Activity In Feed Research Articles

Prospects and Application of Solid-State Fermentation in Animal Feed Production – A Review

Abstract Animal feed production has recently received significant attention in the food and livestock sectors due to its high nutritional value and substantial environmental potential. Extensive studies have been conducted to explore the effects of solid fermented feeds on different growth stages of animals but also on the health status of animals, the quality of animal products, and the composition of intestinal micro-flora to replace non-fermented feed production. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date existing trends, recent developments, and prospects of solid-state fermentation (SSF) practices for the production of animal feeds. Studies on enhancing nutritional factors by increasing the crude protein content, enzymes, and antioxidant activity of feed using physical processing methods on agro-industrial waste such as rapeseed meal, cottonseed, wheat bran, soybean meal, and legumes by mainly SSF are reviewed and discussed thoroughly.

The Effect of Feeding Non-Antioxidant Feed on The Degree of Dysplasia in Formaldehyde-Induced Wistar Rats

Nasopharyngeal dysplasia is a condition of abnormal cellular growth that occurs due to the failure of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells in carrying out cellular adaptation. This condition can occur due to the continuous inhalation of toxic compounds, such as formaldehyde, which has genotoxic and cytotoxic effects that can induce cellular damage. One of the compound activity associated with reducing risk of dysplasia is antioxidant activity. Therefore, it is important to know whether the presence of antioxidant activity affects the occurrence of dysplasia. This study is an experimental study with a post-test only control group design which aims to determine the effect of Non-Antioxidant Feed on the occurrence of nasopharyngeal dysplasia. Testing of the antioxidant activity in feed was carried out using the DPPH assay. There were two groups of experimental animals including the treatment group (fed with Non-Antioxidant Feed) and the control group (fed with SB 11). All animals in each group were induced with 40 ppm formaldehyde by inhalation for 8 weeks and then euthanized using chloroform inhalation for nasopharyngeal tissue extraction. The results of the histopathological examination of the two groups were then statistically tested using the Mann-Whitney U test and obtained a value of P<0.05 (P=0.006), which means that there are effect of feeding Non-Antioxidants Feed on the degree of dysplasia in formaldehyde-induced wistar rats. The results can be associated with the ingredients contained in the feed given, differences in genetic polymorphisms of each subjects, and effect of body weight variations of the rats caused by randomization.

Partial and full replacement of dietary fish oil by poultry fat feeds in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

ABSTRACT The study investigated the effects of dietary fish oil replacement by poultry fat on growth performance, fillet quality, and serum enzymatic activities in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The fish were fed three diets (0%, 50%, and 100% replacement) for 2 months with or without a washout period. No significant effects were observed among treatments on growth performance and viscerosomatic index or on fillet moisture, fat, protein, and ash contents (p > .05). Increased poultry fat led to decrease in ω-3 fatty acids and increase in ω-6 fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids. The washout period restored most of the changes in fillet fatty acid profiles and serum enzymatic activity in the fish feed containing poultry fat. In conclusion, replacement of dietary fish oil by poultry fat had no detrimental effects on fish growth performance, but reduced fish fillet ω-3 fatty acids, which can be restored via a washout period.

Size of cerium dioxide support nanocrystals dictates reactivity of highly dispersed palladium catalysts

The catalytic performance of heterogeneous catalysts can be tuned by modulation of the size and structure of supported transition metals, which are typically regarded as the active sites. In single-atom metal catalysts, the support itself can strongly affect the catalytic properties. Here, we demonstrate that the size of cerium dioxide (CeO 2 ) support governs the reactivity of atomically dispersed palladium (Pd) in carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation. Catalysts with small CeO 2 nanocrystals (~4 nanometers) exhibit unusually high activity in a CO-rich reaction feed, whereas catalysts with medium-size CeO 2 (~8 nanometers) are preferred for lean conditions. Detailed spectroscopic investigations reveal support size–dependent redox properties of the Pd-CeO 2 interface.

