Endogenous Antioxidant Activity Research Articles

Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antioxidant properties of extracts from leaves, stem-barks and roots of <i>Pterocarpus Erinaceus</i>

Oxidative stress is found to be associated with the etiology of several human diseases. Free radicals are the causative agent of oxidative stress, and can be scavenged by either natural (plants) or synthetic antioxidants. Synthetic antioxidants have some side effects which push a lot of research focuses on natural antioxidants. Pterocarpus erinaceus is a medicinal plant employed as traditional remedy for the treatment of several diseases associated with oxidative stress. This basis, the present study aimed at screening phytochemical and evaluating antioxidant properties of extracts from leaves, stem-barks and roots of Pterocarpus erinaceus. Leaves, stem-barks and roots of Pterocarpus erinaceous after collection were air-dried and pulverized. Each was extracted with methanol and the methanolic extracts were used. Phytochemicals were screened, in vitro, and in vivo antioxidant studies conducted. Rats were grouped into; Group 1: Normal control (liquid paraffin, vehicle 1 ml.kg), Group 2: Negative control (received 1 ml/kg CCl4), Group 3: Positive control (received 1ml/kg CCl4 +1 ml/kg Silymarin), Group 4-6: Extract treated rats (received 1 ml/kg CCl4 + varied doses of Extracts at 100, 200, and 400mg/kg body weight of rats). The treatment was done daily via oral means for 14 days. The results of the study showed Pterocarpus erinaceus rich in different phytochemicals which possess free radicals scavenging properties. In vivo study revealed that Pterocarpus erinaceus could ameliorate CCl4 toxicity in a way that seem to be via elevation of endogenous antioxidant activities. In conclusion, the leaves of Pterocarpus Erinaceus possessed more of the components rich with antioxidant properties hence its recommendation for further study to identify molecules enshrined therein.

CARDIOPROTECTIVE AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF THE ARILS OF THE FRUIT OF BLIGHIA SAPIDA KD KOENIG (SAPINDACEAE) IN ISOPRENALINE-INDUCED MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN WISTAR RATS

Coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction are major global health issues, with myocardial infarction becoming more common. In the current study, the cardioprotective effects of methanol extract from the aril of the Blighia sapida fruit were assessed in relation to certain cardiac function biomarkers, endogenous antioxidant activity, and the pathology of the heart in Wistar rats that had undergone isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction. Phytochemical screening was according to methods described by Trease and Evans. The LD50 of the extract was calculated using Lorke’s approach. The LD50 was calculated using nine (9) Wistar rats. For cardioprotective and antioxidant activities, six groups of seven Wistar rats each were formed from forty-two (42), which were divided at random. Group 1 were administered 1ml of normal saline daily, group 2 through 4 were pretreated with 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 750 mg/kg of the extract, respectively, for 28 days. Group 5 were administered 85 mg/kg of isoprenaline on days 26 and 27, 24 hours apart to cause myocardial infarction. Group 6 served as the positive control (pretreated with 2 mg/kg carvedilol for 28 days). The plant contains bioactive substances like alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, cardiac glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides, steroid glycosides, cardenolides, terpenes, and tannins. No mortality even at a dose of 5000mg/kg. Glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase all show considerable increases. Total troponin, troponin c, troponin I, creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, and myoglobin, significantly decreased when compared to the isoprenaline group. Additionally, there was a significant drop in the levels of some biochemical markers in the extract treated groups compared to the isoprenaline control. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and ALT, AST, and ALP significantly decreased. Histological analysis revealed some degree of cardiac modification and a notable improvement. According to the data, the extract contains modest antioxidant and cardioprotective characteristics

Changes in Cortisol and in Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Indicators after ADHD Treatment.

Although ADHD is one of the most prevalent diseases during childhood, we still do not know its precise origin; oxidative/nitrosative stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are suggested contributors. Methylphenidate, among others, is the main drug used in ADHD patients, but its effects on relevant markers and structures remain unclear. This study, involving 59 patients diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM-5 criteria, aimed to assess changes in cortisol levels (using cortisol awakening response, CAR) and oxidative/nitrosative status with the treatment. Blood samples before and 3 months after treatment with methylphenidate were used to measure oxidative and inflammatory markers, as well as the endogenous antioxidant activity, while saliva samples tracked cortisol awakening response (CAR). The results showed a treatment-related improvement in the redox profile, with the reduction in advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and nitrite plus nitrate (NOx) levels, and the increase in the enzymatic activities of glutathione reductase (GRd) and catalase (CAT). Moreover, the area under the curve (AUC) of CAR increased significantly, indicating increased reactivity of the HPA axis. These results support, for the first time, the involvement of the endogenous antioxidant system in the pathophysiology of ADHD.

