Activity Of Saliva Research Articles

Role of Salivary Protease Enzymatic Activity in Saliva of Children with and without Early Childhood Caries: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is one of the most prevalent diseases in children worldwide. Early childhood caries is driven by a dysbiotic state of oral microorganisms, mainly caused by a sugar-rich diet. Additionally, poor oral hygiene or insufficient dental plaque removal leads to the rapid progression of ECC. Early childhood caries leads not only to dental destruction and pain in children but also affects the quality of life of the caregivers.Additionally, upon neutrophil activation at inflammatory locations, these proteases are externalized in an active state, aiding in the control of inflammatory and immunological responses. Any enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis reactions is known as a protease. Proteases are produced by human glands or derived from microbes in the oral cavity. Additionally, the oropharyngeal mucosae and crevicular fluids are sources of protease. This study is aimed at the estimation and correlation of salivary protease enzymatic activity in the saliva of children with and without ECC. A total of 50 children were included in the study, which was divided into two groups: group I (caries-active) and group II (caries-free)-each consisting of 25 children. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected and subjected to a spectrophotometer for analysis. Salivary protease levels were estimated and correlated between caries-active and caries-free children. The correlation between caries score and salivary protease activity was statistically significant with a moderate correlation. The comparison of mean salivary protease activity between caries-active and caries-free groups was statistically significant. However, the comparison of salivary protease activity based on different age-groups was not statistically significant, whereas gender and caries scores in group A were statistically significant. In conclusion, there is a substantial correlation between salivary protease enzyme levels and the severity of dental caries, and an increase in salivary protease enzyme levels is linked to a considerable rise in caries severity. As a result, prevention may be possible with early detection. Thimmegowda U, Kuri PN, Dhamnekar P. Role of Salivary Protease Enzymatic Activity in Saliva of Children with and without Early Childhood Caries: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(8):877-880.

Appraisal of skeletal maturity indicators with respect to non-invasive biomarkers

Non-invasive salivary biomarkers are being investigated as they may be helpful in predicting skeletal age. This study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between salivary insulin-like growth factor-1, salivary alkaline phosphatase, cervical vertebrae maturation stages and chronological age in the assessment of skeletal age during the growth period. This study also aims to find associations with mandibular base length and maxillary base length. Total 80 eligible subjects aged 7 to 21 years were selected and divided into two gender-specific groups (41 males, 39 females). A further subdivision was made on the basis of six cervical vertebral maturation stages from the lateral cephalogram. The chronological age was given for each subject, and The maxillary base length and the length of the mandibular base was calculated from the impressions on the lateral cephalogram. Saliva samples were collected from each subject to determine salivary IGF-1 and ALP levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data obtained was statistically analysed using SPSS (20.0) software. It was found that the mean IGF-1 activity in saliva was highest at CVMI stage 3 and the highest mean ALP levels in saliva occurred in males at CVMI stage 3 and in females at CVMI stage 4. Mean salivary ALP and IGF-1 levels correlate well with . Salivary ALP levels show a correlation with chronological age and could also be used as a diagnostic model to predict cervical stage. The diagnostic levels of certain biomarkers that appear in human saliva are representative of an individual's circumpubertal growth spurt. The collective pattern of increase and decrease in the sample during the circumpubertal stages is essential to study for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.

Assessing the Effect of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles on Catalase Activity in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis: In Vitro study and Molecular Docking

Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums and underlying bone. It is primarily caused by a bacterial infection resulting from poor oral hygiene practices. The main objectives of the current study were to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) and their characteristics were analyzed through UV, SEM, and X-ray analysis. Additionally, the dispersion of the synthesized NPs was investigated using UV and TEM techniques. The study also aimed to assess the kinetic behavior and the impact of Fe2O3-NPs on catalase activity in the saliva of the patient and control groups. The findings revealed a significant increase in catalase activity (p>0.05) in both serum and saliva of all patient groups compared to the control group. The UV-visible spectrum shows that the absorption peaks for synthesized α- and γ-iron oxide nanoparticles was at 225 nm. According to the SEM image analysis, the primary particle size of the nano-particles is approximately 26.8 nm. The X-ray diffraction results indicate that the Fe2O3-NPs range in size from 14 nm to 26 nm. UV and TEM study conclude that water a suitable solvent for Fe2O3-NPs dispersion on kinetic study of catalase (CAT) activity. The kinetic data cleared that the α-Fe2O3-NPs have an inhibitory effect for the total activity of salivary CAT in the samples of both healthy and patients with chronic periodontitis. Lineweaver–Burk graph showed that (α-Fe2O3) inhibit catalase by un comp. inhibition. γ-Fe2O3-NPs inhibited total salivary CAT activity in healthy and patients with chronic periodontitis samples. Lineweaver –Burk graph showed that (γ-Fe2O3) inhibit catalase by uncompetitive inhibition.

The impact of probiotic supplementation on dental and general health metrics in pediatric populations

Relevance. Acute respiratory infections account for over 90% of infectious diseases in children. These children are classified as frequently ill, representing a significant concern in contemporary pediatrics. The presence of odontogenic infections further depletes their immunity and acts as a persistent source of sensitisation for the child's body.Materials and methods. A clinical-laboratory longitudinal prospective study was conducted on 477 children aged 12 and 15 years. The children were categorised into groups based on their risk of developing caries (minimal, moderate, high). Oral health status was assessed using the DMF index, oral hygiene was evaluated using the OHI-S index, and periodontal tissue condition was assessed using the PMA index. The activity of cariogenic flora aggression enzymes was measured by the level of salivary sialidase. The child's health status was evaluated using the infection index and the recurrence index. The schoolchildren were recommended a course of a preparation consisting of a combination of the probiotic Streptococcus salivarius M18 (at least 5 x 10^8 CFU) and vitamin D3 (320 IU or 8 µg of vitamin D3) at a dosage of one tablet per day, taken sublingually, for two months twice a year.Results. The study identified moderate correlations between salivary sialidase levels and several indicators, including the gingivitis index, the quantity of dental plaque, and the increase in sialidase activity in saliva. The level of salivary sialidase is regarded as a marker for plaque formation and the extent of periodontal tissue inflammation. Comprehensive oral sanitation, coupled with the strategic use of immunoprophylactic agents, resulted in significant improvements in oral health indicators (OHI-S, PMA, caries reduction) and specific child health metrics (infection index, recurrence index). Additionally, there was a notable reduction in salivary sialidase levels. The method demonstrated the highest efficacy in 12-year-old children who were at high risk of developing caries.Conclusion. The obtained data should be considered when planning individual therapeutic and preventive measures for schoolchildren with varying risks of developing caries and differing overall health statuses. Probiotic-based preparations should be incorporated into these measures.

A minimally Invasive Biomarker for Sensitive and Accurate Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease.

