Mutations In Activity-dependent Neuroprotective Protein Research Articles

Loss-of-function of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) by a splice-acceptor site mutation causes Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome.

Mutations in ADNP result in Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome. Here, we describe the first de novo intronic deletion, affecting the splice-acceptor site of the first coding ADNP exon in a five-year-old girl with developmental delay and autism. Whereas exome sequencing failed to detect the non-coding deletion, genome-wide CpG methylation analysis revealed an episignature suggestive of a Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome diagnosis. This diagnosis was further supported by PhenoScore, a novel facial recognition software package. Subsequent whole-genome sequencing resolved the three-base pair ADNP deletion c.[-5-1_-4del] with transcriptome sequencing showing this deletion leads to skipping of exon 4. An N-terminal truncated protein could not be detected in transfection experiments with a mutant expression vector in HEK293T cells, strongly suggesting this is a first confirmed diagnosis exclusively due to haploinsufficiency of the ADNP gene. Pathway analysis of the methylome indicated differentially methylated genes involved in brain development, the cytoskeleton, locomotion, behavior, and muscle development. Along the same line, transcriptome analysis identified most of the differentially expressed genes as upregulated, in line with the hypomethylated CpG episignature and confirmed the involvement of the cytoskeleton and muscle development pathways that are also affected in patient cell lines and animal models. In conclusion, this novel mutation for the first time demonstrates that Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome can be caused by a loss-of-function mutation. Moreover, our study elegantly illustrates the use of EpiSignatures, WGS and Phenoscore as novel complementary diagnostic tools in case a of negative WES result.

Longitudinal Genotype-Phenotype (Vineland Questionnaire) Characterization of 15 ADNP Syndrome Cases Highlights Mutated Protein Length and Structural Characteristics Correlation with Communicative Abilities Accentuated in Males.

Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) is essential for neurodevelopment and de novo mutations in ADNP cause the ADNP syndrome. From brain pathologies point of view, tauopathy has been demonstrated at a young age, implying stunted development coupled with early/accelerated neurodegeneration. Given potential genotype-phenotype differences and age-dependency, we have assessed here a cohort of 15 individuals (1-27-year-old), using 1-3 longitudinal parent (caretaker) interview/s (Vineland 3 questionnaire) over several years. Our results indicated developmental delays, or even developmental arrests, coupled with potential spurts of development at early ages. Severe outcomes correlated with the truncating high impact mutation, in other words, the remaining mutated protein length as well as with the tested individual age, corroborating the hypothesis of developmental delays coupled with accelerated aging. A significant correlation was noted between mutated protein length and communication, implying a high impact of ADNP on communicative skills. Additionally, correlations were discovered between the two previously described epi-genetic signatures in ADNP emphasizing aberrant acquisition of motor behaviors, with truncating mutations around the nuclear localization signal being mostly affected. Finally, all individuals seem to acquire an age equivalent of 1-6years, requiring disease modification treatment, such as the ADNP-derived drug candidate, NAP (davunetide), which has recently shown efficacy in women suffering from the neurodegenerative disorder, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), a late-onset tauopathy.

A novel davunetide (NAPVSIPQQ to NAPVSIPQE) point mutation in activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) causes a mild developmental syndrome.