Schisandra chinensis in Liver Disease: Exploring the Mechanisms and Therapeutic Promise of an Ancient Chinese Botanical

Background: Schisandra chinensis is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been used for centuries for liver health. The active lignans in Schisandra, including schisandrin and gomisins, have exhibited anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties in preliminary studies. With rising rates of chronic liver diseases globally, there is interest in the potential therapeutic role of Schisandra. Purpose: To comprehensively review the current evidence for Schisandra chinensis in treating liver injury and disease and synthesize implications for future human research. Main body: Schisandra extracts decreased inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers and increased endogenous antioxidant activity in animal models, suggesting utility in mitigating liver inflammation and damage. Additional preclinical studies demonstrated attenuated liver enzyme levels, necrosis, and fibrosis progression in chemical-induced hepatotoxicity with Schisandra treatment. Enhanced cytochrome P450 activity, glutathione production, and glycogen synthesis were also observed, improving detoxification and regeneration capacity. Small human trials in hepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease showed improved liver enzymes and symptoms with Schisandra supplementation but were limited in quality and sample size. Conclusion: Schisandra chinensis has biologically relevant mechanisms that warrant further human research on its role as a hepatoprotective phytotherapy. Well-designed, large-scale clinical trials are needed to establish efficacy and safety for liver disease applications.

Drought Stress Alleviator Melatonin Reconfigures Water-Stressed Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Plants' Photosynthetic Efficiency, Antioxidant Capacity, and Endogenous Phytohormone Profile.

The production of crops is severely limited by water scarcity. We still do not fully understand the underlying mechanism of exogenous melatonin (MT)-mediated water stress tolerance in barley. This study is the first of its kind to show how MT can potentially mitigate changes in barley's physio-biochemical parameters caused by water deficiency. Barley was grown under three irrigation levels (100%, 70%, and 30% of field capacity) and was foliar sprayed with 70 μM MT. The results showed that exogenously applied MT protected the photosynthetic apparatus by improving photosynthetic pigment content, photochemical reactions of photosynthesis, Calvin cycle enzyme activity, gas exchange capacity, chlorophyll fluorescence system, and membrane stability index. Furthermore, the increased levels of salicylic acid, gibberellins, cytokinins, melatonin, and indole-3-acetic acid, as well as a decrease in abscisic acid, indicated that foliar-applied MT greatly improved barley water stress tolerance. Additionally, by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase and decreasing hydrogen peroxide content, lipid peroxidation, and electrolyte leakage, MT application lessened water stress-induced oxidative stress. According to the newly discovered data, MT application improves barley water stress tolerance by reprogramming endogenous plant hormone production and antioxidant activity, which enhances membrane stability and photosynthesis. This study unraveled MT's crucial role in water deficiency mitigation, which can thus be applied to water stress management.

Anticataract activity of ethanolic extract from Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G.Don leaves: Ex vivo investigation

Context: In Aceh, Hippobroma longiflora, known as kitolod by the locals, is believed to possess medicinal benefits such as anticataract. Aims: To investigate the anticataract activity of ethanolic extract from H. longiflora leaves ex vivo. Methods: The dried fine powder of H. longiflora was macerated using ethanol at room temperature, and the concentrated extract was prepared in concentrations ranging from 100 to 300 μg/mL. The cataract model was established by using goat lens induced with H2O2 and later exposed to the extract for treatment. Anti-cataract activity was assessed by observing the change in lens opacity. Further, malondialdehyde levels and activities of endogenous antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase). Results: The apparent cataract opacity reduced after the exposure of the extract was observed macroscopically. The cataract eyes experienced a significant increase (p<0.05) in malondialdehyde level and a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. The pathologic conditions could be reversed by introducing the extract with a concentration as low as 100 μg/mL (p<0.05). Conclusions: The ethanolic extract of H. longiflora leaf has a potential anticataract effect by ameliorating oxidative stress-related biocompounds.