Detection of antibacterial activity in chicken meat, eggs, drinking water, animal feed and sewage waste in Tabanan, Bali

Background: The use of antibiotics that are not in accordance with the indications, doses, and duration can trigger resistance and there is concern that it might leave antibiotic residues in the processed product. Aim of this study was to detect the antibacterial activity of livestock products, namely chicken meat and eggs and the surrounding environment such as drinking water, animal feed and waste disposal. This study was a preliminary study before the establishment of antibiotic wise village, One Health approach for antimicrobial stewardship program. Methods: This study was a descriptive study with a cross sectional design to determine antibacterial activity, particularly tetracycline in livestock products and the environment. The research samples were taken from 5 groups of farmers in one of the villages in Tabanan, Bali. Bioassay method based on the Kirby Bauer method was used in this study. Results: From a total of 44 samples, 6 samples showed weak antibiotic tetracycline activity (13.6%), namely in waste disposal (20%) and animal feed (40%). Antibiotic contamination was likely to occur because the animal feed used in this group contains antibiotics with or without the knowledge of the farmers themselves. Disposal waste came from livestock manure that ate the feed or from animal feed that was scattered around the cage. Conclusion: Samples of livestock meat and eggs did not show antibacterial activity. There were samples that have antibiotic activity but weak and inconsistent, namely in samples of waste disposal and animal feed. This condition cannot necessarily be concluded as antibiotic abuse in livestock however it can be the basis for the importance of providing education regarding antimicrobial resistance. Unless there was indication, antibiotics should not be given to livestock on a daily basis.

Enzyme with phytase activity in compound feed for young pigs on fattening

One of the decisive factors for achieving high productivity of animals is the rational organization of feeding. At the same time the priority task of domestic pig breeding is to reduce expenditures by increasing the digestibility of feed nutrients and improving their digestibility. The inclusion of enzyme drugs in the compound feed is one of the most important conditions necessary in solving this problem. In the body of animals, they are necessary to increase the digestibility of feed nutrients. The purpose of the research was to study the eff ect of the enzyme drug Feedbest P5000 GT as part of compound feeds on the growth and development of young pigs on fattening, as well as the determination of expenditure of feed. In order to achieve this purpose, a scientifi c and economic experiment was carried out. The studies were conducted on young pigs of Large White breed aged from 60 to 210 days. Four groups of pigs of 12 heads in each were formed according to the principle of analog groups. Pigs of all groups were in the same conditions of feeding and housing. In order to identify the eff ect of the tested enzyme drug on the growth and development of experimental animals, they weighed and took measurements every 30 days of rearing, taking into account the consumption of compound feed and their residue for the next day. It has been established that the use of the enzyme drug Feedbest P5000 GT as part of compound feeds for young pigs on fattening contributes to the growth, development and reduction of expenditures of feed per unit of production of young pigs. The best indicators were obtained in the 2nd experimental group, where the tested enzyme drug in the amount of 90 g/t of compound feed was additionally added to the compound feed.

Nutrient digestibility and enzyme activity of microbial floc, Tetraselmis chuii, and Spirulina platensis fed on Juvenile Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

Cobia is a relatively new species of marine carnivorous fish with high aquaculture potential because of its fast growth (4-6 kg in a year) and ability to adapt and reproduce in the cultivation environment. This study aims to evaluate the nutrient digestibility and enzyme activity of cobia juveniles fed pelleted feed with microbial floc meal (MF), microalga Tetraselmis chuii (MT) meal, and microalga Spirulina platensis (MS) meal. Fish were fed pellets twice a day at satiation. The results showed that MS feed had higher and significantly different (p<0.05) of protein digestibility, enzyme activity, amylase and lipase, glycogen and lipid in the liver of juvenile cobia than MF feed. These two raw materials generally had no negative effect on cobia juvenile growth. Conversely, the value of nutrient digestibility and enzyme activity of MT feed could not be determined because the fish did not consume the feed.

