Active Video Game Sessions Research Articles

Feasibility of a Virtual Game-Based Activity Intervention in Breast Cancer Survivors During The COVID-19 Pandemic

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> Report the feasibility of a virtual active video game (AVG)-based physical activity (PA) support group intervention for older breast cancer survivors (Pink Warrior 2) during the COVID-19 pandemic. <h3>Design</h3> A pilot randomized controlled trial. <h3>Setting</h3> Home-based virtual intervention. <h3>Participants</h3> Physically inactive breast cancer survivors aged ≥ 55 years. <h3>Interventions</h3> Pink Warrior 2 was a virtual PA intervention that included 13-weekly AVG sessions, a Fitbit for self-monitoring, and behavioral coaching via videoconference. Participants in the control group participated in a weekly group phone discussion on cancer survivorship topics and wore a Mi band, an electronic activity monitor. Unlike Fitbit's mobile application (app), Mi band's app did not integrate behavioral change techniques (e.g., encouraging steps). <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Feasibility was assessed by enrollment rate (≥50%), retention rate (≥80%), group attendance rate (≥10 sessions for intervention), percentage of completed assessments (questionnaires and virtual assessments), number of technological issues and adverse events. <h3>Results</h3> The recruitment rate was 34%. Twenty-seven participants were enrolled, and 20 were randomized into intervention or control groups. The final participant retention rate was 90%. The adherence rate for group attendance was 88% for the intervention group and 82% for the control group. 85% of participants completed all the baseline questionnaires. 96% of virtual assessments were conducted successfully without adverse events. Internet connectivity issues impacted 2 out of 56 (4%) assessments. 14% of assessments were delayed due to Actigraph monitor-related issues or participants or their family members contracting COVID-19. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Session adherence, retention, virtual assessments, and the number of adverse events met benchmarks for feasibility. Recruitment and completion of paper-based questionnaires were limited by challenges related to COVID-19. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> No known conflicts of interest.

Rapid component of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption of children of different weight status after playing active video games

BackgroundExcess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) of children could indicate the potential of an exercise therapy to treat or prevent obesity. However, EPOC as a result of playing active video games (AVG) has been poorly investigated. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the rapid component of EPOC of children with healthy weight and overweight/obesity (according to their BMI percentile) after playing AVGs that feature predominately upper body (UB) and whole-body (WB) movement.MethodsTwenty-one children with healthy weight (BMI percentile < 85%) and with overweight/obesity (BMI percentile ≥ 85%) randomly underwent two 10-min AVG sessions (UB and WB). The heart rate (HR), minute ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were recorded during exercise and post-exercise recovery period. For the rapid component of EPOC in each AVG session, measurements were recorded every 15 s for 5-min of post-exercise recovery. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was also measured immediately before and after each AVG play.ResultsChildren with overweight/obesity had a higher average of absolute VE, VO2, and VCO2 than their healthy-weight counterparts (BMI percentile < 85%; n = 21) during post-exercise recovery. RPE, HR, and HR% were not different between the game sessions and weight groups. Children with overweight/obesity showed a higher absolute VO2 during EPOC than healthy-weight children in both game sessions, but relative VO2 was higher in healthy-weight children during EPOC. No differences were observed for EPOC between UB and WB sessions.ConclusionsChildren with overweight/obesity had a greater EPOC than healthy-weight children after AVG sessions in terms of absolute oxygen values, whereas healthy-weight children have higher EPOC considering relative VO2 when controlling for body mass. UB and WB AVGs induced a similar EPOC among children with healthy weight and overweight/obesity. As UB and WB AVGs induce the rapid component of EPOC in children regardless their weight status, AVGs could be used as an exercise method to treat and prevent child obesity.