Pleurospermum candollei Methanolic Extract Ameliorates CCl4-Induced Liver Injury by Modulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory, and Apoptotic Markers in Rats.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective potency of the Pleurospermum candollei methanol extract against CCl4-induced liver damage in rats. HPLC technique was used to estimate the presence of polyphenols in the methanol extract of P. candollei (PCM), while proximate analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, lipids, and moisture in the extract. The antioxidant potential of PCM was evaluated by 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing power assay, which showed a high percentage of inhibition against free radicals. Hepatotoxicity was induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). CCl4 administration reduced the activity of endogenous antioxidants, whereas it increased the production of nitrites and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in rats. Furthermore, the level of hepatic markers in serum was also elevated after CCl4 administration. Moreover, the expression of stress-related markers, proinflammatory mediators, and apoptotic genes was enhanced in CCl4-treated rats. Coadministration of PCM along with CCl4 in rats reduced the levels of free radicals and the above genes to normal levels. CCl4 administration caused histopathological alterations in liver tissues, while cotreatment with PCM mitigated liver injuries. These findings suggest that the methanol extract of P. candollei possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can prevent liver injury. Further pharmacological research will be helpful in determining the effectiveness of P. candollei in humans. Development of FDA-approved plant-based anti-inflammatory drugs can help treat patients and reduce the chances of toxicity.

Biochanin-A Protects Rats from Diabetes-associated Cardiorenal Damage by Attenuating Oxidative Stress through Activation of Nrf-2/HO-1 Pathway

The current study is designed to evaluate the cardiorenal protective efficacy of the Biochanin-A (BCA) against high-fat-diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats. BCA (10mg/kg body weight) was administered to the diabetic rats for a period of 30 days and evaluated its effect on hyperglycemic markers, formation of lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide production and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione mediated enzymes. Further, we assessed the impact of BCA on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) along with antioxidant enzymes mRNA expressions by RT-PCR. BCA administration to diabetic rats resulted in attenuation of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in both the kidney and heart. Further, BCA enhanced the endogenous antioxidant activities in the kidney and heart and up-regulated their corresponding mRNA expressions. In addition, BCA treatment produced notable up-regulation of Nrf-2 and HO-1 mRNA expressions in the cardiac and renal tissue of diabetic rats. In conclusion, the current study revealed that BCA could protect from diabetes-induced complications such as cardiomyopathy and nephropathy by activating the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway and enhancing the endogenous antioxidant state in the kidney and heart.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic, Antioxidant and Anti-Hyperlipidemic Effects of Solanum indicum Fruit Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

Globally, diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of premature mortality after cardiovascular diseases and tobacco chewing. It is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder characterised by the faulty metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins as a result of defects in insulin secretion or resistance. It was estimated that approximately 463 million of the adult population are suffering from diabetes mellitus, which may grow up to 700 million by 2045. Solanum indicum is distributed all over India and all of the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The different parts of the plant such as the roots, leaves and fruits were used traditionally in the treatment of cough, asthma and rhinitis. However, the hypoglycaemic activity of the plant is not scientifically validated. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-hyperlipidaemic activity of methanolic fruit extract of Solanum indicum (SIE) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Experimentally, type II diabetes was induced in rats by an i.p. injection of STZ at a dose of 60 mg/kg. The effect of the fruit extract was evaluated at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight in STZ-induced diabetic rats for 30 days. The oral administration of fruit extract caused a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the blood glucose level with a more prominent effect at 200 mg/kg. The fruit extract showed dose-dependent α-amylase and α-glycosidase inhibitory activity. It reduced the serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels remarkably in diabetic rats compared to normal. The extract showed the reduced activity of endogenous antioxidants, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in the liver of STZ diabetic rats. The result confirmed that the fruit extract of Solanum indicum showed a dose-dependent blood glucose lowering effect and significantly reduced elevated blood cholesterol and triglycerides. It prevented oxidative stress associated with type II diabetes in STZ rats.

The impact of leptin on sperm.