ImportanceParkinson′s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease, is pathologically characterized by intraneuronal deposition of misfolded alpha-synuclein aggregates (αSynD). αSynDseeding activities in CSF and skin samples have shown great promise in PD diagnosis, but they require invasive procedures. Sensitive and accurate αSynDseed amplification assay (αSyn-SAA) for more accessible and minimally invasive samples (such as blood and saliva) are urgently needed for PD pathological diagnosis in routine clinical practice.ObjectiveTo develop a sensitive and accurate αSyn-SAA biomarker using blood and saliva samples for sensitive, accurate and minimally invasive PD diagnosis.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prospective diagnostic study evaluates serum and saliva samples collected from patients clinically diagnosed with PD or healthy controls (HC) without PD at an academic Parkinson′s and Movement Disorders Center from February 2020 to March 2024. Patients diagnosed with non-PD parkinsonism were excluded from this analysis. A total of 124 serum samples (82 PD and 42 HC) and 131 saliva samples (83 PD and 48 HC) were collected and examined by αSyn-SAA. Out of the 124 serum donors, a subset of 74 subjects (48 PD and 26 HC) also donated saliva samples during the same visits. PD patients with serum samples had a mean age of 69.21 years (range 44-88); HC subjects with serum samples had a mean age of 66.55 years (range 44-81); PD patients with saliva samples had a mean age of 69.58 years (range 49-87); HC subjects with saliva samples had a mean age of 64.71 years (range 30-81).Main Outcomes and MeasuresSerum and/or saliva αSynDseeding activities from PD and HC subjects were measured by αSyn-SAA using the Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) platform. These PD patients had extensive clinical assessments including MDS-UPDRS. For a subset of PD and HC subjects whose serum and saliva samples were both collected during the same visits, the αSynDseeding activities in both samples from the same subjects were examined, and the diagnostic accuracies for PD based on the seeding activities in either sample alone or both samples together were compared.ResultsRT-QuIC analysis of αSynDseeding activities in the 124 serum samples revealed a sensitivity of 80.49%, a specificity of 90.48%, and an accuracy of 0.9006 (AUC of ROC, 95% CI, 0.8472-0.9539, p<0.0001) for PD diagnosis. RT-QuIC analysis of αSynDseeding activity in 131 saliva samples revealed a sensitivity of 74.70%, a specificity of 97.92%, and an accuracy of 0.8966 (AUC of ROC, 95% CI, 0.8454-0.9478, p<0.0001). When aSynDseeding activities in the paired serum-saliva samples from the subset of 48 PD and 26 HC subjects were considered together, sensitivity was 95.83%, specificity was 96.15%, and the accuracy was 0.98 (AUC of ROC, 95% CI, 0.96-1.00, p<0.001), which are significantly better than when αSynDseeding activities in either serum or saliva were used alone. For the paired serum-saliva samples, when specificity was set at 100% by elevating the αSyn-SAA cutoff values, a sensitivity of 91.7% and an accuracy of 0.9457 were still attained. Detailed correlation analysis revealed that αSynDseeding activities in the serum of PD patients were correlated inversely with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score (p=0.04), positively with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) (p=0.03), and weakly positively with PDQ-39 cognitive impairment score (p=0.07). Subgroup analysis revealed that the inverse correlation with MoCA was only seen in males (p=0.013) and weakly in the ≥70 age group (p=0.07), and that the positive correlation with HAM-D was only seen in females (p=0.04) and in the <70 age group (p=0.01). In contrast, αSynDseeding activities in the saliva of PD patients were inversely correlated with age at diagnosis (p=0.02) and the REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) status (p=0.04), but subgroup analysis showed that the inverse correlation with age at diagnosis was only seen in males (p=0.04) and in the <70 age group (p=0.01).Conclusion and RelevanceOur data show that concurrent RT-QuIC assay of αSynDseeding activities in both serum and saliva can achieve high diagnostic accuracies comparable to that of CSF αSyn-SAA, suggesting that αSynDseeding activities in serum and saliva together can potentially be used as a valuable biomarker for highly sensitive, accurate, and minimally invasive diagnosis of PD in routine clinical practice. αSynDseeding activities in serum and saliva of PD patients correlate differentially with some clinical characteristics and in an age and sex-dependent manner.

