Active Radio Frequency Identification Reader Research Articles

Inertial measurement unit–aided dual-frequency radio frequency identification localization in line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight hybrid environment

The mitigation of non-line-of-sight propagation conditions is one of main challenges in wireless signal–based indoor localization. When radio frequency identification localization technology is applied in applications, the received signal strength fluctuates frequently due to the shade and multipath effect of radio frequency signal, which could result in localization inaccuracy. In particular, when tag carriers are walking in line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight hybrid environment, great attenuation of received signal strength will happen, which would result in great positioning deviation. The article puts forward a dual-frequency radio frequency identification–based indoor localization approach in line-of-sight–non-line-of-sight hybrid environment with the help of inertial measurement unit. Dual-frequency radio frequency identification includes passive radio frequency identification and active radio frequency identification. Passive radio frequency identification is used to assist in determining the tag initial location with passive reader. Active radio frequency identification is used to locate the tag and send the sensor information to active radio frequency identification readers. The proposed method includes three improvements over previous received signal strength–based positioning methods: inertial measurement unit–aided received signal strength filtering, inertial measurement unit–aided line-of-sight/non-line-of-sight distinguishing, and inertial measurement unit–aided line-of-sight/non-line-of-sight environment switching. Also, Cramér–Rao low bound is calculated to prove theoretically that indoor positioning accuracy for the proposed method in line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight mixed environment is higher than position precision using only received signal strength information. Experiments are conducted to show that the proposed method can reduce the mean positioning error to around 3 m without site survey.

Performance Analysis of Tags Collection Time on A New Architecture of 2.4 GHz Embedded Active RFID System for Indoor and Outdoor Tracking and Monitoring Applications Based on IEEE 802.15.4 Standard

This paper focuses on the analysis of tags collection time of 2.4 GHz embedded active Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system for indoor and outdoor real-time tracking and monitoring applications based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The main novelty of the system is the implementation of the communication method in order to provide Machine to Machine (M2M) communication and automated switching mechanism between indoor and outdoor location by utilizing active RFID, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Global Positioning System (GPS) and mobile communication on a single platform. In this work, GPS receiver covers outdoor location tracking, while active RFID provides identification and Receive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) reading for each tag holder to cover indoor location tracking especially near or inside building where location information is not detected by GPS. Several experiments were conducted on three different RFID tags which were active RFID tag embedded with GPS and GSM (ERFIDG2), active RFID tag embedded with GPS (ERFIDG) and standalone RFID tag communicating with the same active RFID reader. The experiment was done to evaluate the communication performance of the active RFID in terms of tags collection time using Transparent (AT) and Application Programming Interface (API) mode. The experiment was extended to measure tags collection time in single hop and multi hops communication for Tag Talk First (TTF) and Reader Talk First (RTF) protocols. The results show that the proposed active RFID system (ERFIDG2) is better than the standalone and ERFIDG systems. The in-depth research done in this work is to study the experience and identify the challenges that will be faced in the development and implementation of a wireless RFID-based system for tracking and monitoring applications.

Improving RF Transmit Power and Received Signal Strength in 2.4 GHz ZigBee Based Active RFID System with Embedded Method

This paper describes the experiments and analysis conducted on 2.4 GHz embedded active Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) – Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) based system that has been developed for the purposes of location tracking and monitoring in indoor and outdoor environments. Several experiments are conducted to test the effectiveness and performance of the developed system and two of them is by measuring the Radio Frequency (RF) transmitting power and Received Signal Strength (RSS) to prove that the embedded active RFID tag is capable to generate higher transmit power during data transmission and able to provide better RSS reading compared to standalone RFID tag. Experiments are carried out on two RFID tags which are active RFID tag embedded with GPS and GSM (ER2G); and standalone RFID tag communicating with the same active RFID reader. The developed ER2G contributes 12.26 % transmit power and 6.47 % RSS reading higher than standalone RFID tag. The results conclude that the ER2G gives better performance compared to standalone RFID tag and can be used as guidelines for future design improvements.

Interference Issuses of Radio Frequency Identification Devices in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Systems and Computed Tomography Scan

We evaluated certain issues related to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coupled with the use of active 2.5 GHz radio frequency identification (RFID) tags for patient identification using low field (0.3 T) MRI and computed tomography (CT) scans. We also investigated the performance of the RFID reader located outside the MRI room by considering several factors. A total of ten active RFID tags were exposed to several MRI sequences and X-rays of CT scan. We found that only card type active RFID tags are suitable for patient identification purpose in MRI environment and both wristbands as well as card tags were suitable for the same in CT environment. Severe artifacts were found in the captured MRI and CT images when the area of the imaging was in proximity to the tags. No external factors affected the performance of active RFID reader stationed outside the MRI scan room.