Despite its important role in numerous physiological functions, including regulation of appetite and body weight, immune function and normal sexual maturation, raised leptin levels could result in significant damaging effects on sperm. The adverse effects of leptin on the male reproductive system result from its direct actions on the reproductive organs and cells instead of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. Binding of leptin to the receptors in the seminiferous tubular cells of the testes increases free radical production and decreases the gene expression and activity of endogenous enzymatic antioxidants. These effects are mediated via the PI3K pathway. The resultant oxidative stress causes significant damage to the seminiferous tubular cells, germ cells and sperm DNA leading to apoptosis, increased sperm DNA fragmentation, decreased sperm count, increased fraction of sperm with abnormal morphology, and decreased seminiferous tubular height and diameter. This review summarises the evidence in the literature on the adverse effects of leptin on sperm, which could underlie the often-reported sperm abnormalities in obese hyperleptinaemic infertile males. Although leptin is necessary for normal reproductive function, its raised levels could be pathologic. There is, therefore, a need to identify the cut-off level in the serum and seminal fluid above which leptin becomes pathological for better management of leptin associated adverse effects on male reproductive function.

The impact of fasting toward oxidative stress marker in the liver and plasma of new zealand white rabbit

Background: Fasting may increase the activity of endogenous antioxidants and protect against oxidative stress. However, the effects of different fasting durations on the liver have not been reported.&#x0D; Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of intermittent and prolonged fasting on oxidative stress markers in the liver tissue and plasma of New Zealand White rabbits.&#x0D; Methods: New Zealand White rabbits were divided into three groups: control, intermittent fasting (IF), and prolonged fasting (PF), with each group consisting of five rabbits. The control group was provided with food ad libitum; the IF group fasted for 16 hours, while the PF group fasted for 40 hours, followed by an eight-hour non-fasting period for six days. In liver tissue and plasma, oxidative stress indicators (catalase, carbonyl, GSH) were evaluated.&#x0D; Results: In the IF group, liver GSH was significantly higher than in the control group. However, neither liver carbonyl nor catalase levels changed significantly in the IF group. In the IF group, plasma carbonyl was significantly lower than in the PF group. In addition, there was no significant differences between groups in plasma catalase and GSH levels.&#x0D; Conclusion: Intermittent fasting and prolonged fasting could significantly increase liver GSH levels of New Zealand White rabbits. In addition, intermittent fasting is more effective than prolonged fasting at preventing oxidative stress.

Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Leaves Ethanol Extract Increases Endogenous Antioxidant Activities in Hyperlipidemic Rats

Consumption of high-fat foods can induce the formation of free radicals and trigger oxidative stress. The leave of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) has been reported to be a potent antioxidant in vitro. This study investigates the effect of ethanol extract of purple sweet potato leaves on the endogenous antioxidant activity in hyperlipidemic rats. The sweet potato leaves were oven-dried and extracted using 70% ethanol in a ratio of 1:7 w/v for 24 h, followed by vacuum evaporation. The five groups of test animals were created: normal control-which was given a standard diet, negative control (high-fat diet (HFD) for 14 days), and three treated groups which treated with HFD for 14 days and start for the same time treated with sweet potato leaves extract (SPLE) at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW for 28 days. The antioxidant activity was measured from liver homogenate on the 29th day. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were quantified using spectrophotometry. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis found rutin as a major chemical content of the SPLE. HFD significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased the activity of endogenous antioxidants (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) and increased the MDA level significantly (p&lt;0.05) compared with the normal group. On the contrary, the treatment with the SPLE significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased the activity of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px and lowered MDA levels significantly (p&lt;0.05) in a dose-dependent manner compared to the negative control. SPLE increase the activities of endogenous enzymatic antioxidants in hyperlipidemic rats.

Association of Hypoglycemia with Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants: An Observational Study

Hypoglycemia has been associated with complications from the vasculature. The contributing effects of oxidative stress (OS) on these actions have not been sufficiently studied, especially in daily, routine clinical practice. We examined the association of hypoglycemia encountered in daily clinical practice with biomarkers of OS and endogenous antioxidant activity in persons with diabetes [type 1 (T1D) or type 2 (T2D)], as well as individuals without diabetes, with a history of hypoglycemia. Several biomarkers of OS (MDA, ADMA, ox-LDL, 3-NT, protein carbonyls, 4-HNE, TBARS) and antioxidant capacity (TAC, superoxide scavenging capacity, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, reducing power, ABTS) were measured. Blood was drawn at the time of hypoglycemia detection and under euglycemic conditions on a different day. A total of 31 participants (mean age [±SD] 52.2 ± 21.1 years, 45.2% males) were included in the study. There were 14 (45.2%) persons with T2D, 12 (38.7%) with T1D, and 5 (16.1%) without diabetes. We found no differences in the examined biomarkers. Only TBARS, a biomarker of lipid peroxidation, showed lower values during hypoglycemia (p = 0.005). This finding needs confirmation in more extensive studies, given that MDA, another biomarker of lipid peroxidation, was not affected. Our study suggests that hypoglycemia encountered in daily clinical practice does not affect OS.

