Active Speakers Research Articles

Multi-microphone simultaneous speakers detection and localization of multi-sources for separation and noise reduction

This paper addresses the challenge of online blind speaker separation in a multi-microphone setting. The linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) beamformer is selected as the backbone of the separation algorithm due to its distortionless response and capacity to create a null towards interfering sources. A specific instance of the LCMV beamformer that considers acoustic propagation is implemented. In this variant, the relative transfer functions (RTFs) associated with each speaker of interest are utilized as the steering vectors of the beamformer. A control mechanism is devised to ensure robust estimation of the beamformer’s building blocks, comprising speaker activity detectors and direction of arrival (DOA) estimation branches. This control mechanism is implemented as a multi-task deep neural network (DNN). The primary task classifies each time frame based on speaker activity: no active speaker, single active speaker, or multiple active speakers. The secondary task is DOA estimation. It is implemented as a classification task, executed only for frames classified as single-speaker frames by the primary branch. The direction of the active speaker is classified into one of the multiple ranges of angles. These frames are also leveraged to estimate the RTFs using subspace estimation methods. A library of RTFs associated with these DOA ranges is then constructed, facilitating rapid acquisition of new speakers and efficient tracking of existing speakers. The proposed scheme is evaluated in both simulated and real-life recordings, encompassing static and dynamic scenarios. The benefits of the multi-task approach are showcased, and significant improvements are evident, even when the control mechanism is trained with simulated data and tested with real-life data. A comparison between the proposed scheme and the independent low-rank matrix analysis (ILRMA) algorithm reveals significant improvements in static scenarios. Furthermore, the tracking capabilities of the proposed scheme are highlighted in dynamic scenarios.

Struktur Frasa Adverbial Bahasa Batak Toba Analisis Teori X-Bar

This study aims to describe the structures forming an adverbial phrase in the Batak Toba language. This research is a qualitative research. The data in this study is in the form of Batak Toba text. Data sources are obtained through observation, interviews, as well as using researchers' intuitive data as active speakers of Batak Toba language. At the observation stage, researchers were directly involved in the conversations of several Toba Batak speakers in a coffee shop. Then an unstructured interview was conducted using provoking questions to the informant. The type of question given is related to the grammatical acceptability of phrase structure in the Batak Toba language. While in the process of data analysis is carried out by grouping data based on the similarity of elements, then determining the right elements is carried out. The results of research and discussion show that in the Toba Batak language there are 4 rules of adverbial phrase structure in the Toba Batak language, yaitu: (1) Adv + A = Adv’, Adv’ + Spes = FAdv, (2). A + Adv = Adv’, Adv’ + Spes = FAdv, (3) Ad + Adv = Adv’, Adv’ + V = Adv’, Adv’ + Spes = FAdv, (4) Adv + Ad = Adv’, Adv’ + Adv = Adv’, Adv’ + Spes = FAdv. Keywords: adverbial pharase, Tobanese, X Bar theory

The Role of Islamic Religious Education Teachers Through ICT-Based Learning Media Design in Improving Student Learning Outcomes at Smpn 4 Pinrang

This study discusses the Role of Islamic Education Teachers through the design of ICT-Based Learning Media. This study aims to determine the use of ICT-based learning media in SMP Negeri 4 Pinrang. This study used a type of descriptive qualitative research. With a case study approach, data sources are primary data (teachers, principals, vice principals) and secondary data (documents directly to the field or carried out in the field through observation, interviews, and documentation studies, in order to obtain clear and representative data. The results of this study show, (1) Islamic Religious Education learning tools used by Islamic Religious Education Teachers at SMP Negeri 4 Pinrang are learning tools that have been integrated with the latest curriculum, namely the independent curriculum. The intended learning tool design includes learning design, which begins with learning preparation which includes syllabus, preparation of lesson plans, and also the selection of methods and strategies. The learning design consists of three parts including preliminary activities, core activities after that closing and continued assessment for students. (2) The use of Information Communication and Technology (ICT)-based learning media used at SMP Negeri 4 Pinrang includes the use of hardware and software. The intended use of hardware is the use of laptops / computers, smartphones, active speakers / sound and LCD / projectors, while the use of software is powerpoint, internet, web, video editing applications, and youtube. (3) Learning Outcomes Students using ICT learning media based on the results of formative and summative assessments / assessments carried out by teachers to students show effectiveness in learning that produces or shows to improve student learning outcomes.

