Electronic Commerce Activities Research Articles

Impact of The Asean Electronic Commerce Agreement on Vietnamese Law

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the ASEAN Electronic Commerce Agreement on Vietnamese law. Theoretical framework: Currently, electronic commerce plays an increasingly important role in meeting human needs and significantly contributes to economic development. The advent of the ASEAN Electronic Commerce Agreement has necessitated the enhancement of the legal framework for electronic commerce activities within the ASEAN region. Design/methodology/approach: The ASEAN Electronic Commerce Agreement has a profound impact on the electronic commerce laws of ASEAN countries, serving as a basis for regulating electronic commerce issues in the region and aligning with global electronic commerce trends. Findings: As a member of the ASEAN region, the ASEAN Electronic Commerce Agreement has opened up opportunities for Vietnam to develop and integrate with the international market. However, Vietnam also faces challenges, highlighting the urgent need to improve the national legal framework for electronic commerce.

Restrictions on Cross-Border Trade in E-Commerce as a Form of Consumer Protection

Since the beginning of the third millennium era, the world of commerce has experienced a significant evolution with the emergence of e-commerce platforms. Bank Indonesia estimates that e-commerce transactions in 2022 will reach Rp489 trillion. Correspondingly, in Q3 2022, it was recorded that 62.6% of internet users over the age of 16 have used e-commerce platforms to purchase products and services online, increasing the potential for discrepancies between product descriptions and reality, as well as difficulties in returning products from abroad, resulting in financial losses and dissatisfaction for consumers. This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of cross-border trade restrictions in e-commerce as a consumer protection strategy in Indonesia. The normative juridical method is used in this research. The research found that restrictions on cross-border trade in e-commerce refer to various barriers and regulations applied by states to govern cross-border electronic commerce activities. These barriers include tariffs, taxes, quotas, product quality standards, certification, etiquette, as well as rules regarding consumer personal data and payment transactions. In addition, in the era of globalization, trading cross-border transactions has become routine, but carries legal and commercial risks for consumers transacting with entities outside their jurisdiction. Therefore, to respond to the escalation of cross-border trade in e-commerce platforms, Indonesia needs to emphasize data protection and security in digital transactions such as related to cryptographic techniques and privacy policies of e-commerce providers in order to provide certainty and legal protection in terms of protecting consumers.

The nexus between electronic commerce and environmental pollution: The roles of energy efficiency and resource consumption

AbstractThe platform economy is growing fast in the world. Its expansion, exemplified by industry giants like Amazon, Airbnb, and Uber, is reshaping societal lifestyles and commercial businesses. However, its environmental impacts are uncertain. Currently, the relationship between electronic commerce (e‐commerce) activities and environmental pollution has attracted a lot of attention. This paper attempts to construct a comprehensive theoretical model to investigate the nexus between e‐commerce and regional environmental pollution, with a particular focus on the effects of air pollution and waste pollution. Fixed effect models and China's provincial data during the period from 2008 to 2018 are employed to examine the roles of energy efficiency and resource consumption in such a nexus. The findings suggest that the development of e‐commerce is linked to a reduction in regional air pollution through the channel of improving transportation energy efficiency. The results also show that e‐commerce is associated with an increase in regional waste pollution due to the mechanism of resource consumption in the express packaging industry. As a result, the relationship between e‐commerce and environmental pollution is quite complex at the regional level, transcending a binary distinction of solely positive or negative impacts. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the complex environmental impacts of e‐commerce and helps governments design more efficient and targeted policies to reduce regional pollution.

Syarat Sahnya Suatu Jual-Beli Online Pada Perjanjian/ Kontrak Elektronik Di Indonesia

The development of technology is very fast and has resulted in social change at this time. Bassicly, social change arise because humans are dynamic to fullfil needs. Before the advent of the internet, sellers and buyers could only trade in conventional markets. Now, internet has become a place for sellers to offer products and can be seen and purchased directly by buyers. Sellers and buyers meet via internet and carry out electronic commerce activities. Laws are fast in responding to technological developments can certainly result in strong regulations in the field of electronic information and transaction. Electronic contract is an agreement made through the electronic systems. Every agreement in Indonesian law requires certain conditions to be valid. The conditions that are required for the validity of agreements in Indonesian laws are something to discussed in relation to development of technology electronic information and transactions.
 
