Activity Of Disinfectants Research Articles

Development of optimal indoor air disinfection and ventilation protocols for airborne infectious diseases.

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been persistent emphasis on the importance of indoor air disinfection and ventilation in isolation units in the hospital environment. Nevertheless, no optimal and concrete disinfection protocol has been proposed to inactivate the viruses as quickly as possible. In this study, we experimentally evaluated various ventilation and disinfection protocols based on the combination of negative-pressure ventilation, ultraviolet (UV) light illumination, and Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) spray against three active virus species in a 3.5 cubic meters isolation unit. This small-size unit has gained attention during the pandemic due to the high demand for compact mobile laboratory systems capable of rapid disease diagnosis. In accordance with the WHO laboratory biosafety guidance, which states that all enclosed units where diagnostic work is conducted must ensure proper ventilation and disinfection activities, we aim to propose virus removal protocols for units compact enough to be installed within a van or deployed outdoor. The results confirmed the superiority (in terms of virus removal rate and time required) of the virus removal methods in the order of UV light, ventilation, and HOCl spray. Ultimately, we propose two optimal protocols: (i) UV light alone for three minutes, and (ii) UV light with ventilation for three minutes, followed by one-minute ventilation only. The time span of three minutes in the latter protocol is based on the clinical practice such that the medical staffs have a sufficient time to process the samples taken in transition to next patient to care.

Toxicity of Common Acaricides, Disinfectants, and Natural Compounds against Eggs of Rhipicephalus annulatus.

Ticks pose a significant threat due to their ability to lay thousands of eggs, which can persist in the environment for extended periods. While the impact of various compounds on adult and larval ticks has been studied, research on their efficacy against tick eggs is limited. This study evaluated the ovicidal activity of commercial acaricides, disinfectants, and natural products against Rhipicephalus annulatus eggs using the egg hatch assay (EHA). Deltamethrin and cypermethrin caused a non-significant inhibition of hatching (IH%), even at concentrations higher than the recommended levels. By contrast, the acaricides chlorpyrifos, phoxim, and amitraz significantly inhibited hatching at all tested concentrations. Ivermectin also demonstrated significant IH% at various concentrations but did not fully inhibit the hatching process. Among the disinfectants tested, Virkon-S®, TH4, and Chlorox showed insignificant effects, whereas formalin achieved an IH% of only 34.1% at a high concentration of 200 mg/mL. Natural products, carvacrol and thymol, exhibited significant ovicidal activity, with a significant IH%. In a semi-field application, phoxim (0.5 mg/mL) and deltamethrin (0.05 mg/mL) were sprayed on tick eggs on pasture soil from a farm. The results indicated that phoxim-treated eggs had a 40% IH%, while deltamethrin-treated eggs showed only an 8.79% IH%. In conclusion, the acaricides amitraz, phoxim, and chlorpyrifos, as well as the natural products carvacrol and thymol, caused significant toxicity to R. annulatus eggs.

Microbiological Evaluation of Thermoplastic PETG Dental Appliances Related to Surface Characteristics.

(1) Background: The adhesion and microbiological behaviour of thermoplastic PETG dental appliance surfaces is governed by roughness parameters. The aim of this research was to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of alkaline peroxide-based disinfectant in Candida albicans biofilms on thermoplastic PETG, related to artificial ageing and surface characteristics, on multiscale levels. (2) Methods: In the present study, two PETG materials were investigated: Crystal® (Bio Art Dental Equipment, Sao Carlos, Brazil), noted as C, and Duran® (Scheu-Dental GmbH, Iserlohn, Germany)-noted as D. Half of the specimens were thermally cycled (TC), resulting in four sample groups, as follows: C, CTC, D, and DTC. Surface roughness was evaluated on different scale topographies. The biofilms were grown on the surfaces. An alkaline peroxide-based disinfectant was used. Statistical analyses were performed. (3) Results: Related to nanoroughness, there are insignificant differences among materials or related to thermocycling. More irregular surfaces are associated with larger grain sizes. After thermocycling, micro-roughness values increase. Disinfectant activity decreases the amount of biofilm developed on the surfaces, significantly in the two groups, but is not correlated to the material and artificial ageing. (4) Conclusion: The impact of surface roughness (Ra) on biofilm constitution is controlled by different scale topographies.