CUSCO: An Unobtrusive Custom Secure Audio-Visual Recording System for Ambient Assisted Living.

The ubiquity of digital technology has facilitated detailed recording of human behaviour. Ambient technology has been used to capture behaviours in a broad range of applications ranging from healthcare and monitoring to assessment of cooperative work. However, existing systems often face challenges in terms of autonomy, usability, and privacy. This paper presents a portable, easy-to-use and privacy-preserving system for capturing behavioural signals unobtrusively in home or in office settings. The system focuses on the capture of audio, video, and depth imaging. It is based on a device built on a small-factor platform that incorporates ambient sensors which can be integrated with the audio and depth video hardware for multimodal behaviour tracking. The system can be accessed remotely and integrated into a network of sensors. Data are encrypted in real time to ensure safety and privacy. We illustrate uses of the device in two different settings, namely, a healthy-ageing IoT application, where the device is used in conjunction with a range of IoT sensors to monitor an older person's mental well-being at home, and a healthcare communication quality assessment application, where the device is used to capture a patient-clinician interaction for consultation quality appraisal. CUSCO can automatically detect active speakers, extract acoustic features, record video and depth streams, and recognise emotions and cognitive impairment with promising accuracy.

AS-Net: active speaker detection using deep audio-visual attention

Active Speaker Detection (ASD) aims at identifying the active speaker among multiple speakers in a video scene. Previous ASD models often seek audio and visual features from long video clips with a complex 3D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture. However, models based on 3D CNNs can generate discriminative spatial-temporal features, but this comes at the expense of computational complexity, and they frequently face challenges in detecting active speakers in short video clips. This work proposes the Active Speaker Network (AS-Net) model, a simple yet effective ASD method tailored for detecting active speakers in relatively short video clips without relying on 3D CNNs. Instead, it incorporates the Temporal Shift Module (TSM) into 2D CNNs, facilitating the extraction of dense temporal visual features without the need for additional computations. Moreover, self-attention and cross-attention schemes are introduced to enhance long-term temporal audio-visual synchronization, thereby improving ASD performance. Experimental results demonstrate that AS-Net outperforms state-of-the-art 2D CNN-based methods on the AVA-ActiveSpeaker dataset and remains competitive with the methods utilizing more complex architectures.

Virtual Learning Communication Behaviors In Natural Birth Support Communities

Cesarean delivery rates are rising globally, presenting a growing concern, particularly in countries like Indonesia. Amidst this trend, the Cerita VBAC (Vaginal Birth After Caesar) on Telegram emerges as a crucial platform for pregnant women seeking insights and preparations for expected deliveries following Cesarean sections. This study, grounded in the constructivism paradigm, delves into the experiences of active speakers within the Cerita VBAC Community, aiming to understand the dynamics and impact of this virtual support network. Employing narrative ethnography methods, this research focuses on four prominent contributors within the Cerita VBAC Community. The constructivist paradigm guides the exploration of their experiences, emphasizing the role of narrative ethnography in unravelling the intricacies of this unique social context. Data analysis involves a manual modification process complemented by NVIVO 12 Plus, a comprehensive data processing application. The findings highlight that the learning delivery mechanism through Telegram aligns with Kolb's Experiential Learning model. Community members actively share concrete experiences, engage in reflective processes, formulate abstract concepts, and participate in experiential learning. Telegram serves as an information exchange medium and creates a positive and supportive environment, empowering pregnant women to navigate labor challenges.

Real-Time Speaker Identification and Subtitle Overlay with Multithreaded Audio Video Processing

Active Speaker Detection is pivotal in a multitude of applications, particularly in processing live Audio-Video (AV) streams. Current implementations predominantly focus on processing saved video files, limiting their real-time applicability. Addressing this gap, the proposed model leverages a multi-threading-based system to detect active speakers in live AV streams. This system forms a critical component in an innovative software solution designed to generate real-time subtitles and elegantly overlay them aside from the active speaker. This feature is especially beneficial for individuals with hearing impairments and facilitates the transcription of foreign languages into English, thereby improving human interaction and understanding. Our approach stands out for its ability to process live AV streams promptly for immediate speaker identification and subtitle overlay, marking a significant advancement in real-time communication assistance.