NAP (NAPVSIPQ, drug candidate name, davunetide) is the neuroprotective fragment of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP). Recent studies identified NAPVSIP as a Src homology 3 (SH3) domain-ligand association site, responsible for controlling signalling pathways regulating the cytoskeleton. Furthermore, the SIP motif in NAP/ADNP was identified as crucial for direct microtubule end-binding protein interaction facilitating microtubule dynamics and Tau microtubule interaction, at the microtubule end-binding protein site EB1 and EB3. Most de novo ADNP mutations reveal heterozygous STOP or frameshift STOP aberrations, driving the autistic/intellectual disability-related ADNP syndrome. Here, we report for the first time on a de novo missense mutation, resulting in ADNP containing NAPVISPQE instead of NAPVSIPQQ, in a child presenting developmental hypotonia, possibly associated with inflammation affecting food intake in early life coupled with fear of peer interactions and suggestive of a novel case of the ADNP syndrome. In silico modelling showed that the mutation Q (polar side chain) to E (negative side chain) affected the electrostatic characteristics of ADNP (reducing, while scattering the electrostatic positive patch). Comparison with the most prevalent pathogenic ADNP mutation, p.Tyr719*, indicated a further reduction in the electrostatic patch. Previously, exogenous NAP partially ameliorated deficits associated with ADNP p.Tyr719* mutations in transfected cells and in CRISPR/Cas9 genome edited cell and mouse models. These findings stress the importance of the NAP sequence in ADNP and as a future putative therapy for the ADNP syndrome.

The cytoplasmic localization of ADNP through 14-3-3 promotes sex-dependent neuronal morphogenesis, cortical connectivity, and calcium signaling.

Defective neuritogenesis is a contributing pathogenic mechanism underlying a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. Single gene mutations in activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) are the most frequent among autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) leading to the ADNP syndrome. Previous studies showed that during neuritogenesis, Adnp localizes to the cytoplasm/neurites, and Adnp knockdown inhibits neuritogenesis in culture. Here, we hypothesized that Adnp is localized in the cytoplasm during neurite formation and that this process is mediated by 14-3-3. Indeed, applying the 14-3-3 inhibitor, difopein, blocked Adnp cytoplasmic localization. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitations showed that Adnp bound 14-3-3 proteins and proteomic analysis identified several potential phosphorylation-dependent Adnp/14-3-3 binding sites. We further discovered that knockdown of Adnp using in utero electroporation of mouse layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in the somatosensory cortex led to previously unreported changes in neurite formation beginning at P0. Defects were sustained throughout development, the most notable included increased basal dendrite number and axon length. Paralleling the observed morphological aberrations, ex vivo calcium imaging revealed that Adnp deficient neurons had greater and more frequent spontaneous calcium influx in female mice. GRAPHIC, a novel synaptic tracing technology substantiated this finding, revealing increased interhemispheric connectivity between female Adnp deficient layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons. We conclude that Adnp is localized to the cytoplasm by 14-3-3 proteins, where it regulates neurite formation, maturation, and functional cortical connectivity significantly building on our current understanding of Adnp function and the etiology of ADNP syndrome.

Distinct Impairments Characterizing Different ADNP Mutants Reveal Aberrant Cytoplasmic-Nuclear Crosstalk.

(1) Background: Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) is essential for neuronal structure and function. Multiple de novo pathological mutations in ADNP cause the autistic ADNP syndrome, and they have been further suggested to affect Alzheimer’s disease progression in a somatic form. Here, we asked if different ADNP mutations produce specific neuronal-like phenotypes toward better understanding and personalized medicine. (2) Methods: We employed CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells to form neuron-like cell lines expressing ADNP mutant proteins conjugated to GFP. These new cell lines were characterized by quantitative morphology, immunocytochemistry and live cell imaging. (3) Results: Our novel cell lines, constitutively expressing GFP-ADNP p.Pro403 (p.Ser404* human orthologue) and GFP-ADNP p.Tyr718* (p.Tyr719* human orthologue), revealed new and distinct phenotypes. Increased neurite numbers (day 1, in culture) and increased neurite lengths upon differentiation (day 7, in culture) were linked with p.Pro403*. In contrast, p.Tyr718* decreased cell numbers (day 1). These discrete phenotypes were associated with an increased expression of both mutant proteins in the cytoplasm. Reduced nuclear/cytoplasmic boundaries were observed in the p.Tyr718* ADNP-mutant line, with this malformation being corrected by the ADNP-derived fragment drug candidate NAP. (4) Conclusions: Distinct impairments characterize different ADNP mutants and reveal aberrant cytoplasmic-nuclear crosstalk.

Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale in a Cohort of Four ADNP Syndrome Patients Implicates Age-Dependent Developmental Delays with Increased Impact of Activities of Daily Living.

Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) is one of the lead genes in autism spectrum disorder/intellectual disability. Heterozygous, de novo ADNP mutations cause the ADNP syndrome. Here, to evaluate natural history of the syndrome, mothers of two ADNP syndrome boys aged 6 and a half and two adults aged 27years (man and woman) were subjected to Vineland III questionnaire assessing adaptive behavior. The boys were assessed again about 2years after the first measurements. The skill measures, presented as standard scores (SS) included domains of communication, daily living, socialization, motor skills and a sum of adaptive behavior composite. The age equivalent (AE) and growth scale values (GSV) encompassing 11 subdomains assess the age level at which the subject's raw score is found at a norm sample median and the individual temporal progression, respectively. The norm referenced standard scores age-matched, mean 100 ± 15 of the two children showed the lowest outcome in communication (SS: 20-30). Daily living skills presented SS of 50-60, with a possible potential loss of some activities as the child ages, especially in interpersonal relationships with people outside of the immediate family (boy A). In contrast, in socialization, both children were at the SS of 38, with some positive increase to SS of ~ 45 (interpersonal relations with family members and coping skills, depending on the particular individual), 2years later. Interestingly, there was an apparent large difference in motor skills (gross and fine) at the young age, with subject B showing a relatively higher level of skills (SS: 70), decreasing to subject A level (SS: 40) 2years later. Together, the adaptive behavior composite suggested a level of SS: 39-48 with B showing a potential increase (SS: 41-44) and A, a substantial decrease (SS: 48-39), suggesting a strong impact of daily living skills. Adults were at SS: 20, which is the lowest possible score. AE showed minor improvements for subject A and B, with all AE values being below 3years. GSVs for subject A showed some improvement with age, especially in interpersonal, play and leisure, and gross motor subdomains. GSV for subject B showed minor improvements in the various subdomains. Notably, all subjects showed a percentile rank < 1 compared with age-matched norms except for subject B as to motor domain (2nd percentile) at the age of 6years. In summary, the results, especially comparing SS and AEs between childhood and adulthood, implied a continuous deterioration of activities compared to the general population, encompassing a slower developmental process coupled to possible neurodegeneration, strongly supporting a great need for disease modifying medicinal procedures.

Sex and the Brain: Novel ADNP Syndrome Mice Are Protected by NAP

In the groundbreaking work by Karmon et al. (1) in the current issue of Biological Psychiatry, the authors developed a novel mouse model of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) syndrome. ADNP syndrome, also known as Helsmoortel–Van Der Aa syndrome, is a rare complex condition diagnosed in children exhibiting delayed development, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) traits, and intellectual disability. ADNP mutations are not limited to ASD; thus, the Gozes group discovered ADNP somatic mutations paralleling Alzheimer’s disease (AD) tauopathy (2), with ADNP playing pivotal roles in maintaining the DNA/chromatin structure (3) and function as well as regulating microtubule vitality (4).

SH3- and actin-binding domains connect ADNP and SHANK3, revealing a fundamental shared mechanism underlying autism.