Physiological Responses To Animated Narrative Vs. Nonnarrative Videos In Active Video Gameplay

PURPOSE: Active video games (AVG) can induce similar physiological responses to physical activities in children. Narratives could be an alternative for increasing players’ engagement due to their unique motivational properties We investigated the effects of an animated narrative video (NV) vs. an animated non-narrative video (N-NV) on heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) during children’s AVG play sessions. METHODS: After consent/assent, anamnesis and anthropometrics assessment, we randomly assigned 21 children aged 8-12 years old with no previous AVG experience to watch either an NV N-NV (duration: ≈11min). They played the AVG for as long as they wanted. HR was monitored pre, during and after the play session using a Polar® HR band ActiGraph Link. RPE was measured pre and post AVG session with Borg’s scale. Participants reported their narrative immersion and game engagement via questionnaires. We applied independent samples t-test and repeated measures ANOVA to compare between and within groups. We used Pearson correlation coefficients for association analysis. RESULTS: The NV and N-NV group did not differ significantly (age: 9.5±1.1 vs. 10.3±1.3, p=0.14; BMI%: 42.0±25.0 vs. 57.2±36.2, p=0.28). The NV group had significantly higher narrative immersion (3.5±0.6 vs. 2.9±0.6, p=0.03,d=1.03) and game engagement (4.0±0.4 vs. 3.2±0.3, p<0.01, d=1.92) than the N-NV group. Both HR and RPE had a within-group interaction (Time: ps<0.01), but not a between-group (ps>0.33) or interaction (Time×Group: ps>0.35). Narrative immersion was moderately correlated with HR post AVG (r=0.53; p=0.01) and game engagement (r=0.46; p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: We are the first to test the effect of N-NV vs. NV on physiological responses to AVG play. Although the narrative group did not show higher physiological response (HR and RPE) than the non-narrative group, those with higher immersion during the AVG session also had a higher HR post AVG, suggesting higher game engagement and play motivation.

30 minutos de vídeo game ativo a uma intensidade moderada promovem alterações glicêmicas e cardiovasculares?

Objetivo: Analisar glicemia aguda, variáveis cardiovasculares e nível de satisfação à prática (LE) de adultos saudáveis em resposta aos videogames ativos (AVG).Métodos: Quatorze adultos realizaram uma sessão de AVG de 30 minutos. Frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), duplo produto (DP) e glicemia foram registrados em repouso, imediatamente após e 30 minutos após sessão de AVG. Ao final, os participantes relataram percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE, escala 6-20) e LE (escala 0-10).Resultados: Os participantes alcançaram 55,5% da reserva da FC e PSE elevada (Média=15). A glicemia reduziu (−10,3 mg·dL−1) e FC (+85 bpm), PAS (+23,8 mm Hg) e DP (+12852 mm Hg × bpm) aumentaram imediatamente após a sessão e retornaram aos valores de repouso após 30 minutos. A PAD não apresentou alterações significantes ao longo do tempo. Níveis elevados de LE foram encontrados (Média=8,6).Conclusão: Uma sessão de 30 minutos de AVG em intensidade moderada reduziu a glicose sanguínea e promoveu alterações hemodinâmicas seguras e alto nível de satisfação em adultos.

Enjoyment and Intensity of Physical Activity in Immersive Virtual Reality Performed on Innovative Training Devices in Compliance with Recommendations for Health.

The aim of the study is to assess the enjoyment and intensity of physical exercise while practicing physical activity (PA) in immersive virtual reality (IVR) using innovative training devices (omni-directional Omni treadmill and Icaros Pro flight simulator). The study also contains the results of subjective research on the usefulness of such a form of PA in the opinion of users. In total, 61 adults (10 women and 51 men) took part in the study. To assess the enjoyment level (EL) Interest/Enjoyment subscale of Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) was used. Exercise intensity was assessed during 10-min sessions of active video games (AVGs) in IVR based on heart rate (HR). The average enjoyment level during physical exercise in IVR on the tested training devices was high (Omni 5.74 points, Icaros 5.60 points on a 1–7 Likert scale) and differed significantly in favor of PA on Omni. In the opinion of the majority of participants, AVGs in IVR on the tested devices constitute a sufficiently useful form of PA to meet the needs of leisure time activities, and they can even replace some forms of physical effort performed in a classic way. The intensity of PA during games on training devices was at the level recommended for health benefits for 80.55% (Omni) and 50.77% (Icaros Pro) of its duration. Based on the conducted research, it can be assumed that AVGs in IVR using a multi-directional treadmill and a flight simulator can be an effective tool for increasing participation in health-oriented PA.