Estimation and Correlation of Alkaline Phosphatase Enzymatic Activity in Saliva with and without Early Childhood Caries in South Indian Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a major common problem seen in children and is the most prevalent chronic disease that leads to discomfort, pain, and poor quality of life, affecting the health of children. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a nonspecific phosphomonoesterase that functions through a phosphoery 1 intermediate to produce free inorganic phosphate. It has different isoenzymes produced by different cell types such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, osteoblasts, macrophages, and fibroblasts within alveolar bone and/or salivary glands. Various studies show that higher ALP activity is related to periodontal disease and dental caries. This study aims to estimate and correlate salivary Alkaline Phosphatase enzyme activity in the saliva of children with and without ECC. A total of 50 children were included in the study, divided into two groups-caries-active and caries-free, each consisting of 25 participants. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected and subjected to a spectrophotometer for analysis. ALP enzyme activity levels were estimated and correlated between caries-active and caries-free children. The correlation between caries score and ALP activity was statistically significant, with a moderate correlation. The comparison of mean ALP activity between caries-active and caries-free groups was statistically significant. However, the comparison of ALP based on different age-groups and gender was not statistically significant. There was a statistically significant correlation between caries scores and the caries-active group. In conclusion, there is a substantial correlation between ALP enzyme levels and the severity of dental caries. An increase in ALP enzyme level is linked to a considerable rise in caries severity. Therefore, prevention may be possible with early detection. Thimmegowda U, Kuri PN. Estimation and Correlation of Alkaline Phosphatase Enzymatic Activity in Saliva with and without Early Childhood Caries in South Indian Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(5):528-531.

Evaluation of antioxidant activity in saliva among young adults having diverging food habits and its relation to oral health: A pilot study.

Saliva enables the maintenance of oral and systemic health. Evaluation of saliva is very valuable for multiple parameters to be evaluated as they are easy to collect, allow easy and safe sample collection, are non-traumatic, can be repeated with ease, and are non-invasive in nature. Salivary enzyme systems have antimicrobial, antioxidant, and similar functions which aid in the maintenance of homeostasis in the oral cavity. Antioxidants scavenge free radicals from cells and prevent or reduce the damage caused by oxidation. In the present study, the pH and antioxidant capacity of the saliva were evaluated. Subjects were categorized as GROUP A: Vegetarians: Diets were entirely devoid of eggs or meat of any type (for more than 20 years). GROUP B: Non-vegetarians: Diets included both red and white meat, consumed either daily or frequently. GROUP C: Eggetarians: Otherwise vegetarian diets which includes eggs, consumed frequently. Ten samples of each group were collected. The pH profile and antioxidant activity of the samples were analysed. Each of the individuals was subjected to oral examination for grading of the status of oral hygiene, caries teeth, missing and extracted teeth, and the health of gingiva. For the same Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHIS), Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) and Gingival Status indices were used and the observations were noted. The average salivary pH for the vegetarians was 7 ± 0.5, that for eggetarians was 7.1 ± 0.5, and in the non-vegetarian group, the average pH was equal to 7.3 ± 0.5. Using the DPPH method, the percentage antioxidant activity of saliva in vegetarians was 20.9 ± 2.1%, while those of eggetarians and non-vegetarians were equal to 5 ± 0.6% and 11.4 ± 2%, respectively. Each individual was subjected to oral examination for grading of the status of oral hygiene (OHIS); decayed, missing, extracted teeth, filled teeth index (DMFT); and the health of gingiva (gingival status index). Overall, eggetarians had a high OHIS index (mean 1.08). The DMFT index was high in non-vegetarians with values ranging from 1 to 8. Statistical analysis using the T-test revealed that the antioxidant potential of the vegetarian group was significantly higher than those of the eggetarian and non-vegetarian dietary groups (P < 0.001). However, the eggetarian and non-vegetarian dietary groups did not significantly differ from each other with respect to this parameter. The antioxidant capacity is markedly high in vegetarians, 20.9+/- 2.1%, as compared to non-vegetarians, 11.4+/- 2.1%, and was the lowest in eggetarians, 5+/- 0.6%.

Hora est. The relationship between stress, salivary proteins and caries experience in children

Dental caries is a major public health problem and untreated caries has serious consequences for children. Psychosocial factors have multiple consequences, among others on the composition of saliva. Therefore, this study investigated whether stress and various salivary protein levels are associated with dental caries experience in children. The activity of the Matrix Metalloproteinases MMP-8 and MMP-9 and the total proteolytic activity in saliva turned out to be indicators for the caries experience. Salivary Alpha-Amylase seems to be a protector and was a strong indicator for caries experience. In cases where children were exposed to two different dental treatments, the level of salivary cortisol- and alpha-amylase increased, in which a distinction could be made between non-invasive and invasive treatment. The results of the study emphasise the need for further research into the way stress and salivary protein concentrations can affect the caries experience and how different dental treatments can influence the behaviour and stress levels in children.