 Keywords: Cyberlaw, E-Commerce, E-Contract.

Penerapan Model Unified Theory Of Acceptence And Use Of Technology (UTAUT 2) Terhadap Perilaku Pelanggan E-Commerce Shopee Indonesia Di Kota Palembang

The developing of marketplace makes many changes in commerce. Start from conventional way and now become online shopping. One of the biggest marketplace in Indonesia is Shopee. Due to the massive electronic commerce activity, this study aimed to know the factor that influenced behavioral intention and use behavior of shopee’s user. This study adopted UTAUT 2 model which has seven variables; performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating condition, hedonic motivations, price value and habit also moderated by age, gender and experience. The analysis of the model was conducted by using SEM-PLS method and analysed with SmartPLS 3. The data of this study was collected by using questionnaire and designed only for Shopee user who stayed in Palembang. The result show if behavioral intention influenced by social influence with T value is 1.985, P value is 0.048 and F square is 0.105 and also influenced by habit with T value is 4.755, P value is 0,000 and F square is 0,512 which achieved the standart value in this study. In other side, this study show if use behavioral influenced by facilitating condition with 2.762 T value , 0,006 P value and 0,140 F square.

Local and Global Outlier Detection Algorithms in Unsupervised Approach: A Review

The problem of outlier detection is one of the most important issues in the field of analysis due to its applicability in several famous problem domains, including intrusion detection, security, banks, fraud detection, and discovery of criminal activities in electronic commerce. Anomaly detection comprises two main approaches: supervised and unsupervised approach. The supervised approach requires pre-defined information, which is defined as the type of outliers, and is difficult to be defined in some applications. Meanwhile, the second approach determines the outliers without human interaction. A review of the unsupervised approach, which shows the main advantages and the limitations considering the studies performed in the supervised approach, is introduced in this paper. This study indicated that the unsupervised approach suffers from determining local and global outlier objects simultaneously as the main problem related to algorithm parameterization. Moreover, most algorithms do not rank or identify the degree of being an outlier or normal objects and required different parameter settings by the research. Examples of such parameters are the radius of neighborhood, number of neighbors within the radius, and number of clusters. A comprehensive and structured overview of a large set of interesting outlier algorithms, which emphasized the outlier detection limitation in the unsupervised approach, can be used as a guideline for researchers who are interested in this field.

E-commerce ecosystem

Recent developments in communication and internet technologies have broader effects on supply chain activities. These developments made it mandatory to adopt technological changes and innovations in our existing understanding of electronic commerce activities. This study aims to develop a critical approach to the e-commerce ecosystem with fundamental concepts, business models, and security issues. This paper suggests companies ways of coping with adopting e-commerce activities, business models, and security issues.

Use of Generational Theory for the Assessment of Involvement In International Electronic Commerce Activities

Over the past two decades the number of Internet users around the world has incredibly increased. E-commerce is becoming a potential area for business development creating significant added value for the global economy. This increases competition between e-commerce platforms and makes it difficult to survive. The purpose of this article is to create a conceptual model for the success of e-commerce by identifying the factors that determine the involvement of different generations in the international e-commerce activities. An analysis of the scientific literature was carried out to identify the factors. The assessment of existing success factors and success models has identified weaknesses and shaped the model of e-commerce success, which includes the generational divide as a factor that determines the choice of the consumer.

An examination of e-market adoption in Australian SMEs

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the current state of electronic market (e-market) adoption in Australian SMEs based on survey data from 948 firms. The results show that the level of e-market adoption in Australian SMEs is still low with the dominant trend of adoption focusing on building their own e-markets. This is problematic for SMEs provided with the limited financial resources and technical expertise in SMEs for creating and maintaining an e-market. The adoption of a public e-market, as a result, should be promoted by the Australian government department for making a greater potential of the e-market in SMEs. The adoption of e-market in Australian SMEs does not differ much in terms of size but in different industries. Industries with high information dependence and low information tacitness have a higher chance of the adoption of e-market for conducting electronic commerce activities.