In vitro efficiency of teat disinfectants with organic matter against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cows with mastitis

Four strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cows with mastitis were assessed as to in vitro sensitivity to four commercial disinfectants (chlorine, polvidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, and lactic acid) used in teat pre- and post-dipping, in the presence and absence of organic matter. The concentration of the disinfectants was determined in accordance with the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. Four isolates identified as S. aureus from cows diagnosed with subclinical mastitis were subjected to susceptibility testing against disinfectants through an absorbance evaluation at 600 nm on a spectrophotometer. Exposure times (15”, 30”, 60” and 90”) were clocked, and streaking was performed in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) medium. The iodine sample presented a lower concentration (1.9%) than that given by the manufacturer (2.5%). There was greater (p < 0.05) in vitro disinfectant activity for chlorhexidine and chlorine, with and without organic matter. However, inhibition by organic matter occurred more intensely in the iodine disinfectant (99.0%). The inhibition percentage of S. aureus against iodine and lactic acid at 15, 30, 60 and 90 s was numerically lower than against chlorhexidine and chlorine, regardless of organic matter. Therefore, chlorhexidine and chlorine have greater inhibitory activity against S. aureus, both with and without organic matter.

Antimicrobial activity of disinfectants used in prosthetic dentistry depending on the degree of dilution (an experimental in vitro study)

Relevance. Determining the antimicrobial activity of disinfectants and their impact on conditionally pathogenic microbiota (CPM), as well as justifying the selection of agents for treating dental impressions and prostheses, remains an unresolved issue requiring thorough research. The effects of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) on various microorganisms, particularly regarding their effective dilution in dental practice, are not well-studied despite their widespread use.Objective. To compare the antimicrobial activity of alkaline combined disinfectants, QAC derivatives, and polyhydric alcohols at various dilutions against CPM strains in vitro.Materials and methods. Dilutions of domestic disinfectants—"Megadez Ortho" (VladMiva), "Vendelin" (Bozon), and "Trilox" (Biotorg)—were prepared in sterile heart-brain broth (Himedia Labs, India) ranging from 1:200 to 1:200,000. Microbial growth curves were assessed using a bioreactor RS (Biosan, Latvia). The study involved three test strains of CPM: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus.Results. The in vitro experiment results indicate that working solutions of the disinfectants at dilutions of 1:200 and 1:20 exhibit bactericidal activity against all test strains: S. aureus, E. coli, and B. cereus. The antimicrobial activity against B. cereus was observed at slightly higher concentrations compared to S. aureus and E. coli.Conclusion. Based on the decrease in disinfectant activity, the preparations can be ranked in the following order of decreasing efficacy: "Trilox" → "Vendelin" → "Megadez Ortho." A notable advantage of "Trilox" is its statistically significant higher activity against spore-forming bacilli B. cereus.

A Comparative Study on Antibacterial Activities of Alcohol Disinfectants and α-Mangostin Extract

