Erythrocyte Antioxidant Enzyme Activities Research Articles

Impaired enzymatic antioxidant defense in erythrocytes of rats with ammonia-induced encephalopathy: role NMDA receptors

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE), a medical term that deals with a neuropsychiatric disorder seen in patients with severe hepatic dysfunction, has been known for more than a century, however, pathogenetic mechanisms underlying cerebral dysfunction during conditions of liver disease are still not entirely understood. There is a consensus that an accumulation of ammonia in brain as a result of impaired detoxification capacity of the liver or the appearance of a portosystemic shunt is a primary cause of HE. Current evidence suggests that ammonia toxicity is mediated by hyperactivation of glutamate receptors, mainly N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA-R) and affects many processes of aerobic metabolism that provides energy for a myriad of specific functions and viability of nerve cells. Recent reports on the presence of functional NMDA receptors in erythrocytes and deviations from normal ranges in many blood test parameters that was indicative of impaired hemodynamics and reduced carrying capacity for oxygen in erythrocytes in most patients with HE implicate the relationship between “erythrocyte damage” and cerebral dysfunction. In order to understand how, during hyperammonemia, disturbances in energy metabolism in brain that needs a constant supply of a high level of oxygen in the blood lead to encephalopathy, it is necessary to reveal ammonia-induced disorders in energy metabolism and antioxidant defense system of erythrocytes and explore the potential role of ammonia in reduced brain oxygenation. To detect the said missing link, the activities of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes and concentrations of GSH, GSSG and H2O2 were measured in animals with hyperammonemia by using MK-801, a powerful noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist. It was found that the accumulation of ammonia in the blood of animals with hyperammonemia occurs within rat erythrocytes in large amounts and makes these cells which do not contain enzymes for the removal of ammonia, more susceptible to a prooxidant environment of ammonia created during oxidative stress that was completely or partially inhibited with the help of MK-801. Data obtained provide a support to identification of extra risk factors in cognitive disorders and in the prediction of unfavorable outcome with hypoperfusion in patients with elevated concentrations of ammonia in the blood.

Total Antioxidant Capacity, Lipid Peroxidation, and Erythrocyte Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Subjects with Obesity: A Case-Control Study

Introduction: Considering that the prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically in recent years, one of the key targets of public health is obesity and its associated pathological conditions. Recent evidence suggests that oxidative stress (OS) may be the mechanistic link between obesity and the development of metabolic and vascular diseases related to obesity. In this study, it was hypothesized that obesity would be associated with lipid peroxidation (LP) and antioxidant enzyme activities in erythrocytes. Methods: In this case-control study, 80 subjects with obesity and 80 age- and gender-matched subjects with normal weight were selected from the health centers affiliated with Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Iran. General information was gathered from each participant using questionnaires. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as well as, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) activities underwent assessment. Results: The study sample consisted of 160 obese adults (42.5% males and 57.5% females, with a mean age of 41.0±7.6 years). Serum MDA levels (P=0.016) and erythrocyte SOD activity (P=0.013) were significantly higher in subjects with obesity compared to non-obese controls. Moreover, subjects with obesity had significantly lower serum TAC (P=0.008) in comparison to the controls. There were no significant differences in erythrocyte GPX and CAT activities between subjects with obesity and non-obese controls. Significant positive correlations were observed between body mass index (BMI) and serum MDA levels (r=-0.461, P<0.001) and erythrocyte SOD activity (r=-0.442, P=0.002). Furthermore, a significant inverse correlation was found between BMI and serum TAC levels (r=-0.426, P=0.008). Conclusion: The present findings provide further evidence suggesting that obesity leads to substantial LP and OS, which, in turn, may contribute to the development of obesity-related diseases.

Effect of Diet and Supplementation on Serum Vitamin C Concentration and Antioxidant Activity in Dialysis Patients