Calculating Heart Rate Variability from ECG Data from Youth with Cerebral Palsy During Active Video Game Sessions.

The aim of this study was to generate a method for calculating heart rate variability (HRV) from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. The waveforms were recorded by a HR monitor that participants (youth with cerebral palsy (CP)) wore during active video game (AVG) sessions. The AVG sessions were designed to promote physical activity and fitness (aerobic performance) in participants. The goal was to evaluate the feasibility of AVGs as a physical therapy (PT) intervention strategy. The maximum HR (mHR) was determined for each participant and the Target Heart Rate Zone (THRZ) was calculated for each of three exercise phases in the 20 min AVG session: (warm-up at 40-60% mHR, conditioning at 60-80% mHR, and cool down at 40-60% mHR). Each participant played three 20 min games during the AVG session. All games were played while sitting on a bench because many youth with CP cannot stand for extended periods of time. Each game condition differed with participants using hand icons only, hand and feet icons together or feet icons only to collect objects. The objective of the game (called KOLLECT) is to collect objects to gain points and avoid hazards to not lose points. Hazards were used in the warm-up and cool down phases only to promote slower, controlled movement to maintain HR in the target heart rate zone (THRZ). There were no hazards in the conditioning phase to promote higher levels and more intense physical activity. Analytic methods were used to generate HRV (selected time-domain and frequency-domain measures) from ECG data to examine aerobic workload. Recent applications of HRV indicate that short-term measurements (5 min bouts) are appropriate and that HRV biofeedback may help improve symptoms and the quality of life in a variety of health conditions. Although HR is a well-accepted clinical measure to examine aerobic performance and intensity in PT interventions, HRV may provide information of the autonomic system functions, recovery and adaptation during AVG sessions.

Calculating Heart Rate Variability from ECG Data from Youth with Cerebral Palsy During Active Video Game Sessions

Calculating Heart Rate Variability from ECG Data from Youth with Cerebral Palsy During Active Video Game Sessions

Active Video Games for Rehabilitation in Respiratory Conditions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BackgroundExercise and physical activity are key components of treatment for chronic respiratory diseases. However, the level of physical activity and adherence to exercise programs are low in people with these diseases. Active video games (AVGs) may provide a more engaging alternative to traditional forms of exercise.ObjectiveThis review examines the effectiveness of game-based interventions on physiological outcome measures, as well as adherence and enjoyment in subjects with chronic respiratory diseases.MethodsA systematic search of the literature was conducted, with full texts and abstracts included where they involved an AVG intervention for participants diagnosed with respiratory conditions. A narrative synthesis of included studies was performed. Additionally, meta-analysis comparing AVGs with traditional exercise was undertaken for 4 outcome measures: mean heart rate (HR) during exercise, peripheral blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) during exercise, dyspnea induced by the exercise, and enjoyment of the exercise.ResultsA total of 13 full-text papers corresponding to 12 studies were included in the review. Interventions predominantly used games released for the Nintendo Wii (8 studies) and Microsoft Xbox Kinect (3 studies). There were 5 studies that examined the acute effects of a single session of AVGs and 7 studies that examined the long-term effects after multiple sessions of AVGs. Trials conducted over more than 1 session varied in duration between 3 and 12 weeks. In these, AVG interventions were associated with either similar or slightly greater improvements in outcomes such as exercise capacity when compared with a traditional exercise control, and they also generally demonstrated improvements over baseline or nonintervention comparators. There were a few studies of unsupervised AVG interventions, but the reported adherence was high and maintained throughout the intervention period. Additionally, AVGs were generally reported to be well liked and considered feasible by participants.For outcome measures measured during a single exercise session, there was no significant difference between an AVG and traditional exercise for HR (mean difference 1.44 beats per minute, 95% CI –14.31 to 17.18), SpO2 (mean difference 1.12 percentage points, 95% CI –1.91 to 4.16), and dyspnea (mean difference 0.43 Borg units, 95% CI –0.79 to 1.66), but AVGs were significantly more enjoyable than traditional exercise (Hedges g standardized mean difference 1.36, 95% CI 0.04-2.68).ConclusionsThis review provides evidence that AVG interventions, undertaken for several weeks, can provide similar or greater improvements in exercise capacity and other outcomes as traditional exercise. Within a single session of cardiovascular exercise, an AVG can evoke similar physiological responses as traditional exercise modalities but is more enjoyable to subjects with chronic respiratory diseases. However, there is very limited evidence for adherence and effectiveness in long-term unsupervised trials, which should be the focus of future research.