Background A green and efficient process, free from toxic solvents, was employed to prepare an α-mangostin-rich extract. Conventional techniques like maceration and heat reflux extraction are recognized for their time-intensive nature, as well as the requirement for significant quantities of organic solvents. This innovative process not only reduces energy consumption but also streamlines production steps, providing a more sustainable alternative in herbal medicine preparation. Purpose The purpose of the study was to compare the antibacterial activities of alcohol disinfectants and α-mangostin extract-containing disinfectants against tested microorganisms. Methods The α-mangostin-rich extract was obtained from dried powders of Garcinia mangostana pericarps utilizing the microwave-assisted extraction method with polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400). The α-mangostin content in the resultant extract was determined through the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Additionally, a broth microdilution method was utilized to investigate the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of each compound against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Results According to a microdilution method, the disinfectant comprising isopropanol (50% and 70%) with 1% α-mangostin extract demonstrated antibacterial effectiveness against both MRSA and S. pseudintermedius. The MICs and MBCs were observed within dilutions ranging from 1:64 to 1:512 and 1:64 to 1:256, respectively. Ethanol (50% and 70%) plus 1% α-mangostin extract disinfectant exhibited antibacterial activity with MICs and MBCs at dilutions of 1:32–1:512 and 1:16–1:128, respectively. Moreover, isopropanol and ethanol (30%) with 1% α-mangostin extract disinfectant demonstrated antibacterial activity with MICs and MBCs at dilutions of 1:16–1:256 and 1:4–1:128, respectively. However, isopropanol (50% and 70%) and ethanol (50% and 70%) disinfectants showed weaker antibacterial activity than α-mangostin extract-containing alcohol solutions. Although isopropanol (30%) disinfectant demonstrated antibacterial activity (MICs and MBCs at dilutions of 1:16–1:32), the 30% ethanol solution did not show any activity against either bacterium. In addition, α-mangostin extract exhibited stronger antibacterial activity (MICs and MBCs at dilutions of 1:625–1:5,000) than all alcohol solutions. Conclusion The combination of isopropanol and ethanol disinfectants with α-mangostin-rich extract exhibited significant antibacterial effectiveness against MRSA and S. pseudintermedius. The enhancement of efficacy by α-mangostin-rich extract suggests promising opportunities for enhancing disinfection approaches.

Solvent-free synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles embedded MWCNTs with enhanced photocatalytic activity for bacterial disinfection

Sustainable energy has been widely researched to address issues caused by population growth and rapid industrialization. Among them, photocatalysis using solar energy has been considered promising. We developed a hybrid photocatalyst by combining titanium dioxide (TiO2) with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), known for their excellent adsorption performance. A unique structure encapsulating TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) within the inner space of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was developed via a facile, solvent-free method, conforming to green chemistry principles. Except purification and modification of the CNTs, the particle formation process is solvent-free, making this method remarkably simple and environmentally friendly. This arrangement enhances stability and recyclability, maintaining over 90 % efficiency up to the 3rd cycle. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the TiO2 NPs exhibited a crystalline phase, forming exclusively anatase. The defects in the outer walls of the MWCNTs in the composite, coupled with their large specific surface area and dangling bonds, endow them with high adsorption capacity and photocatalytic activity when combined with TiO2 NPs. The MWCNTs@TiO2 composites achieved over 99 % inactivation of Escherichia coli in 60 min and bacteriophage MS2 in 30 min, along with dye adsorption/decomposition. This method offers a distinctive platform for photocatalytic degradation in biological applications and water treatment.

Magnéli Ti4O7 nanowire induces locally enhanced electric field and electrocatalytic activity for rapid and efficient water disinfection via synergistic electroporation and electrochlorination

Waterborne pathogens in drinking water remains a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality in developing rural areas. Electrochlorination offers a promising alternative for decentralized water disinfection, but its efficiency was strongly restrained by the low Cl- concentrations in natural waters. Herein, we proposed a Magnéli Ti4O7 nanowire-assisted electrochemical approach via forming locally enhanced electric field over nanowire tips for reinforcing electroporation, and via forming locally enhanced charge density for promoting Cl- enrichment and subsequent electrochlorination on anodic nanowire tips. Ti4O7 nanowires induced the enhancement of electric field by 4 orders of magnitude and Cl- concentration by ∼3 orders of magnitude at nanowire tips, and promoted ∼3 times more active chlorine generation at a voltage of 3.0 V compared with non-nanostructured one. Synergistic electroporation and electrochlorination on nanowires enabled rapid and efficient disinfection with hydraulic retention time of ∼36 s and energy consumption below ∼5 J/L/log for inactivation of various gram-positive/negative bacteria and phage MS2. Analyses of cell morphology and membrane integrity revealed that electroporation-induced cell pores provided diffusion channels of reactive chlorine species for oxidative damage of cell structures, resulting in ∼1.5–4.5 times lower energy consumption than the thin-film, nanoparticle, and nanorod ones. The excellent operation stability for tap water with significant bacterial inactivation and active chlorine generation demonstrated its great application potential for decentralized water disinfection.