Loss of vitamin C, especially in conjunction with an inadequate supply, can lead to decreased plasma concentrations of vitamin C. This in turn can lead to overt or subclinical deficiency. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of diet and supplementation on vitamin C concentrations and serum antioxidant activity (FRAP) in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Sixty-eight HD patients participated in the study. In all of them, the diet was initially determined, and they were divided into five groups according to the diet and supplementation used. Group 1 received an unchanged diet, considered by them to be optimal; in group 2, the standard diet used in HD patients was introduced; in group 3, a standard diet enriched with natural antioxidants was employed; in group 4, a standard diet as in group 2 was used, but enriched with supplements (vitamin C, vitamin E, Se, and Zn). In contrast, group 5 consisted of HD patients with coexisting diabetes. Vitamin C serum levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC and antioxidant activity by The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma FRAP. The study shows that a well-chosen diet can slow the build-up of malnutrition and increase antioxidant activity as measured by the FRAP method in the blood of hemodialysis patients. Vitamin C supplementation can improve antioxidant status in hemodialysis patients. * The results presented in this paper complement our study, which assessed the effect of diet on the activity of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes: Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), but also on the concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants (tocopherols, carotenoids, and vitamin C) in hemodialysis patients. In the study, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were assessed as an indicator of oxidative damage.

Activity of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes in healthy women depends on age, BMI, physical activity, and diet

IntroductionAntioxidant enzymes protect the human body against the harmful effects of oxidative stress. The activity of antioxidant enzymes changes with age and depends on dietary nutrients such as fats and vitamins, which can have a significant impact on minimizing or exacerbating oxidative stress.AimTo examine the effect of age, BMI, diet, physical activity, and smoking status on the activity of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione concentrations in healthy women.Material and methodsThis study included 98 healthy women aged between 20 and 65 years. All women underwent anthropometric tests: body weight, height, hip, and waist circumference. Antioxidant activity in erythrocytes was measured by spectrophotometric methods.ResultsCatalase activity increased significantly with age (p < 0.001), while superoxide dismutase activities and glutathione decreased with age (p = 0.008, p = 0.023, respectively). Women with a lower BMI (emaciation) had higher superoxide dismutase activity than those in the first degree of obesity (p = 0.009).Conclusions(1) Increased catalase activity with age may signify a large amount of hydrogen peroxide resulting from malfunctioning antioxidant systems in old age. (2) A decline in superoxide dismutase activity with age may indicate inactivation of this enzyme, inappropriate SOD function in the presence of excessive amounts of hydrogen peroxide, and glycation of superoxide dismutase molecules. (3) A negative correlation between superoxide dismutase activity and the BMI index may indicate a decreased enzymatic activity in obese people.

Protective Effect of Melatonin Against Malathion Induced Alterations in Antioxidant Defense System and Morphology of Erythrocytes in Wistar Rats

Malathion intoxication has been shown to produce oxidative stress due to the generation of free radicals and alter the antioxidant defense system in erythrocytes. Previous studies have shown the ameliorative role melatonin against oxidative stress induced by generation of free radicals. Present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of melatonin against malathion induced oxidative stress. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control; Melatonin (10mg/Kg body weight) group; Malathion (250mg/Kg body weight) treated group; Malathion + Melatonin treated group. Animals were administered an acute dose of malathion orally. The result of this study shows that in vivo administration of malathion caused inhibition in AChE activity in erythrocytes. Malathion intoxication also significantly increased the oxidative damage as evidenced by increased level of LPO and GSH content. The Inhibition of GSH level and increased lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes was relieved in malathion + melatonin group. Enhanced activities of SOD, CAT, GR and GPx were observed in erythrocytes of malathion treated rats as compared to control group. Moreover, melatonin supplementation in malathion treated rats maintain normal level of antioxidant enzymes as compared to malathion treated rats which indicates that melatonin provide protection against malathion-induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes. No significant change in the membrane bound enzymes such as Na+/K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase was observed in malathion intoxicated rats. Findings of scanning electron micrographs of erythrocytes revealed that both the malathion treated and malathion+melatonin treated groups exhibited morphological changes in erythrocytes. However, concomitant melatonin supplementation normalized the morphological alterations in erythrocytes induced by malathion toxicity. In conclusion, melatonin supplementation may ameliorate malathion-induced oxidative imbalance by enhancing the glutathione level, reducing lipid peroxidation and normalizing antioxidant enzyme activities in erythrocytes.