MANAJEMEN MULTIMEDIA BERBASIS SMART TV TERHADAP PENINGKATAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR SISWA

This study aims to find out how Smart TV-based multimedia management improves the learning motivation of Grade VIII students in English at MTs Negeri Luwu. This research uses the Mix Methode research method which is presented qualitatively and quantitatively. The data sources used are primary and secondary data obtained from interviews, observations, questionnaires and documentation. The results of this study indicate that students have high learning motivation in English subjects at MTs Negeri Luwu when the teacher manages or manages and uses Smart TV-based multimedia in the classroom. Smart TV-based multimedia management is carried out in several stages, namely: 1) Planning aspects which include adjusting materials, preparing supporting facilities/infrastructure and installing Smart TV devices and internet networks. 2) The implementation aspect that before the teacher explains the material, the first thing to do is to check the availability of the tools used, such as laptops, smartphones, network connections, electricity, and appropriate learning methods. 3) The evaluation aspect that all stages have been carried out in accordance with the procedure so that this multimedia is very helpful for teachers presenting class material and motivating students to learn, especially in English subjects. The inhibiting factor in Smart TV-based multimedia management is the internet network which is usually unstable, and the electricity sometimes goes out while the supporting factors in multimedia management are the availability of supporting facilities and infrastructure in the use of Smart TV-based multimedia such as Wifi Internet, active speakers, good classroom lighting and besides that the teachers have been able to operate this Smart TV-based multimedia trough training they have attended before using it in class

Implementation of Teaching Media for EFL Learning at Post – Pandemic

One of the instruments that instructors may utilize to support the educational process at school is teaching media. Teachers can employ various instructional resources, including audio, visual, and audiovisual-based material. Some teachers continue using teaching media for various reasons, while others do not. This study aims to analyze teaching media teachers use in post-pandemic English language learning at senior high school. A case study methodology and a qualitative approach were both employed in this investigation. Three teachers chosen by the researcher served as the study's informants. Interviews and checklist observational methods were employed as data-gathering strategies. Data analysis used Miles & Huberman's theory, for data validity uses triangulation. The results of this study show that implementing teaching media can make it easier for teachers to deliver information and can also make it easier for students to receive information. This study's findings include Teacher's use of laptops, LCD projectors, active speakers, headsets, and the use of language laboratory rooms in listening activities. In addition, there are several obstacles experienced by teachers in implementing each media, such as the need for teacher adaptation to ICT developments and facility factors that are only sometimes ready to be used.

Development of acoustic source localization with adaptive neural network using distance mating‐based red deer algorithm

AbstractMultichannel, audio processing approaches are widely examined in human–computer interaction, autonomous robots, audio surveillance, and teleconferencing systems. The numerous applications are linked to the speech technology and acoustic analysis area. Much attention is received to the active speakers and spatial localization of acoustic sources on the acoustic sensor arrays. Baseline approaches provide negotiable performance in a real‐world comprised of far‐field/near‐field monitoring, reverberant and noisy environments, and also the outdoor/indoor scenarios. A practical system to detect defects in complex structures is the time difference mapping (TDM) technique. The significant scope of the research is to search the location using the minimum distance point in the time difference database to be apart from the verification point. In the case of the improved “time difference mapping (I‐TDM)” technique and traditional “time difference mapping (T‐TDM)” technique, the denser grids and vast database permit increased accuracy. In the database, if the location points are not present, then the accurate localization of the I‐TDM and T‐TDM techniques is damaged. Hence, to handle these problems, this article plans to develop acoustic source localization according to the deep learning strategy. The audio dataset is gathered from the benchmark source called the SSLR dataset and is initially subjected to preprocessing, which involves artifact removal and smoothing for effective processing. Further, the adaptive convolutional neural network (CNN)‐based feature set creation is performed. Here, the adaptive CNN is accomplished by the improved optimization algorithm called distance mating‐based red deer algorithm (DM‐RDA). With this trained feature set, the acoustic source localization is done by the weight updated deep neural network, in which the same DM‐RDA is used for optimizing the training weight. The simulation outcome proves that the designed model produced enhanced performance compared to other traditional source localization estimators.