Management of Sensor-Related Data Based on Virtual TEDS in Sensing RFID System

Integration of multiple sensors into active radio frequency identification (RFID) system is a technology trend. Currently, sensing RFID (SRFID) systems face a number of challenges including description of characteristics of nonsmart sensors, management of sensor-related data, and operational mechanism of sensor sampling. Based on transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS), this paper presents a virtual description method of nonsmart sensors integrated into the active RFID tag. The objective is to improve interoperability and compatibility of the sensing RFID system with off-the-shelf active RFID readers or novel sensing RFID open-loop systems in the future. This paper also proposes a data table storage mode for management of sensor-related data, in the system based on virtual TEDS. The paper analyses the operational mechanism and procedure of the sensor-sampling system that is equipped with these two proposed techniques. Several experiments were carried out with a newly developed container supply chain monitoring application system based on SRFID to examine the performance of the system.

The WSID Circuit Design Based on Arduino

This paper combine Zigbee technology and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification ) technology together in order to design a controler circuit scheme that can flexible networking, RF drive, environmental parameters data acquisition, industrial control in one of WSID equipment. Described in detail the main circuit board Arduino, active RFID reader module Nrf24LE1 and CC2530 Zigbee module circuit design and the embedded software design and PC software design, the experimental results show the effectiveness of the system.

ISS-TCA: An Identified Slot Scan-Based Tag Collection Algorithm for Performance Improvement in Active RFID Systems

The standard tag collection algorithm (TCA) in ISO/IEC 18000-7 has difficulty in collecting data from a massive number of active radio frequency identification (RFID) tags in a timely manner, so it should be improved to allow successful application of active RFID systems to a wide variety of industrial fields. We propose a novel TCA, which is an identified slot scan-based TCA (ISS-TCA), to improve the performance of tag collection (TC) in active RFID systems. In the proposed ISS-TCA, an active RFID reader differentiates identified slots from collided and empty slots via an ISS phase, in which active RFID tags send minimal responses. The reader then avoids collided and empty slots in the following TC phase, in which it collects the actual data from the tags. This reduces the cost of collided and empty slots during TC, resulting in improved TC performance. We carried out simulations to evaluate and compare the performances of the standard TCA and the proposed ISS-TCA in TC. The simulation results with up to 500 tags showed that the proposed ISS-TCA reduced the average time required for TC by 33.2% or 27.3% when the reader collected 50 or 100 bytes of additional data from the tags, respectively. We also experimentally evaluated the performance improvement of TC by the proposed ISS-TCA using an active RFID reader and 60 tags that were implemented for this paper. The experimental results confirmed that the proposed ISS-TCA could improve the TC performance in practice, confirming the simulation results, and showed that it could also decrease the average battery consumption of the tags by 39.3%.

Reader collision avoidance for multihop deployment of active RFID readers

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is an automatic identification technology using radio waves. RFID readers are high-technology automatic identification devices based on wireless networks and enable noncontact identification; however, they cannot be applied beyond their radio communication range. Considering this, the present paper proposes multihop deployment of active RFID readers in order to extend a reader's radio coverage. Further, when a multitude of RFID readers are deployed in an RFID field, RFID tags are easily collected multiple times. Considering this situation, in this paper, we also propose reader collision avoidance for multihop deployment of active RFID readers. The proposed method not only avoids multiple reads from a tag but also extends the tag's lifetime. For experimental tests and performance evaluation, this study implements a multi-hop active RFID reader, which complies with the ISO/IEC 18000-7 standard.

Implementation and performance evaluation of an active RFID system for fast tag collection

Tag collection is one of the major functions in radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. ISO/IEC 18000-7 defines the tag collection algorithm using the anticollision algorithm, based on the framed slotted ALOHA for active RFID systems, but it has efficiency problems that reduce tag collection performance. This paper focuses on improvement of tag collection performance in active RFID systems that comply with ISO/IEC 18000-7. To overcome the efficiency problems and improve tag collection performance we propose two mechanisms: (1) a new slot size decision mechanism to allow the reader to choose the optimum slot size flexibly and (2) a broadcast-based sleep mechanism to put collected tags to sleep effectively. These mechanisms require modification of the standard tag collection algorithm so that they can be readily applied to standard-compliant active RFID systems. We also implemented an active RFID system, composed of an active RFID reader and multiple tags, supporting the modified tag collection algorithm as well as the standard tag collection algorithm. The reader is designed to maximize tag collection performance when the proposed mechanisms are applied. Experimentally, we evaluated the tag collection performance using the reader and 50 tags in the real-world environment. The experimental results show that when two mechanisms are applied and the initial number of slots is chosen appropriately, the performance of the modified tag collection algorithm is greatly enhanced compared with the standard tag collection algorithm: it requires only 945 ms for the reader to collect all 50 tags on average, which is 534 ms less than the 1479 ms taken by the standard tag collection algorithm.