Serum levels of anti-carbonic anhydrase antibodies and erythrocyte oxidative stress markers in endometriosis

Aim: To evaluate the serum levels of anti-carbonic anhydrase I-II antibodies and erythrocyte oxidative stress markers in endometriosis. Method: This case-control laboratory investigation was performed in the obstetrics and gynecology department of a tertiary center. Serum anti-carbonic anhydrase I and II antibodies and erythrocyte oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) were compared with control group (n = 30) in the endometriosis group (n = 33). Correlation between carbonic anhydrase autoantibodies and oxidative stress markers were tested. Results: Serum levels of anti-carbonic anhydrase II antibodies were found to be significantly increased in the endometriosis group compared to controls. The erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) and malondialdehyde levels in erythrocytes were increased in endometriosis group; but only glutathione peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde levels were significantly higher in endometriosis group. No correlation was detected between anti-carbonic anhydrase antibodies and oxidative stress markers. Conclusions: Our results indicate that erythrocyte oxidative stress and anti-carbonic anhydrase antibodies may be involved in the pathophysiology of endometriosis.

Cannabidiol on 5-FU-induced oral mucositis in mice.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical, histological, hematological, and oxidative stress effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in mice with induced oral mucositis. We used 90 mice of the CF-1 strain in which oral mucositis was induced using a protocol with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy. The animals were divided randomly into 10 study groups. Three groups were treated with different doses of CBD (3, 10, and 30mg/kg), while 2 were control groups (positive control: 5-FU+mechanical trauma+placebo; and negative control: mechanical trauma+placebo), and 2 experimental times were studied (4 and 7days). All treatments were by intraperitoneal administration. In the clinical evaluation, the groups treated with CBD showed less severity of oral lesions compared with the positive control at both experimental times. The intensity of the inflammatory response was also lower in the groups treated with this drug, but there was no statistically significant difference when compared with the positive control. With regard to erythrocyte, leukocyte, and platelet counts and anti-oxidant enzyme activity, the groups treated with CBD showed better results, but only some of these variables showed statistically significant differences. CBD seems to exert an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity favoring a faster resolution of oral mucositis in this animal model.

Olive cake reduces glycaemia and lipemia and increases antioxidant enzymes in STZ-induced diabetes in rat erythrocytes and tissues

Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of olive cake (CO) on glycaemia and lipemia and lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activities in erythrocytes and tissues, in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Design/methodology/approach Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (55 mg/kg BW). In total, 12 diabetic D rats, weighing 260 ± 20 g, were divided into two groups fed a casein diet supplemented (D-OC) or not (D) with OC (7.5 per cent), for four weeks. Findings In D-OC compared with D, glycaemia, total cholesterol and triglycerides values (−40 per cent; p = 0.007, 27 per cent; p = 0.007 and −27 per cent; p = 0.0019). In erythrocyte, liver, kidney, heart, muscle and brain, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances contents were respectively, (−19 per cent; p = 0.03, −32 per cent; p = 0.002, −20 per cent; p = 0.04, −68 per cent; p = 0.003, −74 per cent; p = 0.0003 and −38 per cent; p = 0.04). In erythrocyte, SOD, GSH-Px and CAT activities were respectively, (+14 per cent; p = 0.01, +74 per cent; p = 0.012 and +34 per cent; p = 0.0009). In the liver, kidney, heart and muscle, SOD activity was respectively, (+31 per cent; p = 0.004, +12 per cent; p = 0.038, +43 per cent; p = 0.001 and +23 per cent; p = 0.18). GSH-Px activity was respectively, (+121 per cent; p = 0.0009, 89 per cent; p = 0.0006, + 95 per cent; p = 0.008, +71 per cent; p = 0.02 and +26 per cent; p = 0.01), in the liver, kidney, heart, muscle and brain. Catalase activity was (+21 per cent; p = 0.008) in the liver, (+88 per cent; p = 0.0002 in the kidney, +53 per cent; p = 0,002 in the heart and 83 per cent; p = 0.00004 in the muscle). Originality/value In diabetic rats, OC reduces hyperglycaemia induced by STZ and attenuates triglyceridemia and cholesterolemia. This residue is able to decrease the oxidative stress by increasing the antioxidant enzymes activity in erythrocytes and tissues. The high contents of phytoconstituents present in OC are considered to be responsible for this effect.