Aqueous VOCs in complex water environment of oil exploitation sites: Spatial distribution, migration flux, and risk assessment

Pollution of the aqueous environment by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has caused increasing concerns. However, the occurrence and risks of aqueous VOCs in oil exploitation areas remain unclear. Herein, spatial distribution, migration flux, and environmental risks of VOCs in complex surface waters (including River, Estuary, Offshore and Aquaculture areas) were investigated at a typical coastal oil exploitation site. Among these surface waters, River was the most polluted area, and 1,2-Dichloropropane—which emerges from oil extraction activities—was the most prevalent VOC. Positive matrix factorization showed that VOCs pollution sources changed from oil exploitation to offshore disinfection activities along River, Estuary, Offshore and Aquaculture areas. Annual volatilization of VOCs to the atmosphere was predicted to be ∼34.42 tons, and rivers discharge ∼23.70 tons VOCs into the Bohai Sea annually. Ecological risk assessment indicated that Ethylbenzene and Bromochloromethane posed potential ecological risks to the aquatic environment, while olfactory assessment indicated that VOCs in surface waters did not pose an odor exposure risk. This study provides the first assessment of the pollution characteristics of aqueous VOCs in complex aqueous environments of oil exploitation sites, highlighting that oil exploitation activities can have nonnegligible impacts on VOCs pollution profiles.

Exploring the Correlation of Dynamic Surface Tension with Antimicrobial Activities of Quaternary Ammonium-Based Disinfectants.

Quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) disinfectants represent one of our first lines of defense against pathogens. Their inhibitory and bactericidal activities are usually tested through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and time-kill assays, but these assays can become cumbersome when screening many compounds. We investigated how the dynamic surface tension (DST) measurements of QACs correlate with these antimicrobial activities by testing a panel of potent and structurally varied QACs against the gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and the gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We found that DST values correlated well with bactericidal activity in real-world disinfection conditions but not with MIC values. Moreover, no correlation between these two antimicrobial activities of QACs (bactericidal and inhibition) was observed. In addition, we observed that the bactericidal activity of our QAC panel against the gram-negative P. aeruginosa was severely affected in the presence of hard water. Interestingly, we found that the counterion of the QAC affects the killing of bacteria in these conditions, a phenomenon not observed in most MIC assessments. Moreover, some of our best-in-class QACs show enhanced bactericidal activity when combined with a commercially available QAC. In conclusion, we determined that an intrinsic physical property of QACs (DST) can be used as a technique to screen for bactericidal activity of QACs in conditions that mimic real-world disinfection conditions.

Dual function surfactants for pharmaceutical formulations: The case of surface active and antibacterial 1-tolyl alkyl biguanide derivatives

One interesting field of research in the view of developing novel surfactants for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications is the design of amphiphiles showing further bioactive properties in addition to those commonly displayed by surface-active compounds. We propose here the chemical synthesis, and characterization of 1-o-tolyl alkyl biguanide derivatives, having different lengths of the hydrocarbon chain (C3, C6, and C10), and showing surface active and antibacterial/disinfectant activities toward both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Both surface active properties in terms of critical micelle concentration (CMC) and surface tension at CMC (γCMC), as well as the antimicrobial activity in terms of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), were strongly dependent on the length of the hydrocarbon chain. Particularly, the C6 and C10 derivatives have a good ability to decrease surface tension (γCMC <40 mN/m) at low concentrations (CMC < 12 mM) and a satisfactory antibacterial effect (MIC values between 0.230 and 0.012 mM against S. aureus strains and between 0.910 and 0.190 against P.aeruginosa strains). Interestingly, these compounds showed a disinfectant activity at the tested concentrations that was comparable to that of the reference compound chlorhexidine digluconate. All these results support the possible use of these amphiphilic compounds as antibacterial agents and disinfectants in pharmaceutical or cosmetic formulations.

Exploring the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Low-Cost Commercial Disinfectants Utilized in the Agro-Food Industry Wash Tanks: Towards Enhanced Hygiene Practices.