The Role of Concomitant Nrf2 Targeting and Stem Cell Therapy in Cerebrovascular Disease.

Despite the reality that a death from cerebrovascular accident occurs every 3.5 min in the United States, there are few therapeutic options which are typically limited to a narrow window of opportunity in time for damage mitigation and recovery. Novel therapies have targeted pathological processes secondary to the initial insult, such as oxidative damage and peripheral inflammation. One of the greatest challenges to therapy is the frequently permanent damage within the CNS, attributed to a lack of sufficient neurogenesis. Thus, recent use of cell-based therapies for stroke have shown promising results. Unfortunately, stroke-induced inflammatory and oxidative damage limit the therapeutic potential of these stem cells. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been implicated in endogenous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, thus presenting an attractive target for novel therapeutics to enhance stem cell therapy and promote neurogenesis. This review assesses the current literature on the concomitant use of stem cell therapy and Nrf2 targeting via pharmaceutical and natural agents, highlighting the need to elucidate both upstream and downstream pathways in optimizing Nrf2 treatments in the setting of cerebrovascular disease.

Anticarcinogenic activity of methanol extract of Melastoma malabathricum leaves is attributed to the presence of phenolics compounds and the activation of endogenous antioxidant system

Melastoma malabathricum (M. malabathricum) extracts have been reported to exert various pharmacological activities including antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities. The objective of the present study was to determine the anticarcinogenic activity of its methanol extract (MEMM) against the azoxymethane (AOM)-induced early colon carcinogenesis in rats. Rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n=6) namely normal control, negative control, and treatment (50, 250 or 500 mg/kg of MEMM) groups. Colon tissues were harvested for histopathological analysis and endogenous antioxidant system determination. MEMM was also subjected to HPLC analysis. Findings showed that MEMM significantly (p&lt;0.05) reversed the AOM-induced carcinogenicity by: i) reducing the formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in colon tissues, and; ii) enhancing the endogenous antioxidant activity (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase). Moreover, various phenolics has been identified in MEMM. In conclusion, MEMM exerts the in vivo anticarcinogenic activity via the activation of endogenous antioxidant system and synergistic action of phenolics.

Polysaccharide-Protein Complex Isolated from Fruiting Bodies and Cultured Mycelia of Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Oxidative Stress and Myocardial Injury in Rats.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the polysaccharide-protein complex isolated from the fruiting bodies (GLFPPC) and cultured mycelia (GLMPPC) of a highly valued medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, to alleviate doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. GLFPPC and GLMPPC were isolated from aqueous-alcoholic extracts of fruiting bodies and cultured mycelia of G. lucidum by repeated ethanol precipitation, dialysis, treatment with Sevag reagent, and freeze drying. The polysaccharide component was confirmed by assays with anthrone and phenol-sulphuric acid regents and protein moiety with Bradford reagent. The amino acid profile of protein moiety was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. DOX-induced cardiotoxicity was determined using Swiss albino mice. DOX administration caused a marked increase of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activities, indicating injury to the myocardium. The polysaccharide-protein complex downregulated cardiac injury marker enzymes, enhanced activities of endogenous antioxidants (namely, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and reduced glutathione levels), and significantly attenuated lipid peroxidation. The results indicated that GLFPPC and GLMPPC imparted protection against DOX-induced oxidative stress. Biochemical assays coupled with histopathological observations supported this conclusion. These experimental findings suggest that the polysaccharide-protein complex isolated from G. lucidum might be a useful therapeutic agent to ameliorate DOX-induced cardiomyopathy.