Genotoxic and epigenotoxic effects in mice exposed to concentrated ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from S\xe3o Paulo city, Brazil

BackgroundThe Metropolitan Area of São Paulo has a unique composition of atmospheric pollutants, and positive correlations between exposure and the risk of diseases and mortality have been observed. Here we assessed the effects of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on genotoxic and global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation changes, as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes, in tissues of AJ mice exposed whole body to ambient air enriched in PM2.5, which was concentrated in a chamber near an avenue of intense traffic in São Paulo City, Brazil.ResultsMice exposed to concentrated ambient PM2.5 (1 h daily, 3 months) were compared to in situ ambient air exposed mice as the study control. The concentrated PM2.5 exposed group presented increased levels of the oxidized nucleoside 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine in lung and kidney DNA and increased levels of the etheno adducts 1,N6-etheno-2′-deoxyadenosine and 1,N2-etheno-2′-deoxyguanosine in kidney and liver DNA, respectively. Apart from the genotoxic effects, the exposure to PM2.5 led to decreased levels of the epigenetic mark 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in lung and liver DNA. Changes in lung, liver, and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities were also observed. Decreased glutathione reductase and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were observed in the lungs, while the liver presented increased glutathione S-transferase and decreased SOD activities. An increase in SOD activity was also observed in erythrocytes. These changes are consistent with the induction of local and systemic oxidative stress.ConclusionsMice exposed daily to PM2.5 at a concentration that mimics 24-h exposure to the mean concentration found in ambient air presented, after 3 months, increased levels of DNA lesions related to the occurrence of oxidative stress in the lungs, liver, and kidney, in parallel to decreased global levels of 5-hmC in lung and liver DNA. Genetic and epigenetic alterations induced by pollutants may affect the genes committed to cell cycle control, apoptosis, and cell differentiation, increasing the chance of cancer development, which merits further investigation.

Research of the cadmium intoxication effect on the model of vitamin-mineral deficiency in rats

The article presents the results of the study aimed at confirmation of the effectiveness of the rats' adaptive potential reduction under conditions of cadmium salt toxic effects. The 65-days experiment was conducted in male and female Wistar rats. Animals were divided into 6 groups of 3 control and 3 experimental, 30 males and females in each. In total 360 rats were used in the experiment (180 females and 180 males). Rats of the 1st control group received a diet with optimal (75% of the standard semisyntethic diet content) dosage of vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6 and mineral substances, Fe3+ and Mg2+, the rats of the 2nd and the 3rd control group - diets with marginal (30% for males and 28% for females) and submarginal (19% for males and 18% for females) doses of essential micronutrients. Animals of the 1-3th experimental groups received Cd2+ on the background of optimal, marginal and submarginal providing of essential micronutrients. The hematological, biochemical and morphological parameters and the antioxidant status of rats have been studied. The obtained results allowed to identify patterns of cadmium toxic effect strengthen on the background of essential nutrients reducing (in the row from optimal to submarginal). These changes showed erythrocyte and platelet blood profiles, and a set of indicators of the antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation of blood and liver. Thus, the activity of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes - glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in rats of the 1st experimental group were on average by 23% higher than in animals of the 1st control group, the rats of the 2nd and the 3rd experimental groups by 62 and 67% higher, respectively. The content of lipid peroxidation products in blood and liver of male and female rats showed a similar trend: an increase by 5% in the 1st experimental group by 9 and 25% in the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups respectively. Thus, the modification of the diets' vitamin-mineral composition may be used as a model of adaptive potential reduction in rats in the toxicological research of objects with unknown toxicity, in particular novel food products.

Antiplasmodial and antioxidant activities of chloroform extract of Ganoderma lucidum fruit body in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice

From our previous study extract of the fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum possessed promising curative potential against Plasmodium berghei in mice. Thus, we hypothesized that infection with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei together with crude chloroform extract (CCE) of G. lucidum, at 250 mg/kg body weight would enhance various aspects of antiplasmodial activities in mice. Mice were treated with CCE or chloroquine (CQ) for seventy-two hours prior to infection with P. berghei and monitored closely until signs of death were observed in untreated mice and then sacrificed. Parasitaemia, hepatic function, and oxidative stress markers analyses were performed at the end of the experiment. CCE-treated mice displayed lower parasitemia compared with untreated mice. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT) activities; and the erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA) level were significantly (p<0.0001) lower in the extract and CQ-treated mice. Erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes (GPx, GST, SOD and G6PDH) activities were significantly (p<0.0001) higher in CCE-treated mice compared with CQ-treated and untreated control. Though chloroquine treatment reduced parasitemia and MDA considerably compared with extract, there was reduced production of the antioxidant defense enzymes. This study shows that CCE of G. lucidum reduces parasitemia and improves the attendant consequences of Plasmodium berghei-malarial infection in mice.

Elevated DNA Damage, Oxidative Stress, and Impaired Response Defense System Inflicted in Patients With Myocardial Infarction.