“OSOB WALIKAN”: ENVISIONING HOW MALANGESE MAINTAIN THEIR EXISTENCE

Osob Walikan, commonly referred to as Walikan Malang, can be widely used in the social life of Malang people. Developed from a code language, this language still exists even though it already served its purpose and developed into a Malang local language. This paper investigates the current perception of Malangese toward Walikan and its relationship with the maintenance of the Walikan language, which is a local code street language that has shifted to become an urban language. This qualitative study uses questionnaires and interviews to gather the data. The findings showed that there are 3 main perceptions of Malangese towards Walikan: a language as an identity, cultural heritage, and symbol of solidarity. The majority of participants agreed that Walikan is important and needs to be preserved because Walikan has its values for the Malang people. The main method of preservation is to use this language actively in communication so that there are always active speakers to prevent the decline of language use.

Enhancing Human-Robot Collaboration through a Multi-Module Interaction Framework with Sensor Fusion: Object Recognition, Verbal Communication, User of Interest Detection, Gesture and Gaze Recognition.

With the increasing presence of robots in our daily lives, it is crucial to design interaction interfaces that are natural, easy to use and meaningful for robotic tasks. This is important not only to enhance the user experience but also to increase the task reliability by providing supplementary information. Motivated by this, we propose a multi-modal framework consisting of multiple independent modules. These modules take advantage of multiple sensors (e.g., image, sound, depth) and can be used separately or in combination for effective human-robot collaborative interaction. We identified and implemented four key components of an effective human robot collaborative setting, which included determining object location and pose, extracting intricate information from verbal instructions, resolving user(s) of interest (UOI), and gesture recognition and gaze estimation to facilitate the natural and intuitive interactions. The system uses a feature-detector-descriptor approach for object recognition and a homography-based technique for planar pose estimation and a deep multi-task learning model to extract intricate task parameters from verbal communication. The user of interest (UOI) is detected by estimating the facing state and active speakers. The framework also includes gesture detection and gaze estimation modules, which are combined with a verbal instruction component to form structured commands for robotic entities. Experiments were conducted to assess the performance of these interaction interfaces, and the results demonstrated the effectiveness of the approach.

APPLYING CTL MODEL TO ACTIVATE STUDENTS’ ISLAMIC WORLD PARTICIPATION IN SPEAKING CLASS AT ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM

In English Education Program, Speaking Class starts at Semester I until Semester IV. It starts from Speaking for Basic Communication, Speaking for Interpersonal Communication, Discourse Speaking, and Academic Speaking. In semester IV the students are expected to be able to communicate in local, national, or even international settings about enable Islamic world, economic, social, environmental and politic issues. However, speaking skill is not easily obtained. There are some factors that make speaking class is not maximal. It might be caused by class setting, teaching method, teaching materials, students’ knowledge or even students’ Islamic world sinterest. Further, getting speaking skills for all students in the classroom is not easy as they often face uneven participation Islamic world, little talking time as certain students dominate the class. Thus, it is the lecturer’s role to set the speaking activity students’ Islamic world that can facilitate both the active speakers and silence speakers. The silence speakers need to practice speaking in low-pressure situation such as in small group before practicing in high-pressure situation like presentation in class. This research aims to describe the way to apply CTL model to activate students’Islamic world participation in Speaking Class. Through CTL the lecturer relates the learning materials and students activities that are relevant to their needs in their real life. The researcher chooses issues on enable Islamic world, economy, social, and environment for the topic of the discussion and he used prolem-solving approach. The population of the research is the fourth semester of English Education Study Program in the academic year 2017/2018. The total number of population is 66 students enable Islamic world which consist of 2 classes. The researcher took population sampling in this research. The instruments used in the research were classroom observation and questionnaire. The data were analyzed through descriptive analysis. Based on the finding and the discussion, the conclusion can be drawn that CTL model is able to activate students’Islamic world participation in Speaking Class of the fourth Semester of English Education Program in academic year of 2017/2018.