De novo heterozygous mutations in activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) cause autistic ADNP syndrome. ADNP mutations impair microtubule (MT) function, essential for synaptic activity. The ADNP MT-associating fragment NAPVSIPQ (called NAP) contains an MT end-binding protein interacting domain, SxIP (mimicking the active-peptide, SKIP). We hypothesized that not all ADNP mutations are similarly deleterious and that the NAPV portion of NAPVSIPQ is biologically active. Using the eukaryotic linear motif (ELM) resource, we identified a Src homology 3 (SH3) domain-ligand association site in NAP responsible for controlling signaling pathways regulating the cytoskeleton, namely NAPVSIP. Altogether, we mapped multiple SH3-binding sites in ADNP. Comparisons of the effects of ADNP mutations p.Glu830synfs*83, p.Lys408Valfs*31, p.Ser404* on MT dynamics and Tau interactions (live-cell fluorescence-microscopy) suggested spared toxic function in p.Lys408Valfs*31, with a regained SH3-binding motif due to the frameshift insertion. Site-directed-mutagenesis, abolishing the p.Lys408Valfs*31 SH3-binding motif, produced MT toxicity. NAP normalized MT activities in the face of all ADNP mutations, although, SKIP, missing the SH3-binding motif, showed reduced efficacy in terms of MT-Tau interactions, as compared with NAP. Lastly, SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 3 (SHANK3), a major autism gene product, interact with the cytoskeleton through an actin-binding motif to modify behavior. Similarly, ELM analysis identified an actin-binding site on ADNP, suggesting direct SH3 and indirect SHANK3/ADNP associations. Actin co-immunoprecipitations from mouse brain extracts showed NAP-mediated normalization of Shank3-Adnp-actin interactions. Furthermore, NAP treatment ameliorated aberrant behavior in mice homozygous for the Shank3 ASD-linked InsG3680 mutation, revealing a fundamental shared mechanism between ADNP and SHANK3.

Introducing ADNP and SIRT1 as new partners regulating microtubules and histone methylation.

Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) is essential for brain formation and function. As such, de novo mutations in ADNP lead to the autistic ADNP syndrome and somatic ADNP mutations may drive Alzheimer's disease (AD) tauopathy. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is positively associated with aging, the major risk for AD. Here, we revealed two key interaction sites for ADNP and SIRT1. One, at the microtubule end-binding protein (EB1 and EB3) Tau level, with EB1/EB3 serving as amplifiers for microtubule dynamics, synapse formation, axonal transport, and protection against tauopathy. Two, on the DNA/chromatin site, with yin yang 1, histone deacetylase 2, and ADNP, sharing a DNA binding motif and regulating SIRT1, ADNP, and EB1 (MAPRE1). This interaction was linked to sex- and age-dependent altered histone modification, associated with ADNP/SIRT1/WD repeat-containing protein 5, which mediates the assembly of histone modification complexes. Single-cell RNA and protein expression analyses as well as gene expression correlations placed SIRT1-ADNP and either MAPRE1 (EB1), MAPRE3 (EB3), or both in the same mouse and human cell; however, while MAPRE1 seemed to be similarly regulated to ADNP and SIRT1, MAPRE3 seemed to deviate. Finally, we demonstrated an extremely tight correlation for the gene transcripts described above, including related gene products. This correlation was specifically abolished in affected postmortem AD and Parkinson's disease brain select areas compared to matched controls, while being maintained in blood samples. Thus, we identified an ADNP-SIRT1 complex that may serve as a new target for the understanding of brain degeneration.

Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP)-end-binding protein (EB) interactions regulate microtubule dynamics toward protection against tauopathy.

The 1102-amino-acid activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) was originally discovered by expression cloning through the immunological identification of its 8-amino-acid sequence NAPVSIPQ (NAP), constituting the smallest active neuroprotective fragment of the protein. ADNP expression is essential for brain formation and cognitive function and is dysregulated in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia). ADNP has been found to be mutated in autism, with an estimated prevalence of 0.17% (together, these autism cases now constitute ADNP syndrome cases) and our recent results showed somatic mutations in ADNP in Alzheimer's disease brains correlating with tauopathy. Furthermore, Adnp haploinsufficiency in mice causes an age-dependent reduction in cognitive functions coupled with tauopathy-like features such as an increased formation of tangle-like structures, defective axonal transport, and Tau hyperphosphorylation. ADNP and its derived peptides, NAP and SKIP, directly interact with end-binding proteins (EBs), which decorate plus-tips of the growing axonal cytoskeleton-microtubules (MTs). Functionally, NAP and SKIP are neuroprotective and stimulate axonal transport. Clinical trials have suggested the potential efficacy of NAP (davunetide, CP201) for improving cognitive performance/functional activities of daily living in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and schizophrenia patients, respectively. However, NAP was not found to be an effective treatment (though well-tolerated) for progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) patients. Here we review the molecular mechanism of NAP activity on MTs and how NAP modulates the MT-Tau-EBs crosstalk. We offer a molecular explanation for the different protective potency of NAP in selected tauopathies (aMCI vs. PSP) expressing different ratios/pathologies of the alternatively spliced Tau mRNA and its resulting protein (aMCI expressing similar quantities of the dynamic Tau 3-MT binding isoform (Tau3R) and the Tau 4-MT binding isoform (Tau4R) and PSP enriched in Tau4R pathology). We reveal the direct effect of truncated ADNPs (resulting from de novo autism and newly discovered Alzheimer's disease-related somatic mutations) on MT dynamics. We show that the peptide SKIP affects MT dynamics and MT-Tau association. Since MT impairment is linked with neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental conditions, the current study implicates a paucity/dysregulation of MT-interacting endogenous proteins, like ADNP, as a contributing mechanism and provides hope for NAP and SKIP as MT-modulating drug candidates.