The enhancement mechanisms of mucin and lactoferrin on α-amylase activity in saliva: Exploring the interactions using QCM-D and molecular docking

α-Amylase activity differs between individuals and is influenced by dietary behavior and salivary constituents, but limited information is available on the relationship between α-amylase activity and saliva components. This study investigated the impact of salivary proteins on α-amylase activity, their various correlations, the effect of mucin (MUC5B and MUC7) and lactoferrin on the enzymatic kinetics of α-amylase, and the mechanisms of these interactions using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) technique and molecular docking. The results showed that α-amylase activity was significantly correlated with the concentrations of MUC5B (R2 = 0.42, p < 0.05), MUC7 (R2 = 0.35, p < 0.05), and lactoferrin (R2 = 0.35, p < 0.05). An in vitro study demonstrated that α-amylase activity could be significantly increased by mucins and lactoferrin by decreasing the Michaelis constant (Km) of α-amylase. Moreover, the results from the QCM-D and molecule docking suggested that mucin and lactoferrin could interact with α-amylase to form stable α-amylase-mucin and α-amylase-lactoferrin complexes through hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, Van der Waals forces, and hydrogen bonds. In conclusion, these findings indicated that the salivary α-amylase activity depended not only on the α-amylase content, but also could be enhanced by the interactions of mucin/lactoferrin with α-amylase.

Detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 salivary antibodies in vaccinated adults.

Since the introduction of efficient anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the detection of antibodies becomes useful for immunological monitoring and COVID-19 control. Therefore, this longitudinal study aimed to evaluate the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the serum and saliva of COVID-19-vaccinated adults. The study included 13 not vaccinated and 35 vaccinated participants with two doses of CoronaVac (Sinovac/Butantan) vaccine who subsequently received BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine as a booster dose. Vaccinated participants donated saliva and serum in three different time points. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for antibody detection. In our results, the serum neutralizing antibodies (NAb) were detected in 34/35 samples after second dose and in 35/35 samples one and five months after the booster dose. In saliva, NAb were detected in 30/35 samples after second dose and in 35/35 of samples one and five months after the booster dose. IgA was detected in 19/34 saliva samples after second dose, in 18/35 one month after the booster and in 30/35 five months after. IgG in saliva was detected in 1/34 samples after second dose, 33/35 samples one month after the booster dose and in 20/35 five months after. A strong correlation was found between IgG and neutralizing activity in saliva, and salivary IgA would be a sign of recent exposure to the virus. In conclusion, saliva can be suitable for monitoring antibodies anti-SARS-CoV-2 after vaccination. Heterologous vaccination contributed to increase anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the Brazilian health context. Complementary studies with large groups are mandatory to conclude the interest in following mucosal immunity.

Confined gold atoms-MXene-based ECL sensing interface for the measurement of myeloperoxidase activity in saliva

In this work, a novel sensing interface has been constructed based on the confined gold atoms-MXene nanosheet. In order to improve the sensing performance of MXene, high photoelectric active confined gold atoms-MXene nanosheet were prepared as electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitter unit firstly. Based on the electronic metal − support interaction, gold single atoms confined on MXene can provide more active sites and efficient electron transfer to generate strong luminescence signal. Furthermore, in order to improve the biocompatibility, an ECL sensing interface with the Au atoms-MXene nanosheet and chitosan was constructed via the layer-by-layer self-assembly (LBL). Therefore, the proposed sensing interface possessed the large specific surface area, good biocompatibility, high electrocatalytic activity and strong ECL signal. As a potential biomarker, the elevated myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentration and activity were associated with many pathological factors to assess the risk of respiratory diseases. To expand the application of this ECL sensing interface in clinical diagnosis, MPO activity was detected in saliva samples. The satisfactory results indicated the confined gold atoms-MXene-based sensing interface possessed great potential in the ECL research and clinical analysis.