Ischemic tissue damage in myocardial infarction (MI) is allied with the exaggerated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) beyond the countering capability of chain-breaking radical scavengers, fallouts in the form of oxidatively burdened myocardial tissue. One hundred and twenty five patients with MI were included in the study to evaluate the dynamics of redox status of patients by monitoring the antioxidant potential, biomarkers of oxidative stress, lipid indices, RBC membrane damage when compared to healthy individuals in patients with MI congregated on the basis of Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score, risk factors, and age. Higher levels of malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, lipid indices, ROS content, and membrane deterioration in erythrocytes were seen in patients with MI. Furthermore, reduced activities of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes and lower concentrations of antioxidant molecules, plus reduced total antioxidant capacity, were observed in plasma of all patients with MI with respect to control. However, elevation in oxidative stress was found to be significantly marked in patients having GRACE score >100, risk factors, and MI >45 years when compared to patients with GRACE score ≤100, without risk factors, and MI ≤45 years, respectively. These findings indicate the existence of increased oxidative damage and reduced antioxidant potential in patients with MI have a potent relationship with their GRACE risk score, risk factors, and age.

Emerging role of Interleukins IL-23/IL-17 axis and biochemical markers in the pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes: Association with age and gender in human subjects

Chronic hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Keeping the above fact into consideration we analyse the effect of age and gender on oxidative stress biomarkers and pro-inflammatory cytokines in T2D patients. The study included 148 diabetic and 110 healthy subjects, grouped on the basis of age and gender. Plasma malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl content and nitric oxide levels were elevated significantly in diabetic patients, with significant decrease in Ferric reducing ability of plasma, vitamin C, reduced glutathione, erythrocyte thiol groups and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activity and these changes were even more pronounced as age progressed. Serum IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-22 levels and TNF-α mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in all the age groups whereas IL-23 mRNA was upregulated only in the higher age group. Female diabetic patients experienced higher oxidative stress and greater serum IL-6 levels and TNF-α mRNA expression as compared to their male counterparts. This study suggested that diabetes onset is accompanied with increased oxidative stress and elevated levels of inflammatory mediators. The effect was more prominent in aged patients. Female patients experienced greater oxidative stress as compared to males of those age groups with slightly higher levels of inflammatory cytokines.

Altered antioxidant enzyme activity with severity and comorbidities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in South Indian population

BackgroundOxidative stress has been suggested in the pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) with an additional burden of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. In the present study, we investigated erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes activities in correlation to COPD severity and COPD comorbidities.MethodsOne hundred twenty seven subjects with COPD and 59 healthy controls participated in this study. COPD severity was done based on the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease criteria. The erythrocytes enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were measured with spectrophotometric method.ResultsCOPD patients showed significant decrease in TAS (p > 0.05), GST (p < 0.001) and GPx (p < 0.01) activities with progression of the disease. In patients, FEV1 was negatively correlated with SOD, GR and positively correlated with GST and GPx activities. Further, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed GST (OR = 0.93; 95% CI = -0.10 – 0.01; p < 0.01), GPx (OR = 0.98; 95% CI = -0.03 – 0.00; p < 0.05) and TAS (OR = 0.95; 95% CI = -0.08 – 0.00; p < 0.05) were independently associated with FEV1 in GOLD stage IV and GST (OR = 1.11; 95% CI = 0.04–0.18; p < 0.001) in GOLD stage II. Regression analysis confirmed a significant difference in GPx activity in COPD – type 2 diabetes (OR = 0.04; 95% CI = -6.60 – 0.53; P = 0.09), and GST activity in COPD – cardiovascular disease (OR = 2.51; 95% CI = 0.00 - 1.84; p < 0.05) patients when compared to patients without comorbidities.ConclusionA significant decline in lung function may be associated with altered antioxidant enzyme activity due to the strong correlation between GST and GPx with COPD severity. Our results also indicate that erythrocytes GST and GPX activities are significantly associated with comorbidities, but only in COPD patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Antioxidant status of sportsmen performing measured physical loading during recreational periods