Sex-and Region-Dependent Expression of the Autism-Linked ADNP Correlates with Social- and Speech-Related Genes in the Canary Brain

The activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) syndrome is an autistic-like disorder, instigated by mutations in ADNP. This syndrome is characterized by developmental delays, impairments in speech, motor function, abnormal hearing, and intellectual disabilities. In the Adnp-haploinsufficient mouse model, many of these impediments are evident, appearing in a sex-dependent manner. In zebra finch songbird (ZF; Taeniopygia guttata), an animal model used for song/language studies, ADNP mRNA most robust expression is observed in the cerebrum of young males, potentially corroborating with male ZF exclusive singing behavior and developed cerebral song system. Herein, we report a similar sex-dependent ADNP expression profile, with the highest expression in the cerebrum (qRT-PCR) in the brain of another songbird, the domesticated canary (Serinus canaria domestica). Additional analyses for the mRNA transcripts of the ADNP regulator, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), sister gene ADNP2, and speech-related Forkhead box protein P2 (FoxP2) revealed multiple sex and brain region-dependent positive correlations between the genes (including ADNP). Parallel transcript expression patterns for FoxP2 and VIP were observed alongside specific FoxP2 increase in males compared with females as well as VIP/ADNP2 correlations. In spatial view, a sexually independent extensive form of expression was found for ADNP in the canary cerebrum (RNA in situ hybridization). The songbird cerebral mesopallium area stood out as a potentially high-expressing ADNP tissue, further strengthening the association of ADNP with sense integration and auditory memory formation, previously implicated in mouse and human.

Episignatures Stratifying Helsmoortel-Van Der Aa Syndrome Show Modest Correlation with Phenotype

Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome (HVDAS) is a neurodevelopmental condition associated with intellectual disability/developmental delay, autism spectrum disorder, and multiple medical comorbidities. HVDAS is caused by mutations in activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP). A recent study identified genome-wide DNA methylation changes in 22 individuals with HVDAS, adding to the group of neurodevelopmental disorders with an epigenetic signature. This methylation signature segregated those with HVDAS into two groups based on the location of the mutations. Here, we conducted an independent study on 24 individuals with HVDAS and replicated the existence of the two mutation-dependent episignatures. To probe whether the two distinct episignatures correlate with clinical outcomes, we used deep behavioral and neurobiological data from two prospective cohorts of individuals with a genetic diagnosis of HVDAS. We found limited phenotypic differences between the two HVDAS-affected groups and no evidence that individuals with more widespread methylation changes are more severely affected. Moreover, in spite of the methylation changes, we observed no profound alterations in the blood transcriptome of individuals with HVDAS. Our data warrant caution in harnessing methylation signatures in HVDAS as a tool for clinical stratification, at least with regard to behavioral phenotypes.