Energy demand in an active videogame session and the potential to promote hypotension after exercise in hypertensive women.

The aim of this study was to determine the energy demand of one session of active video game (AVG) and its potential to reduce blood pressure (BP). Fourteen hypertensive (56.4±7.5 years) individuals performed sessions of AVG, a traditional sedentary video game sessions (SVG) and walking (WAL), as negative and positive controls, in a randomly determined order. Oxygen consumption and energy expenditure (EE) were measured during sessions. BP and cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) were measured at rest and every 15 minutes of a 60-minute period of recovery from activities. A rating of enjoyment scale was also applied. AVG and WAL resulted in higher oxygen consumption (10.0±0.5 ml/kg/min and 16.6±3.1 ml/kg/min, respectively) and EE (3.5±0.2 kcal/min and 4.2±0.5 kcal/min) compared to 4.1±0.8 ml/kg/min and 1.4±0.1 kcal/min in SVG. A reduction in systolic and diastolic BP was evident following AVG sessions (-11.6±2.5 mmHg and -8.7±2.5 mmHg) and WAL (-10.8±2.8 mmHg and -8.6±2.3 mmHg) compared to pre-experiment value, and the same did not occur in SVG. All sessions promoted a feeling of enjoyment, with no difference between them. The parasympathetic activity was significantly lower at 30 and 45 minutes in post-WAL recovery (34.6±15.0 ms2 and 34.4±16.0 ms2) in the frequency domain (HF) in relation to both AVG (195.5±67.0 ms2 and 164.5±55.0 ms2) and the SVG (158.9±45.0 and 281.3±98.0 ms2). It is concluded that an AVG session promotes increased metabolic activity and is able to promote acute reduction of BP in hypertensive individuals similar to traditional walking exercise.

Acute effect of active video games on older children's mood change

Although the benefits of physical activity are well acknowledged, many inactive yet unfit children perceive physical activity as unpleasant, which may be one of the contributing factors to childhood obesity rate. Active video games (AVGs) are an innovative, fun approach to promote children's physical activity. This study investigated the acute effect of playing a single bout of AVGs on children's mood change and whether mood change differed by gender and age group (grade). Sixty-eight third and 66 fourth grade children completed the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) immediately before and after attending a 30-min AVGs session. Results revealed a short bout of AVGs significantly reduced anger/depression and vigor, and fourth grade children had greater vigor than the third graders. AVGs can be an effective physical activity that could reduce negative mood state, however several factors may need to be considered to increase positive mood.

Effect of Active Videogames on Underserved Children's Classroom Behaviors, Effort, and Fitness.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of active videogames (AVGs) on underserved minority children's on-task classroom behavior, academic effort, and fitness. A one group pre- and posttest repeated measures design was used. In Fall 2013, 95 fourth grade children (57 boys, 38 girls; 96% of minority) from three classes at an underserved urban elementary school participated in teacher-supervised AVG activities (e.g., Wii Sports, Xbox Just Dance). Specifically, students participated in a 50-minute weekly AVG program at school for 6 weeks. Children's academic effort was evaluated by classroom teachers using a validated scale that assessed activity, attention, conduct, and social/emotional behavior. Moreover, children's classroom behavior was observed immediately before and after each AVG session by trained researchers. Finally, cardiovascular fitness was also measured. A paired t-test was used to assess teacher-rated student effort, while one-way (gender) analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was performed to analyze children's on-task classroom behavior. There was a significant effect on children's effort between the first (mean = 3.24, SD = 0.75) and last week (mean = 3.41, SD = 0.73) assessments, t = 2.42, P = 0.02. In addition, there was a significant effect on classroom behavior, F = 33.103, P < 0.01. In detail, children scored significantly higher on on-task behavior during the post-AVG observation (mean = 81.4, SD = 12.3) than seen during the pre-AVG observation (mean = 69.8, SD = 14.9). However, no main effect was indicated for gender, F = 0.39, P = 0.54. No significant improvement in cardiovascular fitness was observed, although slight improvements were seen. Offering an AVG program at school could improve underserved minority children's classroom on-task behavior and academic effort. Future studies may include a control group to further confirm the effectiveness of AVG activities. Practical implications for educators and other stakeholders are provided.