A New Rapid and Quantitative Assay to Determine the Phytase Activity of Feed.

The fortification of animal feed with enzymes in order to optimize feed utilization has become a standard for the meat production industry. A method for measuring levels of active enzymes that can be carried out quickly would ensure that feed has been supplemented with the appropriate amount of enzyme. Phytase is the most widely used feed enzyme and is routinely quantified with an activity assay in a limited number of specialized laboratories. As an alternative, we report here the development of a rapid and easy method to perform a quantitative assay for the phytase from Citrobacter braakii. The method is suitable for use at local sites with a minimum lab setup and will reduce delays and potential interferences due to improper sample storage and shipment. The new assay is based on a lateral flow immunoassay that utilizes magnetic immune-chromatographic test (MICT) technology to quantify the phytase content of a feed extract. After extraction of the phytase from the feed, the sample is simply diluted and added to a reaction tube containing a specific anti-phytase antibody coupled to superparamagnetic particles. The mixture is then applied on an assay cassette, where the formed particle–antibody–phytase complexes are captured by immobilized antibodies on a nitro-cellulose strip housed in a cassette. The cassette is placed in the MICT reader that measures the magnetic signal of the captured particles. Using the calibration information stored in the cassette barcode, the signal is converted to a phytase concentration, given as phytase activity (FYT) per kilogram of feed. The accuracy and robustness of the assay compared to the ISO phytase activity assay were demonstrated through a large validation study including real feed samples from different compositions and origins. The MICT assay is the first quantitative assay for feed enzymes that is fast, reliable, and simple to use outside of a specialized reference laboratory and that is suitable for use in place of the current ISO assay.

Агрохимические аспекты реабилитации радиоактивно загрязнённых заливных лугов Брянской области

Natural fodder lands are a fodder base for livestock production in Bryansk region. The lands cover the area of 5500 km2, its greater part was contaminated with long-lived artificial radionuclides due to the Chernobyl accident. Therefore, there was a risk of contamination of the forage for dairy livestock with Cs-137 and its content in the grass would exceed the acceptable limit. Long after the Chernobyl accident the measures to remediate contaminated floodplains in Iput River in Novozybkovsky district of the Bryansk region for further use in feed production were examined. It was found that if Cs-137 contamination density exceeded 555 kBq/m2 the radionuclide content in the mass of air-dry wild grasses would be ≥5.5 times higher than the acceptable limit depending on a harvesting period. Due to the use of agrotechnical and organizational measures to improve the quality of radiation contaminated flood meadows the Cs-137 specific activity in air-dry cultivated grasses reduced by 10% as compared with the radionuclide activity in natural/wild grasses. The use of agrochemical measures for remediation of radiation contaminated flood meadows allowed to obtain air-dry masses of wild and cultivated grasses with the acceptable limit of Cs-137 radioactivity in fodders. The maximum effect was obtained when applying mineral fertilizers with a ratio of nitrogen to potassium as 1:2. Due to the use of correlation analysis it became made evident that the presence of nitrogen fertilizer increased Cs-137 specific activity in the fodder and there was the correlation between calendar years of the study and the amount of nitrogen fertilizers in soil. The correlation between the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the soil and the specific activity of Cs-137 in the air-dry mass of natural and cultivated grasses during the years of 2003-2008 was strong and ranged from 0.76 to 0.85. In the study periods from 2009 to 2014, the impact of nitrogen fertilizer on the radionuclide specific activity in feed decreased regardless of the harvest period of natural and cultivated grasses. The correlation coefficient ranged from 0.38 to 0.58, the correlation strength was average. With the use of correlation analysis nitrogen fertilizers were found to increase the specific activity of Cs-137 in airdry grass mass, the correlation strength depends on calendar years of the study, it may be strong and average. Adding potassium fertilizer into soil negate the negative effect of nitrogen fertilizers. The use of radioactive floodplains as hay fields without the use of agrochemical measures is unacceptable. According to made calculations, the use of coarse fodder grown on radiation contaminated lands leads to milk contaminated with Cs-137 content that exceeds the limit established by standard.