Tauopathy in the young autistic brain: novel biomarker and therapeutic target

Given our recent discovery of somatic mutations in autism spectrum disorder (ASD)/intellectual disability (ID) genes in postmortem aged Alzheimer’s disease brains correlating with increasing tauopathy, it is important to decipher if tauopathy is underlying brain imaging results of atrophy in ASD/ID children. We concentrated on activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), a prevalent autism gene. The unique availability of multiple postmortem brain sections of a 7-year-old male, heterozygous for ADNP de novo mutation c.2244Adup/p.His559Glnfs*3 allowed exploration of tauopathy, reflecting on a general unexplored mechanism. The tested subject exhibited autism, fine motor delays, severe intellectual disability and seizures. The patient died after multiple organ failure following liver transplantation. To compare to other ADNP syndrome mutations, immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines from three different patients (including ADNP p.Arg216*, p.Lys408Valfs*31, and p.Tyr719* heterozygous dominant mutations) and a control were subjected to RNA-seq. Immunohistochemistry, high-throughput gene expression profiles in numerous postmortem tissues followed. Comparisons to a control brain and to extensive datasets were used. Live cell imaging investigated Tau-microtubule interaction, protecting against tauopathy. Extensive child brain tauopathy paralleled by multiple gene expression changes was discovered. Tauopathy was explained by direct mutation effects on Tau-microtubule interaction and correction by the ADNP active snippet NAP. Significant pathway changes (empirical P value < 0.05) included over 100 genes encompassing neuroactive ligand–receptor and cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, MAPK and calcium signaling, axon guidance and Wnt signaling pathways. Changes were also seen in steroid biosynthesis genes, suggesting sex differences. Selecting the most affected genes by the ADNP mutations for gene expression analysis, in multiple postmortem tissues, identified Tau (MAPT)-gene-related expression changes compared with extensive normal gene expression (RNA-seq) databases. ADNP showed relatively reduced expression in the ADNP syndrome cerebellum, which was also observed for 25 additional genes (representing >50% of the tested genes), including NLGN1, NLGN2, PAX6, SMARCA4, and SNAP25, converging on nervous system development and tauopathy. NAP provided protection against mutated ADNP disrupted Tau-microtubule association. In conclusion, tauopathy may explain brain-imaging findings in ADNP syndrome children and may provide a new direction for the development of tauopathy protecting drug candidates like NAP in ASD/ID.

VIP/PACAP-Based Drug Development: The ADNP/NAP-Derived Mirror Peptides SKIP and D-SKIP Exhibit Distinctive in vivo and in silico Effects.

Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) was discovered and first characterized in the laboratory of Prof. Illana Gozes to be regulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) toward neuroprotection. Importantly, ADNP is a master regulator of >400 genes, essential for brain formation, while its haploinsufficiency causes cognitive impairments. Recently, de novo mutations in ADNP were identified as leading to the autism-like ADNP syndrome, mimicked by the Adnp-deficient mouse model. Furthermore, novel peptide derivatives of the neuroprotective ADNP-snippet NAP (NAPVSIPQ), developed in our laboratory, include SKIP and the mirroring all D-amino acid SKIP (D-SKIP). We now extended previous evidence suggesting potential antagonistic features for D-SKIP, compared with the neuroprotective peptide SKIP, as was observed by NMR analysis and social/olfactory functional testing. Here, an impact of the Adnp genotype was observed in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test measuring cognition, coupled with improvement by SKIP, opposing the inert/exacerbating effect of D-SKIP. In the elevated plus-maze and open field tests measuring anxiety-related behaviors, contrasting effects of SKIP and D-SKIP were found, with SKIP improving/preserving the normal phenotype of the mouse, and D-SKIP causing alterations. Lastly, an in silico analysis suggested that SKIP and D-SKIP bind the microtubule end binding (EB) proteins EB1 and EB3 in different conformations, thereby indicating distinctive natures for the two peptides, potentially mediating differential in vivo effects. Altogether, our findings corroborate the notion of D-SKIP acting as an antagonist, thus distinguishing it from the neuroprotective SKIP.