Cross Modal Video Representations for Weakly Supervised Active Speaker Localization

An objective understanding of media depictions, such as inclusive portrayals of how much someone is heard and seen on screen such as in film and television, requires the machines to discern automatically who, when, how, and where someone is talking, and not. Speaker activity can be automatically discerned from the rich multimodal information present in the media content. This is however a challenging problem due to the vast variety and contextual variability in the media content, and the lack of labeled data. In this work, we present a cross-modal neural network for learning visual representations, which have implicit information pertaining to the spatial location of a speaker in the visual frames. Avoiding the need for manual annotations for active speakers in visual frames, acquiring of which is very expensive, we present a weakly supervised system for the task of localizing active speakers in movie content. We use the learned cross-modal visual representations, and provide weak supervision from movie subtitles acting as a proxy for voice activity, thus requiring no manual annotations. We evaluate the performance of the proposed system on the AVA active speaker dataset and demonstrate the effectiveness of the cross-modal embeddings for localizing active speakers in comparison to fully supervised systems. We also demonstrate state-of-the-art performance for the task of voice activity detection in an audio-visual framework, especially when speech is accompanied by noise and music.

Job Standardization and Employee Voice

An organization expects its employees to comply with job standardization to improve its production efficiency, while also expecting them to make suggestions to improve their job performance. Are the two goals compatible? Does job standardization turn employees into active speakers or stifled ones? This study is about how and why job standardization influences employee voice. I use conservation of resources (COR) theory to articulate competing hypotheses and a mediating process for the individual mechanism of employees’ role orientation in their job. In a three-wave panel survey, 232 employees completed questionnaires. The results indicate that job standardization reduces employee voice by narrowing the employee’s role orientation, in line with the resource conservation argument of COR theory. The results further suggest that job standardization is resource-depleting and causes the employee to focus on resource conservation to fulfill job requirements. The employee is less likely to consume resources and thus less likely to voice ideas and suggestions. This study shifts our understanding of employee voice from individual, interpersonal and organizational antecedents to the neglected antecedent of job characteristics. Given that the effects of job characteristics have often been explained in terms of the job itself, i.e., job characteristics theory, this study provides an alternative explanation in terms of the worker, i.e., resource theory. Organizations standardize jobs in order to improve production; in doing so, however, they create a dilemma: job standardization makes production more difficult to improve because the employees are less likely to voice their concerns. This study provides a specific, job-related way for managers to keep employee voice from being stifled or ignored. I propose that job standardization should consider the relative importance of employee voice and be classified as either discipline-related or job-content-related. Abstract An organization expects its employees to comply with job standardization to improve its production efficiency, while also expecting them to make suggestions to improve their job performance. Are the two goals compatible? Does job standardization turn employees into active speakers or stifled ones? This study is about how and why job standardization influences employee voice. I use conservation of resources (COR) theory to articulate competing hypotheses and a mediating process for the individual mechanism of employees’ role orientation in their job. In a three-wave panel survey, 232 employees completed questionnaires. The results are consistent with the resource conservation argument of COR theory: job standardization is resource-depleting and tends to narrow the role orientation of employees, who thus focus on resource conservation to fulfill job requirements and are in turn less likely to consume resources and voice suggestions. This study provides a specific, job-related way for managers to keep employee voice from being stifled or ignored. Job standardization should consider the relative importance of employee voice and be classified as discipline-related or job-content-related.