The Effect Of Streptomycin And Clindamycin On Dnase I Activity On The Quality Of Dna Of Salivary Origin

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains genetic material with all an individual’s information. Saliva has the potential to be a good source of human DNA. When compared to blood sampling, saliva is easier to collect and the collection process is non-invasive. However, human DNA collected from saliva has the potential to be degraded due to deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity in saliva. DNase activity can be inhibited by antibiotics, such as aminoglycoside antibiotics and lincomycin derivatives. This study aimed to determine the effect of streptomycin and clindamycin on DNAse I activity against the quality of human genomic DNA from saliva. The sampling technique was that samples were collected from 9 subjects with each subject flowing into a saliva pot. Before saliva collection, subjects were asked to rinse their mouth with a solution of chlorhexidine gargle (Listerin™) for 30 seconds, then the samples were divided into four groups. The average concentration of DNA extracted from the spin-column method was 32.91 g/mL (7.10-99.45 g/mL) while the average purity was 1.813 g/mL (1.639-2.043 g/mL). With clindamycin treatment, PCR was able to amplify the human NOTCH2 gene (~704 bp) while various concentrations of streptomycin produced multiple bands of ~100 bp. The concentration of 3.2 mM clindamycin effectively inhibits DNAse I activity and can amplify the human NOTCH2 gene while streptomycin cannot protect.

Salivary leukocyte esterase activity by SillHa is a risk indicator of periodontal disease

BackgroundThere is increasing evidence that diagnostic salivary tests measuring inflammatory biomarkers are being developed to assess inflammatory status for early detection, prevention, and progression of periodontal disease. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate and identify the salivary biomarker that can predict the inflammatory status of periodontal disease.MethodsA total of 36 patients (28 women and 8 men) with an average age of 57 years were investigated. Unstimulated saliva was collected from the recruited subjects and analyzed using SillHa, a saliva-testing device that measures bacteria count, saliva buffer capacity, acidity, leukocyte esterase, protein, and ammonia. Periodontal parameters were then obtained by clinical examination and initial periodontal therapy was performed. Data obtained with SillHa were compared with clinical periodontal parameters at baseline, re-examination (three months from baseline), and final examination (six months from re-examination).ResultsLeukocyte esterase activity in saliva measured by SillHa; BOP and PCR measured by clinical examination showed a significant difference between baseline and final examination and between re-examination and final examination. Patients in the lower median group (group 1) had a significant difference in leukocyte esterase activity between baseline and final examination and re-examination and final examination. In addition, patients in Group 1 had significantly lower BOP between baseline and final examination. While patients in the higher median group (group 2) showed a modest decrease in leukocyte esterase activity, which was significant only between baseline and final examination, no significant changes were observed concerning BOP. Furthermore, the associated systemic disease was observed in 30% and 81.2% of group 1 and 2 patients, respectively.ConclusionThe results suggest that leukocyte esterase activity in saliva measured by SillHa could serve as a reliable diagnostic marker for monitoring inflammatory status in periodontal disease.

Bacteriolytic activity in saliva of the hematophagous Triatoma infestans (Reduviidae) and novel characterization and expression site of a third lysozyme.