Active Video Games in Schools and Effects on Physical Activity and Health: A Systematic Review

To assess the quality of evidence for the effects of school active video game (AVG) use on physical activity and health outcomes. Online databases (ERIC, PsycINFO, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) and gray literature were searched. Inclusion criteria were the use of AVGs in school settings as an intervention; assessment of at least 1 health or physical activity outcome; and comparison of outcomes with either a control group or comparison phase. Studies featuring AVGs within complex interventions were excluded. Study quality was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project tool. Twenty-two reports were identified: 11 assessed physical activity outcomes only, 5 assessed motor skill outcomes only, and 6 assessed both physical activity and health outcomes. Nine out of 14 studies found greater physical activity in AVG sessions compared with controls; mostly assessed by objective measures in school time only. Motor skills were found to improve with AVGs vs controls in all studies but not compared with other motor skill interventions. Effects of AVGs on body composition were mixed. Study quality was low in 16 studies and moderate in the remaining 6, with insufficient detail given on blinding, participation rates, and confounding variables. There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend AVGs as efficacious health interventions within schools. Higher quality AVG research utilizing randomized controlled trial designs, larger sample sizes, and validated activity measurements beyond the school day is needed.

Energy intake adaptations to acute isoenergetic active video games and exercise are similar in obese adolescents.

Although the impact of passive video games (PVGs) on energy intake has been previously explored in lean adolescents, data are missing on the nutritional adaptations to passive and active video games (AVGs) in obese adolescents. It is also unknown whether isoenergetic AVGs and exercise (EX) differently affect food consumption in youth. Nineteen obese adolescent boys (12-15 years old) had to complete four 1-hour sessions in a crossover manner: control (CON; sitting on a chair), PVG (boxing game on Xbox 360), AVG (boxing game on Xbox Kinect 360) and EX (cycling). The EX was calibrated to generate the same energy expenditure as the AVG session. Energy expenditure was measured using a K4b2 portable indirect calorimeter. Ad libitum food intake (buffet-style meal) and appetite sensations (visual analogue scales) were assessed after the sessions. As expected, mean energy expenditure was similar between AVG (370±4 kcal) and EX (358±3 kcal), both of which were significantly higher than PVG (125±7 kcal) and CON (98±5 kcal) (P<0.001). However, ad libitum food intake after the sessions was not significantly different between CON (1174±282 kcal), PVG (1124±281 kcal), AVG (1098±265 kcal) and EX (1091±290 kcal). Likewise, the energy derived from fat, carbohydrate and protein was not significantly different between sessions, and appetite sensations were not affected. Energy intake and food preferences after an hour of AVG or PVG playing remain unchanged, and isoenergetic sessions of AVG and EX at moderate intensity induce similar nutritional responses in obese adolescent boys.

Active Videogaming Compared to Unstructured, Outdoor Play in Young Children: Percent Time in Moderate- to Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity and Estimated Energy Expenditure.

The majority of children do not achieve recommended amounts of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). Active videogames (AVGs) may be a source of MVPA for young children. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare, in children 5-8 years of age, percentage of time engaged in MVPA, assessed via accelerometry and direct observation (DO), and estimated energy expenditure (EE), assessed via accelerometry, while playing AVG and unstructured, outdoor play (OP). Sixteen normal-weight young children (6.4±0.8 years old, 62.5 percent male, 81.3 percent white, standardized body mass index=-0.18±0.66) completed two 15-minute sessions of AVG and OP. For AVG, participants played "River Rush" (Xbox(®) 360 Kinect(®); Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA), and OP was conducted in an outdoor playground. Three Actical (Philips Respironics Co. Inc., Bend, OR) accelerometers (hip and left and right wrists) measured percentage MVPA and estimated EE. DO was conducted using the Children's Activity Rating Scale, from which percentage MVPA was coded. Repeated-measures analysis of variance controlling for condition differences in humidity and condition order found greater percentage MVPA in AVG condition with the accelerometer located on the hip (AVG=74.6±31.1 percent versus OP=67.5±31.1 percent; P<0.05, d=0.23) and with DO (AVG=23.8±12.4 percent versus OP=13.2±13.0 percent; P<0.05, d=0.83). These findings suggest that AVGs may be a source of MVPA for young children.