TINJAUAN EKONOMI SYARIAH TERHADAP PENINGKATAN EKONOMI KELURGA DALAM AKTIVITAS PENJUALAN PAKAN TERNAK DI DESA ARJASA KECAMATAN ARJASA KABUPATEN SITUBONDO

Notional noetic in this case, purpose of this study is to determine the practice or activity of buying and selling animal feed in Arjasa Situbondo Village, this study uses a qualitative descriiptive approach, combining primary file or interview resulta sharia economic review of the activity of buying and selling animal feed in accordance with the viesw of fiqh scholars, both in terms of buying and selling contracts and the prevalling pillars of buying and selling.

JENIS PAKAN KUKANG JAWA (Nycticebus javanicus) DI TAMAN WISATA ALAM GUNUNG TAMPOMAS

Nycticebus javanicus is one of endemic species of Java island that one of endangered species. Data and research of Nycticebus javanicus is still low. So, this condition difficult to it conservation. Existing of Nycticebus javanicus depend on forest vegetation including food tree. The method of research by plot of tree food observation, niche analysis that focus of feeding activity and part of feed. The result of research are 17 species of tree, there are aren (Arenga pinnata), bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris), bisoro (Ficus leificarva), hamirung (Vernonia arborea), huru leueur (Phoebe excelsa), kaliandra (Calliandra calotyrsus), kiteja (Parinari sumatrana), kitembaga (Eugenia cuprea), kibanen (Criyteronia paniculata), kiara (Ficus altisima), kipait (Tithonia diversifolia), kisampang (Evodia latifolia), kilaki (Adina fagifolia), nangsi (Villebrunea rubescens), sempur (Dillenia indica), teureup (Artocarpus elastic), and tangkil (Gnetum gnenom). Part of feed is fruit, leef, sprout, and flower.

Veterinary sanitary assessment of the quality of meat products and the morphofunctional characteristics of the muscle tissue of pigs fed a mineral adaptogen

Pigs are the most susceptible to stress. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to assess the effect of the mineral adaptogen on animal health and the quality of meat products. Research methods. The studies were conducted on piglets of a large white breed. With the use of hematological, immuno-biochemical, morphological methods of research and veterinary and sanitary assessment of the quality of meat products obtained. Results. It was found that the mineral adaptogen has a positive effect on the immune system, metabolic processes, and the reduction of stress-dependent glucose and cortisol levels. Scientific novelty. For the first time, comprehensive studies have been conducted showing the effect of mineral adaptogen not only on immunocompetent organs and immune indicators, but also a complex effect on stress resistance, reduction of toxigenic activity of feed, stabilization of metabolic processes in animals, and veterinary-sanitary and micromorphological assessment of the quality of meat products.

Effect of glauconite, sepiolite and oil supplementation on pellet quality parameters in poultry compound feed