Discovery of autism/intellectual disability somatic mutations in Alzheimer's brains: mutated ADNP cytoskeletal impairments and repair as a case study

With Alzheimer’s disease (AD) exhibiting reduced ability of neural stem cell renewal, we hypothesized that de novo mutations controlling embryonic development, in the form of brain somatic mutations instigate the disease. A leading gene presenting heterozygous dominant de novo autism-intellectual disabilities (ID) causing mutations is activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), with intact ADNP protecting against AD-tauopathy. We discovered a genomic autism ADNP mutation (c.2188C>T) in postmortem AD olfactory bulbs and hippocampi. RNA-Seq of olfactory bulbs also identified a novel ADNP hotspot mutation, c.2187_2188insA. Altogether, 665 mutations in 596 genes with 441 mutations in AD patients (389 genes, 38% AD—exclusive mutations) and 104 genes presenting disease-causing mutations (OMIM) were discovered. OMIM AD mutated genes converged on cytoskeletal mechanisms, autism and ID causing mutations (about 40% each). The number and average frequencies of AD-related mutations per subject were higher in AD subjects compared to controls. RNA-seq datamining (hippocampus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, fusiform gyrus and superior frontal gyrus—583 subjects) yielded similar results. Overlapping all tested brain areas identified unique and shared mutations, with ADNP singled out as a gene associated with autism/ID/AD and presenting several unique aging/AD mutations. The large fusiform gyrus library (117 subjects) with high sequencing coverage correlated the c.2187_2188insA ADNP mutation frequency to Braak stage (tauopathy) and showed more ADNP mutations in AD specimens. In cell cultures, the ADNP-derived snippet NAP inhibited mutated-ADNP-microtubule (MT) toxicity and enhanced Tau–MT association. We propose a paradigm-shifting concept in the perception of AD whereby accumulating mosaic somatic mutations promote brain pathology.

ADNP differentially interact with genes/proteins in correlation with aging: a novel marker for muscle aging.

Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) is essential for embryonic development with ADNP mutations leading to syndromic autism, coupled with intellectual disabilities and motor developmental delays. Here, mining human muscle gene-expression databases, we have investigated the association of ADNP transcripts with muscle aging. We discovered increased ADNP and its paralogue ADNP2 expression in the vastus lateralis muscle of aged compared to young subjects, as well as altered expression of the ADNP and the ADNP2 genes in bicep brachii muscle of elderly people, in a sex-dependent manner. Prolonged exercise resulted in decreased ADNP expression, and increased ADNP2 expression in an age-dependent manner in the vastus lateralis muscle. ADNP expression level was further correlated with 49 genes showing age-dependent changes in muscle transcript expression. A high degree of correlation with ADNP was discovered for 24 genes with the leading gene/protein being NMNAT1 (nicotinamide nucleotide adenylyl transferase 1). Looking at correlations differentiating the young and the old muscles and comparing protein interactions revealed an association of ADNP with the cell division cycle 5-like protein (CDC5L), and an aging-muscle-related interactive pathway in the vastus lateralis. In the bicep brachii, very high correlation was detected with genes associated with immune functions as well as mitochondrial structure and function among others. Taken together, the results suggest a direct association of ADNP with muscle strength and implicate ADNP fortification in the protection against age-associated muscle wasting.

Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein deficiency models synaptic and developmental phenotypes of autism-like syndrome.