Resposta de uma Sessão com Vídeo Game Ativo na Hipotensão Pós-Exercício em Jovens Normotensos

Introduction: There have been reports on the use of the active video game (AVG) and the physiological demands imposed by its practice, in addition to its possible application in the therapeutic field. However, its effect on blood pressure (BP) remains unclear. Objective: Thus, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the AVG to promote post-exercise hypotension (PEH) in normotensive individuals. Material and Methods: Eight volunteers (24.5±2.3 years, 22.4±2.0 kg/m²) underwent three experimental sessions lasting 60 minutes: 1) AVG; 2) sedentary video game (SVG); and 3) aerobic treadmill exercise (AE). Heart rate (HR) was measured before and during the sessions, every 10 minutes. BP measurements were performed before and after the sessions, every 10 minutes for a 60-minute recovery period. The intensity reached in the AVG session was 21.9% of maximum heart rate (MHR), which is considered to be a low intensity when compared to the AE (73.2% of MHR). The PEH values obtained in the AVG session were similar to those of the AE session for systolic BP, in which the greatest reduction was found for AVG at 60 min (-10.5 ± 5.0 mmHg) and for AE at 40 min (-15.7 ± 3.5 mmHg) (p <0.05). These findings differed from those obtained in the SVG session, whose highest systolic BP values were found to be 6.8 ± 3.2 mmHg (p <0.05). The diastolic PEH values (60 minutes post-exercise) did not differ significantly between the three sessions; however, there were higher PEH values in the AVG and AE sessions. Conclusion: An AVG session can acutely reduce BP as much as a treadmill exercise session. DESCRIPTORS Hypertension. Post-Exercise Hypotension. Video Games.

身体活動のタイプの違いはどのように気分に影響するのか？

Generally, typical physical activities (e.g. walking and cycling) increase positive affect and decrease negative affect. However, few studies have investigated the effects on mood of activities that are frequently pursued during leisure time (e.g. dynamic stretching and video games). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influences of different types of physical activity on mood. We selected 16 activities (kendama, active video games [“Wii Sports” tennis, baseball, boxing], static and dynamic stretching, jumping rope, step exercise, table tennis, darts, ball juggling, cycling, balance ball exercise, golf putting, walking, and dumbbell exercise) for investigation and divided them into 4 protocols. The duration of each activity was 10 min, except for dynamic stretching and step exercise (3 min). Fifteen young adults (8 males and 7 females) participated in at least 2 protocols (8 activities). Before and after each activity, levels of arousal and pleasure were measured using a two-dimensional mood scale. Metabolic equivalent (MET) as an index of exercise intensity was monitored throughout all activities using a portable indirect calorimeter (MetaMax 3B). The changes in arousal and pleasure levels were tested by paired t test. The influence of activity type on changes in arousal and pleasure levels was analyzed by ANCOVA (factor: activity type 16 levels; covariate: METs) using a Mixed model. In ANCOVA models, the influence of each activity was evaluated in comparison with walking. All activities except static stretching (p=0.199) significantly increased the arousal level (p<0.010). The pleasure level was significantly increased after 3 sessions of active video games, static stretching, table tennis, and balance ball exercise (p<0.044). The results of the ANCOVA models revealed that the main effect of activity type on changes in arousal and pleasure levels was significant (p≤0.007), while MET showed no significant regression coefficient (p≥0.075). Increases in pleasure level during an active video game (baseball) and table tennis were significantly higher than during walking (p≤0.025), whereas the influence of step exercise was significantly lower than during walking. These findings suggest that physical activity generally increases arousal level independently of exercise intensity, and that performing activities with another person such as conducting active video games or table tennis, significantly increases pleasure level in comparison to walking.