Influence of consumers’ perceived risk on consumers’ online purchase intention

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the relationship between six factors of consumers’ perceived risk and consumers’ online purchase intentions. In particular, this study will examine the relationship between financial risk, product risk, security risk, time risk, social risk and psychological risk and online purchase intention.Design/methodology/approachSurvey method was used for the purpose of data collection, and quantitative analysis was used to test the hypotheses. A total of 350 respondents participated on an online survey, and data were quantitatively analyzed via IBM SPSS Statistics 24.FindingsThe findings from this study suggest consumers’ perceived risks when they intend to purchase online. Five factors of perceived risk have a significant negative influence on consumer online purchase intention, while social risk was found to be insignificant. Among these factors, security risk is the main contributor for consumers to deter from purchasing online.Practical implicationsThis study provides useful information to online retailers in electronic commerce (e-commerce) activities. Previous studies show that many online retailers are still facing some risks in online business, and this will affect the transaction and performance of the retailers. It is hoped that the findings can help online retailers to formulate strategies to reduce risks in the online shopping environment, especially security risks for better e-commerce.Originality/valueThe development of online shopping has led to some challenges to consumers, which comprise security of payment, data protection, the validity and enforceability of e-contract, insufficient information disclosure, product quality and enforcement of rights. This issue emerged because many online retailers do not understand the main factors that will contribute to consumers’ perceived risk. Consumers’ perceived risks will influence consumer attitudes toward online shopping and purchase behaviors. Studies on consumers’ perceived risks toward online purchase intentions are still inconclusive. Thus, this paper fills the gap in the research area.

Formal Method for Security Analysis of Electronic Payment Protocols

Electronic payment protocols play a vital role in electronic commerce security, which is essential for secure operation of electronic commerce activities. Formal method is an effective way to verify the security of protocols. But current formal method lacks the description and analysis of timeliness in electronic payment protocols. In order to improve analysis ability, a novel approach to analyze security properties such as accountability, fairness and timeliness in electronic payment protocols is proposed in this paper. This approach extends an existing logical method by adding a concise time expression and analysis method. It enables to describe the event time, and extends the time characteristics of logical inference rules. We analyzed the Netbill protocol with the new approach and found that the fairness of the protocol is not satisfied, due to timeliness problem. The result illustrates the new approach is able to analyze the key properties of electronic payment protocols. Furthermore, the new approach can be introduced to analyze other time properties of cryptographic protocols.

Revisión de algoritmos para la detección de valores atípicos

La detección de los valores atípicos es una tarea extremadamente importante en una amplia variedad de dominios de aplicación. Con frecuencia estos valores son eliminados para mejorar la precisión de la información, pero a veces la presencia de un valor atípico tiene un cierto sentido o explicación que se puede perder si se elimina, puesto que su identificación puede conducir al descubrimiento de un conocimiento inesperado en diversas áreas como por ejemplo: actividades delictivas en el comercio electrónico, detección de fraudes e incluso el análisis del rendimiento estadístico. El artículo que se presenta es el resultado de una investigación documental, no exhaustiva, de la opinión de diversos autores, que enfocaron su trabajo en determinar la eficiencia de los diversos métodos o algoritmos para la detección de valores atípicos. Inicialmente se realizó un estudio teórico conceptual que permita entender la naturaleza de un valor atípico y su clasificación, para después realizar un análisis sobre las diferentes técnicas de detección basadas en clustering, distancias y densidad. Para cada una de las técnicas de detección de valores atípicos estudiada se presentan algoritmos que han sido planteados por diversos autores además de la eficiencia que cada uno de ellos ha tenido en determinados contextos.