The increase in vegetable consumption has underlined the importance of minimizing the risks associated with microbiological contamination of fresh produce. The critical stage of the vegetable washing process has proven to be a key point for cross-contamination and the persistence of pathogens. In this context, the agri-food industry has widely adopted the use of disinfectants to reduce the bacterial load in the wash water. Therefore, we conducted laboratory-scale experiments in order to demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of disinfectants used in the wash tank of agro-food industries. Different wash water matrices of shredded lettuce, shredded cabbage, diced onion, and baby spinach were treated with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and per-oxyacetic acid (PAA) at recommended concentrations. To simulate the presence of pathogenic bacteria, a cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 was inoculated into the process water samples (PWW) to determine whether concentrations of disinfectants inhibit the pathogen or bring it to a viable non-culturable state (VBNC). Hereby, we used quantitative qPCR combined with different photo-reactive dyes such as ethidium monoazide (EMA) and propidium monoazide (PMA). The results indicated that concentrations superior to 20 ppm NaClO inhibit the pathogen E. coli O157:H7 artificially inoculated in the process water. Concentrations between 10-20 ppm ClO2 fail to induce the pathogen to the VBNC state. At concentrations of 80 ppm PAA, levels of culturable bacteria and VBNC of E. coli O157:H7 were detected in all PWWs regardless of the matrix. Subsequently, this indicates that the recommended concentrations of ClO2 and PAA for use in the fresh produce industry wash tank do not inhibit the levels of E. coli O157:H7 present in the wash water.

Организация профилактических и противоэпидемических мероприятий в многопрофильном стационаре на современном этапе

The report was made at the Scientific and Practical Conference «Organization of Deratization Measures in Modern Conditions, Topical Issues of Disinfection Activities in the Conditions of Medical Organizations of Various Profiles,» held May 15–16, 2024 in St. Petersburg. The organization of timely preventive and anti-epidemic measures is one of the key components of the strategic task of health care to ensure the quality of medical care and create a safe environment for patients and medical workers in organizations engaged in medical activities. Infections associated with the provision of medical care (ISMP), including nosocomial infections (VBI), are the most important component of this problem due to the widespread, negative consequences for the health of patients, medical workers, as well as economic damage. Keywords: multidisciplinary hospital, disinfection activities, preventive measures, anti-epidemic measures, infections associated with the provision of medical care, nosocomial infections, microbiological monitoring, disinfectants, quality control of disinfection measures.

Особенности организации центрального стерилизационного отделения для лечения пациентов гнойно-хирургического профиля

The article was prepared on the basis of a report made at the scientific and practical conference «Organization of deratization measures in modern conditions, topical issues of disinfection activities in the conditions of medical organizations of various profiles,» held May 15-16, 2024 in St. Petersburg. Purulent-septic infections cause damage to the health and life of patients, as well as cause social and economic damage. Disinfection and sterilization measures are one of the most important measures in the system of anti-epidemic measures aimed at breaking the mechanism of transmission of infectious agents, which leads to the cessation of the development of the epidemiological process and the spread of ISMP. Keywords: hospital, purulent-septic infections, central sterilization department, diabetes mellitus, preventive measures, anti-epidemic measures, infections associated with the provision of medical care, nosocomial infections.

Практические аспекты сохранения стандартов качества обработки изделий медицинского назначения в условиях импортозамещения. Экономическая целесообразность

The article was prepared on the basis of a report made at the scientific and practical conference «Organization of deratization measures in modern conditions, topical issues of disinfection activities in the conditions of medical organizations of various profiles,» held May 15-16, 2024 in St. Petersburg. Despite the wide range of products for PSOs manufactured by foreign industry, at present, special attention is paid to the development of import substitutes and high-quality pre-sterilization cleaning. The experience of using new domestic means «Neodezin F» and «Neodezin N» for carrying out PSO by mechanized method in the disinfection-washing machine Miele PG 8536 is presented. Keywords: dental clinic, dental care for the population, non-specific prevention of infections associated with the provision of medical care, central sterilization department, import substitution, disinfection and washing machine, testing of Neodesin F and Neodesin N products for PSO, quality control of pre-sterilization treatment.