The aim of this study was conducted to determine the effect of glauconite, sepiolite and oil on pellet quality parameters in poultry compound feed. There are limited studies with supplementation of different levels of sepiolite and glauconite clay minerals in diets about pellet quality during the pelleting processes. Thus, the effect of sepiolite and glauconite on pellet quality parameters was investigated in our study. The study was carried out in two different. Firstly, 1% and 2% levels sepiolite and glauconite were added to each concentrate in pellet production without adding oil. Secondly, 1% and 2% levels of sepiolite, glauconite and 1% oil were added to the concentrates during pelleting. In both experiments, the trial consisted of 1 control and 4 trial groups. Pellet concentrate feeds were produced with 7 batches (each batch was 100 kg). The disc that has hole diameter 3.5 mm and wall thickness of 70 mm was used in production. At the end of the study, dry matter level of the pellets was statistically influenced by the addition of sepiolite, glauconite and oil in poultry compound pellet feed The lowest pellet dry matter value belongs to C and CO groups (p<0.05). Pellet durability index of poultry compound pellet feed were not statistically affected by the addition of sepiolite, glauconite and oil. Pellet water activity of poultry compound pellet feed were not statistically affected by the addition of sepiolite, glauconite and oil. However, the pellet water activity of laying hens pellet concentrates (without oil addition) were statistically affected by the addition of sepiolite and glauconite (p<0.05). Pellet water activity has the lowest value especially in the groups in which glauconite is added. In conclusion, these findings showed that glauconite, sepiolite and oil can be used for pellet quality in poultry compound feed (especially laying hen feed) and improve pellet storage conditions and due to the positive effect of glauconite and sepiolite on pellet water activity.

Impact of processing on the antioxidant activity of a microorganism-enriched fish feed and subsequent quality effects on fillets of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

A broad range of compounds/ingredients for the substitution of fishmeal and fish oil in feeds for aquaculture was suggested over the last decades. This study aimed at characterizing changes in antioxidant activity from the raw materials over the fish feed production to the accumulation of potential health-beneficial antioxidants in the fish fillets of Oncorhynchus mykiss, when being fed with an innovative microorganism-based fish feed. The feed used consisted of a mix of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira sp., the microalgae Crypthecodinium cohnii, and the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis. These ingredients formed a balanced feed to demonstrate no limitations in fishmeal and oil substitution with regard to lipids, proteins, and antioxidants. The enrichment with bioactive compounds stabilizing the feed as well as enhancing bioactivity in the fish was successful. Also, radical scavenging activity was documented from the raw materials over the extrusion process to the accumulation in the fillets of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) over the whole fish production period of 16 weeks. As an additional quality parameter, the accumulation of pigments in the fish fillets was determined. The study revealed changes in the antioxidant profile over the whole value chain, which resulted in healthy organisms of higher quality compared to conventionally fed organisms.

Safety and efficacy of RONOZYME®WX CT/L (endo-1,4-β-xylanase) as a feed additive for sows for reproduction.

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of RONOZYME ® WX CT/L as a feed additive for sows for reproduction. This additive contains endo‐1,4‐β‐xylanase produced by a genetically modified strain of Aspergillus oryzae and it is authorised in the EU as a feed additive for poultry for fattening, weaned piglets and pigs for fattening. The applicant requests the extension of use of the additive to sows for reproduction at 200 FXU/kg feed. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that there are no concerns for consumer safety and no risks for the environment are expected from the use of RONOZYME ® WX in sows. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the additive is not a skin or eye irritant, but it should be considered a respiratory sensitiser, but could not conclude on the skin sensitisation potential of the additive. A tolerance trial in lactating sows and two toxicological studies were made available to support the safety of the target species. Based on the data available, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that the additive is safe for sows for reproduction at the recommended level with a wide margin of safety. Three efficacy studies in lactating sows were evaluated. Sows that received RONOZYME ® WX showed improvements on the apparent faecal digestibility of the energy in the three trials. The enzyme activity in feed that showed efficacy ranged from 124 to 287 FXU/kg feed, and the FEEDAP Panel concluded that the additive has the potential to be efficacious as a zootechnical additive in lactating sows at a level of approximately 250 FXU/kg feed. No data has been provided in gestating sows, and consequently, the Panel could not conclude on this physiological stage of the productive cycle.

Safety and efficacy of HOSTAZYM® X (endo-1,4-beta-xylanase) as a feed additive for rabbits for fattening.