The NPS Phenomenon and the Deep Web: Trends Analyses and Internet Snapshots

BACKGROUND: In relation to the phenomenon of novel psychoactive substances, activities on the surface web represent only the tip of the iceberg. The majority of the electronic commerce (e-commerce) activities exist on the deep web and the darknet. Observational analytic studies are failing to keep pace with these activities; these studies are either obsolete beyond the point in time of the taken internet snapshot or highly-consuming for resources including time, funding, and manpower.MATERIALS & METHODS: Cross-sectional and retrospective analyses via multiple Internet snapshots were carried out across Google Trends database and the e-markets on the darknet. Google Trends were scanned retrospectively (2012-2016) for keywords specific to the deep web in an aim to estimate and geo-map of the attentiveness (interest) of surface web users in the deep web and its illicit activities.RESULTS: The attentiveness of surface web users in the deep web was noticed to be incremented during 2013 and 2014; the top ten contributing countries were Norway, Germany, Denmark, Austria, Poland, Sweden, Slovenia, Switzerland, Finland, and Netherlands. Middle Eastern countries contributed minimally including; Syria, Iran, Israel, UAE, Morocco, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. Power scoring of e-markets revealed that the top five markets were; AlphaBay, Agora, Nucleus, Abraxas, and Hansa. The most common categories of NPS on these markets were; cannabis and cannabimimetic (1st), stimulants (2nd), empathogens (3rd), and psychedelics (4th).CONCLUSION: The e-commerce activities on the deep web and the darknet e-marketplace represent an integral component of the NPS e-phenomenon. Unfortunately, recent attempts to examine and study those unlawful activities are outdated. Hence, to achieve real-time and reliable data, the inclusion of data mining tools and knowledge discovery in databases are critical to ensuring a future victory.

The Legal Challenges of International Electronic Contracts in Iraq

The electronic commerce activities raise an emerging legal challenges and problems based on the existing legal systems in Iraq. The traditional commercial relations make the commercial activity on the basis of offer and acceptance relies on the commitment of the seller. For example, to deliver the sales physically on one hand and the buyer has to pay the price either in cash or by using tools that are alternative to direct payment-in cash through trade securities or other means of conventional banking fulfillment. However, it is a different story in relation to electronic commerce transactions. The difference is not only in the concept of the commercial activity but also in the tools of its practice and the nature of relations arising under its umbrella. Most activities in the e-commerce activities is carried out online i.e. through the internet or information network. The use of technology is dominant, creating new challenges against the existing legal systems in Iraq. The aim of this article is to study the challenges and problems with regards to electronic contracts in Iraq. It is found that the current law governing the e-commerce in Iraq is the main obstacle for Iraqi consumer to conclude such contracts. It is interesting to note the growing importance of e-commerce contract among Iraqis in their daily life. The article suggests amendment to the current legislation governing e-commerce to facilitate the growth of online transaction in Iraq.

E-commerce trends and impacts across Europe

This study investigates patterns in electronic commerce (e-commerce) activities and their impact on labour productivity growth for a group of 14 European countries. At hand for the exercise is a unique panel of micro-aggregated, firm-level data spanning the years 2002–2010. The empirical approach involves two main elements: a static specification and a dynamic panel data model. The former is a difference specification estimated by OLS, and the latter model uses the system GMM estimator to account for endogeneity of e-commerce activities. For the impact analysis, e-commerce is defined specifically as e-sales – that is, orders firms receive electronically (through EDI or websites). Descriptive statistics reveal that the proportion of firms engaging in e-sales activities, after starting from a low level, is slowly growing over time. The OLS estimates, which control for industry, time, and country effects, show that the changes in e-sales activities and labour productivity growth are significantly positively related. Specifically, an increase in e-sales by one percentage point raises labour productivity growth by 0.3 percentage points over a two-year period. Service industries experience a larger impact than does manufacturing. Similar results are produced by the dynamic panel data estimations, which show that the increase in e-sales activities during the period studied accounts for 18 per cent of the total growth in labour productivity. In addition, the results demonstrate that smaller firms gain the most from increases in e-sales. Overall, the magnitude of the estimates differs less across methods than it does between industries or over time.

The Impact on Electronic Commerce Activities of SMEs: A Study of the Turkish Automotive Supplier Industry

This study aims to investigate the issues of electronic commerce activities in small and medium sized enterprises as a consequence of organizational change initiated by the adoption of information technologies. The fundamental issues influencing electronic commerce practices of SMEs are their insufficiency of cognitive learning and organizational strategy, financial and distribution problems specific to SMEs, limitations of supply chain management, reluctance of organizational culture for electronic change, problems of information technologies usage, insufficiency of human resource, resistance of top management to organizational change as required by the adoption of information technologies, integration problems of new technologies with the existing systems, lack of confidence on the side of customers towards electronic commerce. A study of the Turkish Automotive Supplier Industry has revealed that electronic commerce has been adopted and its benefits are accepted. However, the industry has to overcome some technical and managerial difficulties to implement it more efficiently and effectively. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n9p69