Опыт внедрения отдела профилактической дезинфекции в крупном многопрофильном стационаре. перспективы развития

The flock was prepared on the basis of a report made at the scientific and practical conference «Organization of deratization measures in modern conditions, topical issues of disinfection activities in the conditions of medical organizations of various profiles,» held May 15–16, 2024 in St. Petersburg. The interaction between the medical and non-medical units of the hospital, their well-coordinated work is one of the most important factors in the provision of high-quality medical care in a large multidisciplinary hospital. The implementation of preventive and anti-epidemic activities is often distributed among departments, and non-medical specialists do not always understand the need for these measures. To improve the quality of medical care and improve the interaction between services, a new department was introduced into the staff of a large multidisciplinary hospital – the department of preventive disinfection. Keywords: multidisciplinary hospital, preventive disinfection department, linen regime, disinfectants, disinfection, deratization, medical waste management, disinfection chamber, preventive activities, anti-epidemic measures, interaction between medical and non-medical units.

Sustainable double-synergistic silver-hydroxyapatite composite catalyst derived from fish bones for efficient disinfection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a food-borne pathogen that poses a serious threat to seafood safety and human health. An efficient, nontoxic, and sustainable disinfection material with a stable structure is urgently needed. Herein, silver (Ag)-hydroxyapatite (HAP) composite catalysts were prepared using HAP derived from waste fish bones. The Ag2.50%-HAP showed a 100% disinfection rate against V. parahaemolyticus, disinfecting nearly 7.0 lg CFU mL−1 within 15 min at a low concentration of 300 μg mL−1. This efficient disinfection activity could be attributed to the double-synergistic effect of Ag and superoxide radicals, which resulted in the destruction of bacterial cell structures and the leakage of intracellular proteins. Importantly, the composite also exhibited high activity in controlling the growth of pathogens during the storage process of Penaeus vannamei. These findings provided sustainable composite catalysts for disinfecting V. parahaemolyticus in seafood and a high-value utilization strategy for waste fish bones.

Coupled capture and photocatalysis of g-C3N4 based magnetic composites: Mechanism and disinfection activity against Staphylococcus aureus

The disinfection ability of g-C3N4 by photocatalysis is restricted, owing to its small surface area and rapid combination of holes (h+) and electrons (e−). Moreover, recycling of g-C3N4-based photocatalysts from aqueous solution is difficult, which increases the cost of application. In the present study, g-C3N4 was combined with magnetic biochar (MBC) by high temperature calcination to fabricate g-C3N4/MBC composites. The as-prepared g-C3N4/MBC composites acquired larger specific surface area, narrow bandgap, and broad-range of visible absorption capability. The g-C3N4/MBC composites showed good killing efficiency towards Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) under visible light irradiation. Efficient photocatalysis was achieved by the effective separation of e−/h+ within the g-C3N4/MBC composites. Moreover, the capture effect of MBC for S. aureus reduced the distance and increased the contact area between the g-C3N4/MBC composite and S. aureus. The g-C3N4/MBC-10 % showed notable stability and reusability over a broad pH range of 4–8 and in presence of different inorganic ions (Cl− and SO42−) and humic acid. After 5 cycles, the g-C3N4/MBC-10 % could still eliminate about 95 % of S. aureus cells. The g-C3N4/MBC-10 % was also highly effective in reducing the bacterial population in water samples taken from a nearby lake, thus showing considerable promise for use in water sterilization. In addition, g-C3N4/MBC composites were highly effective in eliminating the biofilm and inhibiting the growth of the new biofilm of S. aureus. The main active species in photocatalytic disinfection were determined, to be •OH, h+, and •O2−. This study would help to understand the capture and photocatalysis of g-C3N4 based composites for environmental applications.

Synthesis of 4-nitro-Benzoates for evaluation antimicrobial and disinfectant activity: Part-I

4-nitro-benzoates derivatives have been synthesized by known literature methods and found that they are easy to synthesize. The compound PG1 and PG2 were synthesized by known methods. Resorcinol and p-cresol was dissolved in ethanolic 1 N NaOH separately and to it 4-nitro-benzoyl chloride was added. The products PG1 and PG2 were collected respectively.

Disinfectant activity of compound VG1: Part-IV

Earlier we had reported the synthesis of compound VG1 in part 1 of the paper. We here report the disinfectant activity of the compound VG1 conducted at Laboratory Level through advanced techniques.