The purpose of the current scientific work was to study the condition of antioxidant status in sportsmen of different specializations and degree of training during measured physical training and recreational periods. 71 male sportsmen (18-25 years old) were studied. The control group included 15 practically healthy student volunteers of the same age who did not train. Physical loading was a cardiac stress test. Blood was taken by means of venipuncture in the condition of rest 5 and 30 minutes after work on a biological display stand in the volume of 13 500-27 000 kgf×m. Biochemical investigations were performed in blood plasma and erythrocytes. They included measuring of ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, caeruloplasmin, antiradical activity, intensity of chemiluminescence in consider of general antioxidant activity, enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Comprehensive analysis of lipoprotein fractions was performed taking into consideration diagnostic rates. Dependence of the antioxidant status of sportsmen on the degree of training and specializations was determined. Thus, at rest higher content of blood plasma ascorbic acid in well-trained sportsmen (more than 23.2% in acyclic kinds of sports and 11.9% in cyclic kinds of sports) was revealed. In highly qualified sportsmen the content of this vitamin was lower by 19.6%. Also the well-trained sportsmen have lower values of erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities. α-tocopherol blood plasma level and glutathione peroxidase activity as well as antioxidant enzyme activity in general corresponded with blood plasma content of ascorbic acid. Blood plasma decrease of ascorbic acid in all studied groups and α-tocopherol in nontrained group was noted after dosage physical loading and recreational periods. At the background of changes of various sorts of activity of enzyme antioxidants and indicators of deep analysis of lipoprotein spectrum protection was stressed. Recommendations on sport nutrition enrichment with vitamins and mineral substances of antioxidant action were developed.

интенсивность свободнорадикальных процессов крови крыс при глубокой гипотермии и в ходе самосогревания

Hypothermic conditions of homoisothermic organisms are characterized by the activation of free-radical processes in tissues. The intensity of these processes occurring at hypothermia is less well understood. The essential increase in heart rate, breathing, blood flow velocity, and metabolic processes during warming must stimulate the generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative modification of biomolecules. We study the levels of peroxidation markers of lipids (by malondialdehyde) and proteins (by carbonyl groups) in blood plasma and erythrocytes as well as the activity of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes of rats after deep hypothermia (the temperature in the rectum was 20°C) and self-warming dynamics. A maximum warming rate (0.016°С/min) was revealed over the body temperature range of 22–33°С, below and above these temperatures a warming rate was essentially lower. The warming of rats resulted in a total protein content reduction which negatively correlates (r = –0.967; р&amp;#60;0.05) with a middle molecular peptide level. The deep hypothermia decreased the intensity of oxidative modification of lipid and proteins in blood plasma and red blood cell membranes, and the activity of red blood cell superoxide dismutase (SOD). Maximum amount of products of oxidative modification of lipids and proteins in plasma and erythrocytes membranes caused by rats’ self-warming was observed at body temperature of 30–35°С. After a complete rats’ warming the intensity of oxidative modification of lipids and proteins in plasma and erythrocyte membranes decreased. The activity of SOD and catalase of erythrocyte substantially increased when body temperature reached 35°С. The obtained data indicate that during self-warming at the body temperature of 30–35°С the oxidative stress appears in blood which requires the use of antioxidant defense.

Erythrocyte Membrane Bound ATPase and Antioxidant Enzyme Changes Associated with Vascular Calcification is Reduced by Sodium Thiosulfate

Sodium thiosulfate (STS), a cyanide antidote has been reported to possess antioxidant and calcium chelation effects, useful for the treatment of renal failure due to vascular calcification and urolithiasis. The present study investigated the in vivo modulatory effects of STS on erythrocyte calcium, phosphorous levels, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme and membrane ATPase activities (Ca2+, Na+K+, Mg2+ and 5'' nucleotidase) in an adenine induced model of vascular calcification in rats. Adenine (0.75%) was supplemented through the diet for 28days, which resulted in significantly (P<0.05) increased circulating calcium and phosphorous product and oxidative stress within the RBCs, as measured from lipid peroxidation and reduced antioxidant enzymes. The membrane ATPase activities were altered (increased Ca2+, Na+K+ ATPase and decreased Mg+ ATPase, 5' nucleotidase) compared to the rats fed on normal diet. STS (400mg/kg) given orally was effective in establishing a normalcy in the RBC alterations. This effect was more pronounced, when STS was given from day 28 to day 49 after induction of calcification, instead of day 0 to day 28. These findings may benefit to evaluate the effectiveness of STS therapy in patients with chronic renal failure associated with increased circulating calcium and phosphorous product that leads to stiffening of vascular smooth muscles of aorta, due to calcium deposition.