Analisis Faktor Kredibilitas Website E-Commerce Indonesia Studi pada Online Purchasing

In the number of Internet users in Indonesia continues to increase. Internet increasingly being used for purchasing online. There are many e-commerce websites that offer goods and services online. Internet users should be able to distinguish which websites are credible before engaging in electronic commerce activities. Be an interesting question, what factors are rated by visitors of a website as an e-commerce website that is credible or reliable. Using a web-based survey methods, respondents were asked what factors support the credibility of the website in electronic commerce purchasing transactions. The respondents were Internet users. Proposed survey questions are grouped into four factors, namely, kerpercayaan factors, factors expertise, sponsorship factors and specific factors. The survey results were tested with descriptive statistic. Based on the data obtained, the Trust Factor respondents prefer e-commerce website that is trusted by his close associates, while the respondents assess the Skill Factor of websites that apply when payments online transactions through banks Indonesia is considered more reliable. In the Sponsorship Factor and Specific Factor, respondents believe the e-commerce website that does television ads in the media and managed by official institutions. Keyword s : credibility, trustworthiness, expertise, electronic commerce, online purchasing

The Potentials of Waste-To-Energy System in Nigeria: A Study of Pyrolytic Conversion of Wood Residue to Bio-Oil in Major Cities of South-Western Nigeria

The study reported in this paper was undertaken in an attempt to identify and understand the impacts of electronic commerce in the car retail industry in Western Australia. Much of the existing literature in electronic commerce puts forward theoretical models and speculative argumentation in an attempt to describe and understand the electronic commerce phenomenon. In contradistinction to this type of approach, this paper reports on an empirical investigation of the perspectives of senior executives (CEOs and/or owners) as to their actual experiences of and beliefs about the impacts of electronic commerce in the retail car industry in Western Australia. These viewpoints and perspectives were elicited during face-to-face, semi-structured interviews lasting between 1.5 and 3 hours. Generally speaking, the executives interviewed are experiencing great uncertainty with respect to electronic commerce and its effect on their business: they are uncertain about its likely impacts long term (although not much is currently happening), they are uncertain about the ultimate magnitude of electronic commerce in their industry, they are uncertain about the costs and benefits of electronic commerce investments, but they are unwilling not to be involved at all. There appear to be few articulated and carefully thought-out business strategies driving their electronic commerce activities at this stage, nor is there much evidence of internal business processes being reengineered to accommodate the requirements of an electronic commerce presence. In addition, a number of drivers and inhibitors of electronic commerce from the perspective of these CEOs in the car retail industry are also identified.

Malaysian DSA 1997: A Review of Some Unresolved Issues

It is widely recognized that electronic commerce can make fundamental changes to the national economic landscape. As with other countries, the prospect of electronic commerce has driven the government to amend existing legislation and enact new laws to deal with emerging legal issues arising from electronic commerce activities. Policy framework and regulations are laid out for the purpose of creating facilitative environment for electronic commerce. For this purpose Malaysia has enacted the Digital Signatures Act in 1997 (DSA) and almost a decade later, the Electronic Commerce Act 2006. This paper aspires to offer some analysis of the Acts in terms of how far they support a conducive legal environment they sought to promote and are sustainable for e commerce development.

A hybrid approach to outlier detection based on boundary region

In recent years, much attention has been given to the problem of outlier detection, whose aim is to detect outliers – objects who behave in an unexpected way or have abnormal properties. The identification of outliers is important for many applications such as intrusion detection, credit card fraud, criminal activities in electronic commerce, medical diagnosis and anti-terrorism, etc. In this paper, we propose a hybrid approach to outlier detection, which combines the opinions from boundary-based and distance-based methods for outlier detection ( Jiang et al., 2005, 2009; Knorr and Ng, 1998). We give a novel definition of outliers – BD ( boundary and distance)- based outliers, by virtue of the notion of boundary region in rough set theory and the definitions of distance-based outliers. An algorithm to find such outliers is also given. And the effectiveness of our method for outlier detection is demonstrated on two publicly available databases.