Saliva of hematophagous insects contains many different compounds, mainly acting as anticoagulants. Investigating the bacteriolytic compounds of the saliva of the bloodsucking Triatoma infestans photometrically between pH 3 and pH 10 using unfed fifth instars and nymphs up to 15 days after feeding, we found bacteriolytic activity against lyophilized Micrococcus luteus was stronger at pH 4 and pH 6. After feeding, the activity level at pH 4 was unchanged, but at pH 6 more than doubled between 3 and 7 days after feeding. In zymographs of the saliva and after incubation at pH 4, bacteriolytic activity against Micrococcus luteus was present at eight lysis zones between 14.1 and 38.5 kDa, showing the strongest activity at 24.5 kDa. After incubation at pH 6, lysis zones only appeared at 15.3, 17, and 31.4 kDa. Comparing zymographs of the saliva of unfed and fed nymphs, bacteriolytic activity at 17 kDa increased after feeding. In total nine lysis bands appeared, also at >30 kDa, so far unreported in the saliva of triatomines. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction usingoligonucleotides based on the previously described lysozyme gene of T. infestans, TiLys1, verified expression of genes encoding TiLys1 and TiLys2 in the salivary glands, but also of an undescribed third lysozyme, TiLys3, of which the cloned cDNA shares characteristics with other c-type lysozymes of insects. While TiLys1 was expressed in the tissue of all three salivary glands, transcripts of TiLys2 and of TiLys3 seem to be present only in the gland G1 and G3, respectively.

Estimation of 5`-nucleotidase activity from saliva of diabetic patients with partial purification of its isoenzymes

This study was performed on (60) saliva specimens, including (30) diabetic patients in addition (30) healthy saliva specimens were taken from healthy subjects as control group. The results showed a significant increase in the activity of saliva 5`-nucleotidase (5`-NT) from diabetic patients compared to healthy subjects.&#x0D; This study included a partial purification of 5`-NT as well, using (35%) (NH4)2SO4 for precipitation and gel filteration by (sephadex G-75 ) which gave single peak. Then 5-NT was partially also purified by using Ion exchange chromatography ( DEAE-cellulos A-50), in which three isoenzymes were isolated with different degree of purity.

Point-of-Care Diagnostic Biosensors to Monitor Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing IgG/sIgA Antibodies and Antioxidant Activity in Saliva.

Monitoring biomarkers is a great way to assess daily physical condition, and using saliva instead of blood samples is more advantageous as the process is simple and allows individuals to test themselves. In the present study, we analyzed the titers of neutralizing antibodies, IgG and secretory IgA (sIgA), in response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, in saliva. A total of 19 saliva and serum samples were collected over a 10-month period 3 weeks after the first vaccine, 8 months after the second vaccine, and 1 month after the third vaccine. The ranges of antibody concentrations post-vaccination were: serum IgG: 81-15,000 U/mL, salivary IgG: 3.4-330 U/mL, and salivary IgA: 58-870 ng/mL. A sharp increase in salivary IgG levels was observed after the second vaccination. sIgA levels also showed an increasing trend. A correlation with trends in serum IgG levels was observed, indicating the possibility of using saliva to routinely assess vaccine efficacy. The electrochemical immunosensor assay developed in this study based on the gold-linked electrochemical immunoassay, and the antioxidant activity measurement based on luminol electrochemiluminescence (ECL), can be performed using portable devices, which would prove useful for individual-based diagnosis using saliva samples.

Is adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in saliva and serum a more accurate disease detection tool than traditional redox balance parameters in early-lactating dairy cows?

Enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a marker of inflammation in domestic animals, but it is unclear whether it is a reliable marker of oxidative stress, especially in the transition period in dairy cows. This study aims to assess if ADA and redox status measurements in saliva provide the same utility to detect disease condition as that obtained from serum. Sixty-eight multiparous Holstein cows, between 2 and 3 weeks postpartum were selected. Five study groups were established: control (healthy), and cows with ketosis, mastitis, laminitis, and metritis. The parameters measured were ADA activity, total oxidants (TOS), antioxidants (TAC), and OSi ratio.Regarding redox status, no significant differences arise in both saliva and serum being the correlations negative and not significant. In saliva, ADA activity in healthy cows differs from those with pathological processes, having the lowest activities. In serum, ADA activity is similar in the healthy and ketosis cows, showing the lowest activities meanwhile animals with mastitis, laminitis, or metritis have significantly higher activities. In conclusion, the measurement of ADA activities and redox status in saliva does not give consistent results, being preferable to measure them in serum during the transition period.

PERIODONTAL DISEASE AND SALIVARY OXIDATION STRESS IN CHILDREN WITH LYMPHOGRANULOMATOSIS.