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of HOSTAZYM ® X as a feed additive for rabbits for fattening. HOSTAZYM ® X contains endo‐1,4‐beta‐xylanase produced by a strain of Trichoderma citrinoviride and is available in liquid and solid formulations. It is authorised as a feed additive for chickens for fattening, turkeys for fattening, laying hens, minor poultry species for fattening and laying, weaned piglets, pigs for fattening and carps. The applicant has now requested to extend the authorisation to rabbits for fattening. The FEEDAP Panel considered that the new use of the additive would not change the previous conclusions regarding the safety for the consumer, user and environment. There are no concerns for consumer safety and no risks for the environment are expected from the use of the additive as a feed additive. Regarding the safety for the user, the additive should be considered a potential skin and eye irritant, and a potential skin and respiratory sensitiser. A subchronic oral toxicity study in rats was submitted to support the safety of the additive when administered to rabbits for fattening. The maximum safe enzyme activity in feed for the rabbits for fattening was derived from the data obtained in the subchronic oral toxicity study in rats; considering the maximum safe intake derived for rabbits from the toxicological data, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that the additive is safe for rabbits for fattening at the recommended use level. Two efficacy studies were submitted to support the efficacy of the additive; a significant effect of the additive in a relevant parameter was found in only one trial. Due to the insufficient evidence the Panel could not conclude on the efficacy of the additive in rabbits for fattening.

Catalytic combustion of chlorinated aromatics over WOx/CeO2 catalysts at low temperature

WOx/CeO2 catalysts prepared by wet impregnation with (NH4)6H2W12O40 and (COOH)2 aqueous solution were used in the catalytic combustion of chlorobenzene (CB) and 1,2-dichloro- benzene (1,2-DCB). Characterization by XRD, N2 isothermal adsorption and desorption, Raman, XPS, H2-TPR, O2-TPD and NH3-TPD shows that CeO2 exists as a form of face-centered cubic fluorite structure, while WOx is identified as the forms of monoxo and dioxo monotungstate, polytungstate and nano-particle, depending on W content. W-O-Ce is formed as a result of interaction between WOx and CeO2, which increases oxygen vacancy and promotes the reducibility and acidity of WOx/CeO2 catalysts. In CB or 1,2-DCB oxidation, WOx/CeO2 catalysts with monotungstate WOx present excellent stable activity with TOF at 250 °C based on W-O-Ce in a range of 4.7–7.2 × 10−4 s-1. 90% conversion is obtained below 350 °C, at which chlorination is almost completely inhibited. The activity in feed containing 5% H2O or 5% CO2 is depending on their effects on the availability of surface oxygen. In situ FT-IR shows that the adsorbed CB species can be oxidized by surface lattice oxygen into phenolate, carboxylates and carbonate, while the formation of acetaldehyde on Brönsted acid sites is promoted by gas oxygen. Partial oxidation products are oxidized to COx by surface oxygen.

Nitrogen‐doped Carbon Nanofibers for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Importance of the Iron Growth Catalyst Phase

AbstractA systematic evaluation of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on nitrogen‐doped carbon nanofibers (N‐CNFs) has been performed by tuning the properties of the N‐CNFs by using chemical vapor deposition. Analysis of the as‐synthesized N‐CNFs shows that the iron used as the growth catalyst consists of iron carbides, including Fe7C3, χ‐Fe5C2, and θ‐Fe3C, depending on the carbon activity of the synthesis feed. Furthermore, a relationship between the growth catalyst phase, the N‐CNF properties, and the electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction in acidic electrolyte is revealed. The best catalytic activity and selectivity was achieved if the N‐CNFs were grown from Hägg carbide, χ‐Fe5C2, suggesting that this carbide phase favors the incorporation of active sites into the N‐CNFs. Controlling the phase of the iron particles used as growth catalysts is therefore essential for obtaining N‐CNFs with a high active site density for the oxygen reduction reaction.