Previous findings showed that in mice, complete knockout of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) abolishes brain formation, while haploinsufficiency (Adnp+/-) causes cognitive impairments. We hypothesized that mutations in ADNP lead to a developmental/autistic syndrome in children. Indeed, recent phenotypic characterization of children harboring ADNP mutations (ADNP syndrome children) revealed global developmental delays and intellectual disabilities, including speech and motor dysfunctions. Mechanistically, ADNP includes a SIP motif embedded in the ADNP-derived snippet drug candidate NAP (NAPVSIPQ, also known as CP201), which binds to microtubule end-binding protein 3, essential for dendritic spine formation. Here, we established a unique neuronal membrane-tagged, GFP-expressing Adnp+/- mouse line allowing in vivo synaptic pathology quantification. We discovered that Adnp deficiency reduced dendritic spine density and altered synaptic gene expression, both of which were partly ameliorated by NAP treatment. Adnp+/-mice further exhibited global developmental delays, vocalization impediments, gait and motor dysfunctions, and social and object memory impairments, all of which were partially reversed by daily NAP administration (systemic/nasal). In conclusion, we have connected ADNP-related synaptic pathology to developmental and behavioral outcomes, establishing NAP in vivo target engagement and identifying potential biomarkers. Together, these studies pave a path toward the clinical development of NAP (CP201) for the treatment of ADNP syndrome.

Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein recruits HP1 and CHD4 to control lineage-specifying genes

De novo mutations in ADNP, which encodes activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), have recently been found to underlie Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome, a complex neurological developmental disorder that also affects several other organ functions 1 . ADNP is a putative transcription factor that is essential for embryonic development 2 . However, its precise roles in transcriptional regulation and development are not understood. Here we show that ADNP interacts with the chromatin remodeller CHD4 and the chromatin architectural protein HP1 to form a stable complex, which we refer to as ChAHP. Besides mediating complex assembly, ADNP recognizes DNA motifs that specify binding of ChAHP to euchromatin. Genetic ablation of ChAHP components in mouse embryonic stem cells results in spontaneous differentiation concomitant with premature activation of lineage-specific genes and in a failure to differentiate towards the neuronal lineage. Molecularly, ChAHP-mediated repression is fundamentally different from canonical HP1-mediated silencing: HP1 proteins, in conjunction with histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3), are thought to assemble broad heterochromatin domains that are refractory to transcription. ChAHP-mediated repression, however, acts in a locally restricted manner by establishing inaccessible chromatin around its DNA-binding sites and does not depend on H3K9me3-modified nucleosomes. Together, our results reveal that ADNP, via the recruitment of HP1 and CHD4, regulates the expression of genes that are crucial for maintaining distinct cellular states and assures accurate cell fate decisions upon external cues. Such a general role of ChAHP in governing cell fate plasticity may explain why ADNP mutations affect several organs and body functions and contribute to cancer progression1,3,4. Notably, we found that the integrity of the ChAHP complex is disrupted by nonsense mutations identified in patients with Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome, and this could be rescued by aminoglycosides that suppress translation termination 5 . Therefore, patients might benefit from therapeutic agents that are being developed to promote ribosomal read-through of premature stop codons6,7.

Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP): a case study for highly conserved chordata-specific genes shaping the brain and mutated in cancer.

The recent finding of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) as a protein decreased in serum of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to controls, alongside with the discovery of ADNP mutations in autism and coupled with the original description of cancer mutations, ignited an interest for a comparative analysis of ADNP with other AD/autism/cancer-associated genes. We strive toward a better understanding of the molecular structure of key players in psychiatric/neurodegenerative diseases including autism, schizophrenia, and AD. This article includes data mining and bioinformatics analysis on the ADNP gene and protein, in addition to other related genes, with emphasis on recent literature. ADNP is discovered here as unique to chordata with specific autism mutations different from cancer-associated mutation. Furthermore, ADNP exhibits similarities to other cancer/autism-associated genes. We suggest that key genes, which shape and maintain our brain and are prone to mutations, are by in large unique to chordata. Furthermore, these brain-controlling genes, like ADNP, are linked to cell growth and differentiation, and under different stress conditions may mutate or exhibit expression changes leading to cancer propagation. Better understanding of these genes could lead to better therapeutics.

Expansion of the clinical phenotype associated with mutations in activity-dependent neuroprotective protein

Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) is a highly conserved transcription factor comprised of nine-zinc finger domains and a homeobox domain.1 ,2 It is highly expressed prenatally during critical stages of embryonic...