The aim: To investigate the impact of lymphogranulomatosis (LGM) and periodontal disease on salivary lipid peroxidation and enzymatic antioxidants` levels in children. Materials and methods: 45 children aged 6-16 years with LGM were examined before hematologic therapy (group LGM 1), after therapy (group LGM 2), and at the remission (group LGM 3). The control group included 70 healthy children. Periodontal state of children, saliva thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were examined. Results: 6-11 years old children from LGM 1 group showed a higher frequency of periodontal disease (50,0%), as well as 12-15 year olds (80,8%) compared to healthy children (17,4% and 42,8% accordingly, p<0,05). TBARS levels were higher in LGM 1-3 groups of children with periodontal disease (9,79, 12,3 and 12,6 umol/l, р<0,01) compared to counterparts without it (8,01, 10,1 and 11,6 umol/l, р<0,01) and healthy children with periodontal disease (7,9 umol/l, р<0,01). SOD activity was higher in LGM 1-3 groups of children with periodontal disease (-0,075, -0,086, -0,074 units) compared to children without it (-0,048, -0,059, -0,04 units, р<0,01) and healthy children with periodontal disease (-0,04 units, р<0,01). Catalase activity was lower in LGM 1-3 groups of children with periodontal disease (6,72, 5,2 and 6,7 units) compared to counterparts without it (7,3, 3,7 and 4,7 units, р<0,01) and healthy children with periodontal disease (7,1 units, р<0,01). Conclusions: Children with periodontal disease related to LGM had higher TBARS levels, SOD activity and lower catalase activity in saliva. Both LGM and periodontal disease altered lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection in saliva of children.

The relationship between the intensity of Gasterophilus intestinalis larvae infection and the serum and salivary humoral immune response in horses

Infection with Gasterophilus intestinalis (botfly) larvae often occurs in horses. The aim of the study was to isolate the larvae of G. intestinalis and evaluate the serum and salivary humoral immune response using self-developed ELISA in G. intestinalis infected horses. Blood serum or saliva samples were taken from 125 infected horses and 54 uninfected slaughtered horses. The antigens from G. intestinalis larvae were used for development of ELISA in order to evaluate the intensity of G. intestinalis IgG, IgM, and IgA antibody reactivity in the serum or saliva of naturally infected horses and horses without larvae in the gastrointestinal tract (control group). Serum antibodies against second and third larvae’s stadium antigens reacted significantly more intensively in infected than in healthy horses in IgG (p ≤ 0.001; p ≤ 0.05, respectively) and IgA (p ≤ 0.05;p ≤ 0.001, respectively) classes. Salivary IgG and IgA specific’s antibody reactivity was significantly higher in horses with moderate (p ≤ 0.01) and severe infection (p ≤ 0.001) compared to the healthy horses. The determination of the G. intestinalis IgG and IgA antibody activity in saliva and serum may be used for detecting horses moderately and severely infested with larvae.

Sleep Late Impact on The Salivary pH Levels and Amylase Activity among Male Students who has Different BMI Category

The lack of sleep could damage the circadian rhythm, which has implications for health issues. Here we conduct a survey on Students from the Faculty of Social and Political using purposive random sampling, by targeting student who has sleep duration low than 8 hours. We are using a questionnaire to gain information about the sleeping duration and also the Body Mass Index (BMI). Moreover, we also collect saliva samples from the students. pH Universal Indicators are used to measure the pH levels of saliva. We predict the salivary amylase activity by measuring the decrease of the substrate. We found about 27 students have a sleep duration of fewer than 6 hours. Then 19 students have a sleep duration of about 8 - 6 hours. Finally, only 5 students have a sleep duration of more than 8 hours. Our study suggests there is no significant difference between the 3 categories of sleep duration on saliva pH levels and salivary amylase activity. The same for the BMI categories. Although there are small differences sleep duration and BMI is not the major factor influencing the pH levels and amylase activity in saliva