vitamin B6 could affect HF by modulating cardiometabolic and oxidative stress biomarkers, and the structure of the rat heart. Material and Methods: Male Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups: blank solution-exposed control (C physiological saline 1ml/kg 28 days ip., n=8), B6 (vitamin B6 7mg/kg/day 28 days ip., n=8), and MCT+B6 (MCT 50mg/ kg once ip. plus vitamin B6 7mg/kg/day 28 days ip., n=8). Results: The four-week vitamin B6 treatment significantly affected certain biochemical parameters. The activity of key antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) did not change, whereas the total glutathione (GSH) was significantly decreased in the MCT+B6 group. This was followed by a slightly decreased level of the total glutathionylation observed in the MCT+B6 group. The parameters of protein oxidative damage (reactive carbonyl derivates, thiol groups and nitrotyrosine) did not significantly change in the MCT+B6 group. An increasing trend in RV and LV wall thickness was observed in the MCT+B6 compared to the C group, as well as in Ki67 and PCNA positivity. Conclusion: The four-week treatment with vitamin B6 significantly affected certain biomarkers. The activity of SOD and nitrotyrosine content did not change, while GPX activity, total glutathione and total glutathionylation level were decreased in the MCT+B6 group. We observed an increase in RV and LV wall thickness in the MCT+B6 group compared to the C group, as well as in Ki67 and PCNA positivity.

Decreased Activity of Erythrocyte Catalase and Glutathione Peroxidase in Patients with Schizophrenia.

Background and Objectives: Catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) are important antioxidant enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in order to control its intracellular concentration, thus enabling its physiological role and preventing toxic effects. A lack or disruption of their function leads to the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and the occurrence of oxidative stress. Accumulating studies have shown that the activities of key antioxidant enzymes are impaired in patients with schizophrenia. Since the published results are contradictory, and our previous studies found significantly higher erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in patients with schizophrenia, the aim of this study was to determine the activity of enzymes that degrade hydrogen peroxide in the same group of patients, as well as to examine their dependence on clinical symptoms, therapy, and parameters associated with this disease. Materials and Methods: Catalase and GPx activities were determined in the erythrocytes of 68 inpatients with schizophrenia and 59 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. The clinical assessment of patients was performed by using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The catalase activity was measured by the kinetic spectrophotometric method, while the GPx activity was determined by the commercially available Ransel test. Results: Erythrocyte catalase and GPx activities were significantly lower (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively) in subjects with schizophrenia than they were in healthy individuals. Lower catalase activity does not depend on heredity, disease onset, the number of episodes, or disease duration, while GPx activity showed significant changes in patients who had more than one episode and in those who had been suffering from the disease for over a year. Significantly lower catalase activity was noted in the PANSS(+/−) group in comparison with the PANSS(+) and PANSS(−) groups. The lowest catalase activity was found in subjects who were simultaneously treated with first- and second-generation antipsychotics; this was significantly lower than it was in those who received only one class of antipsychotics. Conclusion: These results indicate the presence of oxidative stress in the first years of clinically manifested schizophrenia and its dependence on the number of psychotic episodes, illness duration, predominant symptomatology, and antipsychotic medication.

High-salt diet contributes to excess oxidative stress and abnormal metabolism in mouse ovaries.

High-salt diets (HSDs) are associated with elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play a key role in ovarian disorders. However, it is not yet clear whether HSDs impact ovarian redox balance and metabolism. Accordingly, in this study, we analyzed the effect of HSDs on ovarian redox balance by biochemical analysis and further dissected its possible mechanism by metabolic analysis combined with the correlation network method. We found that ROS and H2 O2 levels significantly increased in the ovarian tissue of mice receiving an HSD for 4weeks. The enhanced activity of NADPH oxidase may contribute to an increase in ROS in ovarian tissue after excessive salt consumption. Meanwhile, the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase 2, glutathione peroxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, increased significantly. The apparent activation of antioxidant defense appeared insufficient as the glutathione, GSH/GSSG ratio, and NADPH/NADP+ ratio decreased significantly. In addition, HSDs significantly altered the metabolic patterns of ovarian tissue in mice, and pathways were mainly enriched in fatty acid metabolism. Arachidonic acid was an altered hub metabolite according to Pearson correlation network analysis. Mechanistically, an HSD increased the concentration of arachidonic acid in ovarian tissue, inducing high NADPH oxidase activity, which increased the levels of ROS and H2 O2 . Our results indicate that HSDs can lead to increased oxidative stress and dramatically alter the metabolic patterns in mouse ovarian tissues.

Valorization of Polysaccharides From Benincasa hispida: Physicochemical, Moisturizing, and Antioxidant Skincare Properties.