Phrasal Verb Vocabulary Teaching in the Album Niki’s Moonchild Using Quizizz

The first goal of this study is to determine whether using Quizizz to teach vocabulary influences the teacher's preparation for lessons. 2. Describe the several categories of lesson plans utilized in implantation instruction. 3. choose the answer with the fewest phrasal verbs and the one that is the most accurate. In this study, the researcher employed descriptive qualitative research methods. This study focuses on students in class XI SMA N 2 Rembang, which the researcher may have employed in this preliminary study. Phrasal verbs can be used in the song lyrics from the albums Quizizz and Niki's Moonchild to gauge students' proficiency on phrasal verb tests. According to the experts, the CD features ten tracks and some additional phrasal verbs. The study's findings are as follows: arrangements made by researchers to use songs from Niki Moonchild's album as a teaching tool for phrasal verb vocabulary in the eleventh grade at SMA N 2 Rembang. Teachers will be using Quizizz to ask students questions. The teacher prepares active speakers to listen to songs, students listen to music for the purpose of listening to music, and preparation takes the form of employing song media as a teaching instrument. Since the lecture material will be shown on the LCD in the classroom, a laptop used for learning media must have working speakers. Additionally, the teacher creates handouts for the class that incorporate song lyrics with the phrasal verbs they will study. To make it simpler for students and teachers, this study also uses Quizizz's learning resources; the researcher needed two days in the classroom to implement the lesson plan for the students in the eleventh grade. Phrasal verbs were introduced on the first day of class and were then taught using songs from Niki Moonchild's limited album. Phrasal verb instruction continued the following day by having students listen to songs and search the words for phrasal verbs; students complete a quiz on Quizizz about the phrasal verbs found in the song lyrics, from which it can be determined which phrasal verbs they are already familiar with and which ones they are unfamiliar with. The result, which is well-known, is a warm-up exercise for vocabulary they are unfamiliar with, namely, look at.

Active Speakers Bureau Helps To Tell Your Story

Nonprofit Communications ReportVolume 20, Issue 10 p. 1-1 Models You Can Adapt Active Speakers Bureau Helps To Tell Your Story Kim Pawlak, Kim PawlakSearch for more papers by this author Kim Pawlak, Kim PawlakSearch for more papers by this author First published: 02 September 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/npcr.32024Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume20, Issue10October 2022Pages 1-1 RelatedInformation

Other-Initiated Self-Repairs in Student-Student Interaction: The Frequency of Occurrence and Mechanism

The current study is intended to explore the typology of other-initiated self-repair in term of its frequency of occurrence and to investigate the mechanism of self-repair in an academic setting. To obtain the required data, a classroom conversational analysis was conducted in which the researchers observed a group of graduate students (19 active EFL speakers) in a state university in East Java, Indonesia. Based on the qualitative data analysis, the results of the study revealed that all typologies of other-initiated selfrepair were used depending on the aims the interlocutors try to gain since all typologies have diverse aims and ways. Of all typologies, confirming checks were dominantly used by the participants. Regarding the mechanisms, three types of mechanisms were found; full two-cycle repair, background check, and short-cut repair sequence.

Other-Initiated Self-Repairs in Student-Student Interaction: The Frequency of Occurrence and Mechanism

The current study is intended to explore the typology of other-initiated self-repair in term of its frequency of occurrence and to investigate the mechanism of self-repair in an academic setting. To obtain the required data, a classroom conversational analysis was conducted in which the researchers observed a group of graduate students (19 active EFL speakers) in a state university in East Java, Indonesia. Based on the qualitative data analysis, the results of the study revealed that all typologies of other-initiated selfrepair were used depending on the aims the interlocutors try to gain since all typologies have diverse aims and ways. Of all typologies, confirming checks were dominantly used by the participants. Regarding the mechanisms, three types of mechanisms were found; full two-cycle repair, background check, and short-cut repair sequence.

LEKSIKOGRAFI BERGAMBAR INDONESIA-GAYO-INGGRIS-ARAB: KONSEP DASAR, FUNGSI, JENIS, DAN ISI KAMUS

The existence of local and vernacular languages in Indonesian of more than six hundreds needs to be defend. It can be done by fostering high loyalty to keep using the language, especially the mother tongue (vernacular) amid the strike of more popular languages. The phenomena of language extinction in the future, such as the decrease in the number of active speakers, the reduction of certain language use, and the ignorance to the mother tongue have become a big problem nowadays. One solution in language preservation is through lexicography or ilm al-shina'ah al-mu'jamiyah or dirasah mu'jamiyah. Lexicography is the art and technique of compiling a dictionary by selecting words to uptake (dakhil), defining word meanings, discussing the completeness of the dictionary components, and giving other information to provide a correct and easy-to-understand meaning of vocabulary. Compiling a dictionary is one of efforts in maintaining the existence of both Indonesian and vernacular language, like Gayo language. Aside from that, arranging Indonesian-Gayo-English-Arabic lexicography, will also help position Indonesian language among global languages. In addition, more Indonesian people may also be able to master second or foreign languages as a vehicle for learning science and modern technology.