Enzyme Activities in Erythrocytes of Term and Preterm Newborns

The decrease of erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activity should be considered as a possible cause of hemolysis when there is no evidence of an immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, no consumptive red blood cell disorder, no morphologic or laboratory data to suggest a problem of the red cell membrane, and no evidence of a quantitative or qualitative defect in hemoglobin synthesis. Glutatione has a pilot role in orchestrating the redox balance when there is an excess reactive oxygen species production or defective antioxidant defenses that may have deleterious consequences in various perinatal diseases. Neonatal erythrocytes are a target of extracellular free radicals and in the same time generators of free radicals through Fenton reaction. The complex mechanism underlying the increased oxidative stress susceptibility of neonatal erythrocytes requires further investigation.

Simvastatin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers attenuate the atherogenic risk of erythrocytes in hyperlipidemic rats

This study aimed to investigate the effect of simvastatin (SV) loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (SV loaded NLCs) on atherogenic index (AI), erythrocytes membrane lipid and antioxidant/pro-oxidant status in hyperlipidemic rats. SV loaded NLCs were successfully prepared with desired nano-particles size, spherical shape, high encapsulation efficiency (EE %) and sustained SV release. The results of biological studies revealed that administration of SV loaded NLCs to rats increased SV bioavailability compared to SV suspension. Intraperitoneal injection of tyloxapol as hyperlipidemic agent induces a significant increase of plasma AI, uric acid, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. While, plasma total antioxidant capacity and paraoxonase-1 activity were significantly decreased. Moreover, tyloxapol induced-hyperlipidemia increases erythrocyte's membrane cholesterol and deteriorates erythrocyte's antioxidant enzyme activity, GSH/GSSG ratio and NO level However, the propagation of erythrocyte's pro-oxidant activity and hemolysis was observed. On the contrast, the treatment of these rats with SV loaded NLCs improved the measured parameters compared to rats received SV suspension and hyperlipidemic rats. The predominant effect of SV loaded NLCs may be attributed to the enhancement of absorption, prolonged duration and improvement of bioavailability of SV. Accordingly, SV loaded NLCs showed advantageous effects on the blood lipid levels and atherogenic risk of erythrocytes in hyperlipidemic conditions compared to SV suspension.

Effects of Single and Combined Losartan and Tempol Treatments on Oxidative Stress, Kidney Structure and Function in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats with Early Course of Proteinuric Nephropathy.

Oxidative stress has been widely implicated in both hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hypertension is a major risk factor for CKD progression. In the present study we have investigated the effects of chronic single tempol (membrane-permeable radical scavenger) or losartan (angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker) treatment, and their combination on systemic oxidative status (plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (pTBARS) production, plasma antioxidant capacity (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, pABTS), erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes activities) and kidney oxidative stress (kTBARS, kABTS, kidney antioxidant enzymes activities), kidney function and structure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with the early course of adriamycin-induced nephropathy. Adult SHR were divided into five groups. The control group received vehicle, while the other groups received adriamycin (2 mg/kg, i.v.) twice in a 21-day interval, followed by vehicle, losartan (L,10 mg/kg/day), tempol (T,100 mg/kg/day) or combined T+L treatment (by gavage) during a six-week period. Adriamycin significantly increased proteinuria, plasma lipid peroxidation, kidney protein oxidation, nitrite excretion, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) protein expression and nestin immunostaining in the kidney. Also, it decreased kidney antioxidant defense, kidney NADPH oxidase 4 (kNox4) protein expression and abolished anti-inflammatory response due to significant reduction of kidney NADPH oxidase 2 (kNox2) protein expression in SHR. All treatments reduced protein-to-creatinine ratio (marker of proteinuria), pTBARS production, kidney protein carbonylation, nitrite excretion, increased antioxidant capacity and restored kidney nestin expression similar to control. Both single treatments significantly improved systemic and kidney antioxidant defense, bioavailability of renal nitric oxide, reduced kMMP-1 protein expression and renal injury, thus retarded CKD progression. Losartan improved blood pressure, as well as tubular injury and restored anti-inflammatory defense by reverting kNox2 expression to the control level. Interestingly, tempol was more successful in reducing systemic oxidative stress, proteinuria, kMMP-1 and glomerulosclerosis. However, combined treatment failed to overcome the beneficial effects of single treatments in slowing down the progression of ADR-induced nephropathy in SHR.