Benincasa hispida Cogn. (B. hispida) is a popular vegetable in China, and studies have been reported on B. hispida polysaccharides (BPS) preparation. However, few studies have been reported on its physicochemical and skincare properties. In this study, we analyzed the physicochemical properties of BPS, free radical scavenging capability, moisturizing and antioxidant activities in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Our results show that BPS was an inhomogeneous acidic polysaccharide that could scavenge a variety of free radicals. Also, BPS had a good moisturizing and antioxidant capability both in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, BPS could alter some key antioxidant enzyme activities and pro-inflammatory factor levels via activating the NRF2/HO-1 pathway, thereby preventing H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis of HDF-1 cells. Our results suggest that BPS exhibited favorable moisturizing and anti-aging properties and might be an attractive candidate for the development of anti-aging skincare products.

In vivo appraisal of oxidative stress response, cell ultrastructural aberration and accumulation in Juvenile Scylla serrata exposed to uranium

In vivo studies were performed to evaluate the organ specific tissue accumulation and cellular toxicity of uranium to mud crab Scylla serrata. The specimens were acclimated in natural seawater and the exposure to 50–250 μg/L uranium was investigated up to 60 days. The present study examined the effects of concentration and duration of uranium exposure in the tissue of S. serrata at cellular and subcellular level using scanning electron microscopy and bright field transmission electron microscopy in addition to histological analysis. The results indicated that accumulation of U in S. serrata was organ specific and followed the order gills > hepatopancreas > muscle. The response of key antioxidant enzyme activities such as SOD, GPx and CAT in different organs of crabs indicated oxidative stress due to U in the ambient medium and tissue. At 50 and 100 μg/L of U exposure, individuals were able to acclimate the oxidative stress and withstand the uranium exposure. This acclimation could not be sustained at higher concentrations (250 μg/L), affecting the production of CAT in the tissues. Cellular and subcellular changes were observed in the hemocytes with reduction in their number in consonance with the antioxidant enzymes. Histological aberrations like lamellar disruption of gill, necrosis of hepatopancreas, disruption and rupture of muscle bundles were observed at different concentrations and were severe at higher concentration (250 μg/L). Necrosis was observed in the electron micrographs of tissues shortly after 15 days of exposure. SEM micrograph clearly shows disrupted lamellae, folding of marginal canal and reduction of inter lamellar spaces in the gills of crab exposed to high concentration of uranium. Mitochondrial anomalies are reported for the first time in the present study in addition to the subcellular changes and vacuoles on exposure uranium in the cells of gill and hepatopancreas.

Impressive Impact of Hemp Extract on Antioxidant System in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Organism

We examined the effect of hemp extract on the activity of the antioxidant system (catalase, peroxidase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity) in the hemolymph of adult honey bees (Apis mellifera). The bees were divided into three groups: (1) an experimental group fed with pure sugar syrup with cotton strips soaked with hemp extract put inside the cage; (2) an experimental group fed with a mixture of sugar syrup with hemp extract; and (3) a control group fed with a mixture of sugar and a water–glycerine solution. Hemolymph samples were collected on the 1st day of this study and then every week, until all bees in the group died. The activities of all antioxidant enzymes were higher for the experimental groups, compared to those for the control group. The highest antioxidant activities were noted in the group supplemented with cannabis with the use of syringes. Supplementation with hemp also increased the lifespan of bees in this group compared to that of the bees consuming only sugar syrup (control: 35 days), with 49 and 52 days for groups of cannabis on strips and in syrup, respectively. Hemp extract, thanks to its antioxidant properties, increased the activities of key antioxidant enzymes that protect the bee’s organisms against free radicals and thus delay the aging processes.

Antioxidant Activity Of Rat Liver With A Low Resistance To Hypoxia After Systemic Ischemia Reperfusion

Objective — To assess the antioxidant activity of rat liver after systemic ischemia reperfusion (IRP). Material and Methods — The study was conducted on 70 male rats. For all animals of the treatment group (n=35) under ether anesthesia, we were stopping stopping systemic circulation for five minutes. After that, the animals were given an external cardiac massage and artificial lung ventilation. We did not perform circulatory arrest after ether anesthesia in animals of the control group (n=35). In all animals, we were measuring the levels of serum hormones (corticosterone, aldosterone), the content of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in liver homogenates, and the activity of enzymes of the antioxidant system (superoxide dismutase and catalase). We were making control measurements on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 35 after the simulated IRP. Results — On day 1 after simulation of IRP development, the levels of cortisol and aldosterone in the serum of treatment group rats were significantly higher, by 14.3% and 33.5%, respectively, compared with the control group. In response to stress (IRP), we observed the highest concentration of cortisol in the blood of treatment group rats on day 3 (p=0.0002), which decreased afterwards. On day 1 after IRP, there was a reduction in the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in treatment group rats, by 50.3% and by 29%, respectively (p&lt;0.0001). The lowest antioxidant activity in the rat liver after IRP was observed on days 3-7. Conclusion — Systemic IRP is associated with pronounced changes in the dynamics of corticosteroid receptors in the liver, which leads to a reduction in the activity of key antioxidant enzymes.