Nephroprotective Hepatoprotective Potential and Antioxidant Role of Carob Pods (Cerotonia siliqua L.) against Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Toxicity in Rats

Abstract: Objective: The aims of current study are the evaluation of the protective effect and antioxidant role of carob pods against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity and nephropathy. Material and Methods: The present experiment was designed as I (control), II (0.5 ml/kg CCl4), III (%10 CP), IV (CCl4 0.5 ml/kg+%10 CP) groups. While rats in group I and III were fed with a diet without CCl4, II, and IV groups received twice 0.5 ml/kg/week, where IV group additionally received %10 CP supplementation for 50 days. The protective roles and antioxidant activity of the CP supplementation feed against CCl4-induced oxidative stress and toxicity were evaluated by histopathological changes, measuring hepatic and renal damage biomarkers (HRDB), antioxidant defence system constituents (ADSC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) parameters in the erythrocyte, liver, brain, kidney and spleen tissues of rats. Results: According to the results, the biochemical analysis showed a considerable increase in the serum AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanin aminotransferase), GGT (gamma glutamyl transpeptidase) and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) enzymes, creatinine and urea, and decrease in the group II as compared to that of I group. On contrary, such parameters were decreased in IV group as compared to that of group II. In addition, the results showed that CP supplementation diet restored the CCl4 induced MDA (malondialdehyde) and ADSC towards to control. The hepatoprotection of CP is further substantiated by the almost normal histological findings in IV group against degenerative changes in II group. Protective effects by CP are further substantiated by the almost normal HRDB for kidney and liver in IV treated group as against degenerative changes in the II treated rats. Conclusion: The results indicated that CP could be as an important as diet-derived antioxidants in preventing oxidative damage in the tissues by reducing the MDA or inhibiting the production of CCl4-induced free radicals and liver and kidney destruction. Key words: Carbon tetrachloride, Carob pods, Protective potential, Antioxidant role.

Antioxidant activity of JM113 in vitro and its protective effect on broiler chickens challenged with deoxynivalenol.

The aim of this experiment was to study the antioxidant capacity of JM113 isolated from healthy intestinal contents of Tibetan chicken and its protective effect on broiler chickens challenged with deoxynivalenol (DON). Compared with PZ01 and M23, JM113 demonstrated maximum reducing ( < 0.05) activity and resistance in the presence of 1.2 mmol/L hydrogen peroxide, and great scavenging ability ( < 0.05) against hydroxyl, superoxide anion, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals in vitro. For each strain, the antioxidant activities of live bacterial strains were greater ( < 0.05) than of cell free extracts and dead bacterial strains. To examine the antioxidant capacity of JM113 in vivo, 192 1-d-old Arbor Acres chicks were randomly divided into 4 treatments groups consisting of 6 replicates with 8 birds per replicate. The dietary treatments were 1) control; 2) control diet supplemented with JM113 at 1 × 10 cfu/kg; 3) control diet contaminated with DON at 10 mg/kg; 4) control diet contaminated with DON at 10 mg/kg and supplemented with JM113 at 1 × 10 cfu/kg. Dietary supplementation with DON decreased ( < 0.05) superoxide dismutase activity in serum and increased ( < 0.05) malondialdehyde in the jejunal mucosa of broilers, compared to the control. However, supplementation with JM113 to both the DON-contaminated diet and the control diet, caused a significant reduction ( < 0.05) in malondialdehyde activity in the jejunal mucosa. A reduction ( < 0.05) in expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 was observed in the jejunal mucosa of broilers fed dietary supplementation with DON, whereas the mRNA levels of and its corresponding downstream gene increased ( < 0.05) with JM113 treatment. Addition of JM113 resulted in longer villi ( < 0.05), even in combination with DON compared to the DON group. JM113 treatment, especially in the DON plus JM113 group, up-regulated ( < 0.05) the expression of mRNA. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the JM113 strain has great antioxidant activity and supplementation in feed protected the integrity of the intestinal barrier in broilers challenged with DON, suggesting its use for alleviation of negative effects of DON in poultry.