Bioactive extract of mycelia biomass of Ganoderma lucidum protects doxorubicininduced cardiomyopathy

Cardiotoxicity induced by anticancer drug; doxorubicin (DOX) is a limiting factor for its prolonged use in chemotherapy. No effective drug is currently available to prevent DOX induced cardiomyopathy. Ganoderma lucidum is highly valued medicinal mushroom used in traditional medicine. Mycelia biomasses are considered as alternate sources of mushroom bioactive compounds. We examined the effect of bioactive extract of G. lucidum mycelia biomass (GLME) to prevent cardiotoxicity induced by DOX in rats using a cumulative dose 18 mg/kg body wt. GLME was administered to animals at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body wt. once daily for five days prior to DOX administration and continued for three more days. Animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last dose of drug. Activities of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), endogenous antioxidant status, oxidative stress markers, electrocardiograph (ECG) and haematological parameters were evaluated. DOX administration drastically elevated CK, LDH, myocardial peroxidation and oxidative stress and significantly lowered endogenous antioxidant activity. GLME administration attenuated elevated levels of CK, LDH and oxidative stress and also ameliorated alterations in haematological and ECG parameters. Results revealed that bioactive extract of G. lucidum mycelia imparted significant protection against DOX induced cardiomyopathy suggesting the potential therapeutic significance of G. lucidum mycelia bioactives to alleviate DOX induced cardiomyopathy.

Effects of edible whole citrus fruits on endogenous antioxidant enzymes of HepG2 cells

Abstract The effects of eating fresh citrus fruits including two varieties of mandarins, one of sweet oranges, one of grapefruit, two of pomelo, and one of kumquat cultivated in China on endogenous antioxidant enzymes were investigated by in vitro digestion and HepG2 cells. The correlations between enzyme activity and cell uptake of phytochemicals and cellular antioxidant capacities were analyzed. The results showed that most fresh citrus fruits increased the endogenous antioxidant activity. Bairoumiyou, Hongroumiyou, Ponkan, and Jinju after digestion significantly increased the activity of catalase (P&amp;lt;0.05). Hongroumiyou, Bairoumiyou, Ponkan navel orange, and Jinju after digestion significantly increased glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) activity (P&amp;lt;0.05), while Huyou and satsuma could not increase the activity of GPxs after digestion. Thioredoxin oxidoreductase activity was improved significantly by most of the digested whole citrus fruits except Ponkan (P&amp;lt;0.05) and thioredoxin oxidoreductase added whole citrus fruits had a higher increase than added citrus fruits extracts. The results indicated that edible whole citrus fruits had similar effects as extracts on enzymes.

Protective Effects of Mogroside V on Oxidative Stress Induced by H2O2 in Skin Fibroblasts.

PurposeDamage caused by oxidative stress leads to the premature aging of cells. Mogrosides, the main active components of Siraitia grosvenorii, have strong antioxidant activity; however, it is unclear whether mogroside V (MV) exerts these effects in skin cells. This was investigated in the present study by evaluating the protective effects of MV against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in skin fibroblasts.MethodsMouse skin fibroblasts (MSFs) were treated with H2O2 and cell viability, total antioxidant capacity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and antioxidant enzyme activity were assessed.ResultsTreatment with MV reduced the ROS level and MDA content in MSFs treated with H2O2. This was accompanied by increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) activities.ConclusionMV reduces H2O2-induced oxidative stress and enhances endogenous antioxidant activity in skin fibroblasts. Thus, MV can potentially be used as an ingredient in anti-aging cosmetic products.

Changes in protease activity during fermentation of fish sauce and their correlation with antioxidant activity.

Antioxidant activity has been found in fermented fish sauce. In this experiment, the properties of endogenous protease and antioxidant activity were studied in anchovy sauce during fermentation. The correlation between protease activity and antioxidant activity in fermented anchovy sauce was analyzed using the partial least squares (PLS) method. The results showed that at least four proteases were present in the endogenous enzyme solution, and the optimum pH values were 2.5, 5.5, 9.0, and 12.5, respectively. The maximum inhibition rate of endogenous protease, from high to low, was: serine protease inhibitor > trypsin inhibitor > aspartic protease inhibitor (pepsin inhibitor) > cysteine protease inhibitor > metalloprotease inhibitor. At the sixth month of fermentation, fish sauce had stronger trypsin, pepsin-like activity, and antioxidant activity. At the ninth month of fermentation, the cathepsin activity was greater. A model correlating changes in protease activity with antioxidant activity suggested that the trypsin and serine protease were the main factors affecting antioxidant activity. This study reports a model correlating changes in protease activity with the antioxidant activity of fish sauce. It lays a foundation for further exploration of the formation of antioxidant substances and antioxidant effects during the process of fish sauce fermentation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.