Active Chemical Elements Research Articles

A Brief Review on Murraya paniculata (Orange Jasmine): pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and ethanomedicinal uses.

Murraya paniculata (family-Rutaceae), popularly known as orange jasmine, is the most important evergreen plant. The Rutaceae family is economically significant due to its diverse edible fruits and essential oils. Murraya paniculata extracts (MPE) of leaf have been shown to include phenolic compounds, highly oxygenated flavonoids, flavanones, sesquiterpenoids, polymethoxy glycosides, and coumarins. Cyclocitral, methyl salicylate, trans-nerolidol, cubenol, isogermacrene, -cadinol, and cubeb-11-ene are all abundant in MPE. The usages of various parts of this plant, such as bark, leaves and flower, as a remedy for a variety of ailments as widely recorded in the traditional literature. The plant has anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, antibacterial, anti-implantation, anti-oxidative, cytotoxic, anti-diarrheal, antidepressant and anti-anxiety properties and many others. The goal of the review is to reignite interest in this potential plant, encouraging researchers to continue their research in order to uncover novel therapeutic compounds for the treatment and management of a range of infections. The current review provided a comprehensive overview of this traditional unique plant. The review paves a way for exploring its active chemical elements with substantial pharmacological values further for potential benefits of mankind.

SUBSTANTIATION OF THE FEASIBILITY OF CHOOSING A SUSPENSION BASED ON THE SODIUM GROUP IN THE TREATMENT OF COAL MINING WASTE DUMPS

Purpose. To study the effectiveness of sodium group based suspensions: sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrocarbonate and sodium carbonate for neutralisation of spontaneous combustion processes of waste rock during the operation and formation of coal mining waste. To establish the dependence of the influence of suspensions on the chemical elements of the waste stockpile, taking into account external environmental factors. Methods. For solving the set tasks, methods of comparative analysis of theoretical and laboratory studies of the impact of suspensions on the processes of the mechanism of redox reactions of spontaneous combustion of waste heaps obtained in the process of processing minerals of coal mines were used. The application of rational method of processing the results of the experimental study of the interaction of waste mass with sodium solutions using the correlation analysis of Student’s t-criterion is described. Results. The spontaneous ignition mechanisms of the stockpile have been investigated, based on the interaction of the active chemical elements in the stockpile: pyrite, sulphur and iron oxide with the environment. The selection and optimization of the parameters of a sodium group based slurry when treating the stockpile will solve the problem of spontaneous combustion in the treatment of the stockpile by crystallizing the active chemical elements and filling in its porous structure. Scientific novelty. The dependence of the influence of the environment on the processes of thermal oxidation of waste rock mass is established. The expediency of application of methods and techniques for elimination of self-ignition foci, as the main factors of environmental pollution, is substantiated. A new expedient method and method has been proposed, which will allow estimating not only the economic effect but also the ecological one, which will contribute to improving the ecological and economic situation of the mining regions where mining wastes are located. Practical implication. It consists in the development of recommendations for methods and techniques to eliminate spontaneous combustion of mining wastes. The methodology for determining the required quantitative and qualitative composition of inert substances (suspensions) containing sodium group to eliminate sulphurous zones of exogenous combustion processes of waste mass is proposed. Recommendations on the use of these means and methods have been developed.

SOME PROTECTIONS ON THE ROLE OF GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN THE PROBLEMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND PROTECTION

The article discusses various limited considerations and assumptions on the positive or negative impact of geochemical features chemical elements found in rocks, ores, soil, plants, water and in the air of the territories of populated areas, factories, the mining and agro-industrial complexes to the environment and the role of analytical geochemistry in this process. According to the author, one of the main points on which the light should be shed is the role of finding elements (independent, combination or isomorphic mixture) rather than their existence in different amounts in the environment. Thus, the chemical elements can be more or less hazardous to environment regardless its amount, but the finding methods. Chemical and natural combinations can be either very hazardous or very useful to all living creatures depending on their characteristics, so it’s better to determine their environmental hazardousness via their impact to a particular human or animal organ which in turn facilitates the solution of the problem. Moreover, it should be noted that the most environmentally dangerous and active chemical elements are the ones with fluctuating valence. Some elements are not so hazardous when they are independent or in solid form since they change weakly. But they are very dangerous when they turn into liquid or gas forms and create mineral compounds with other elements such as halkofil group of elements which in turn can easily decompose and dissolve in water by causing dangers to all living creatures in the nature. Approximately any chemical element can either react negatively or in most cases stimulate the life functions of the organs of animals and plants depending on its finding forms. The study of geochemical parameters in different natural objects such as surface and subsoil water, air, rocks and ores can be very helpful in organizing the protection of environmetal and the solution of its problems. X-ray Spectral analysis is particularly highlighted in this article for identifying various chemical elements in geological and ecological objects. There are several advantages of X-ray Spectral analysis such as its productiveness and low cost, the expressiveness and simplicity of analysis operations, having slightly high sensitivity, universality, high range of elements identification features, etc. To conclude some authors claim that the following problems can be solved with the help of analytic geochemistry: Identifying the main source of pollution and the evaluation of its impact on the environment; Identification of quantitative and qualitative parameters of sources of natural, techno and agro genic pollution in the settlements, industrial objects and in the regions of developed mining complexes; Eco-geochemical and biochemical evaluation of the negative impact of water, weather and harmful geochemical anomalies on live organisms. We hope the elimination of this type of problems can pave the way to the ecologically clean environment. Keywords: ore, soil, plant, water, weather.

Роль активних хімічних елементів мастильно-охолоджуючих рідин при деформації заліза прокаткою

Роль активних хімічних елементів мастильно-охолоджуючих рідин при деформації заліза прокаткою

Влияние смазочно-охлаждающих жидкостей с активными химическими элементами на повышение долговечности стальных деталей при фрикционном упрочнении рабочих поверхностей

Влияние смазочно-охлаждающих жидкостей с активными химическими элементами на повышение долговечности стальных деталей при фрикционном упрочнении рабочих поверхностей

Holocene environmental changes around Xiaohe Cemetery and its effects on human occupation, Xinjiang, China

The Xiaohe Cemetery archaeological site (Cal. 4–3.5 ka BP) is one of the most important Bronze Age sites in Xinjiang, China. Although the surrounding environment is an extremely arid desert now, abundant archaeological remains indicate that human occupation was common during certain periods in the Holocene. Field investigations and laboratory analyses of a sediment profile near the Xiaohe Cemetery indicate that while the regional environment was arid desert throughout the Holocene there were three episodes of lake formation near the site in the periods 4.8–3.5 ka BP, 2.6–2.1 ka BP and 1.2–0.9 ka BP. Geomorphic and hydrological investigations reveal that a lake or lakes formed in a low-lying area when water was derived initially from the Kongque River and then shunted into the Xiaohe River basin. Low amounts of active chemical elements in lacustrine sediment between 4.8–3.5 ka BP indicate abundant and continuous water volume in the lake; the content of active chemical elements increased between 2.6–2.1 ka BP but was still at a relatively low level, suggesting a declining amount of water and diminished inflow. Between 1.2–0.9 ka BP there was a very high content of active elements, suggesting decreased water volume and indicating that the lake was stagnate. In contrast, the general climate condition shows that there had a warm-humid stage at 8–6 ka BP, a cool-humid stage at 6–2.9 ka BP and a warm-dry stage at 2.9–0.9 ka BP in this region. The hydrological evolutions around Xiaohe Cemetery did not have one-to-one correspondence with climate changes. Regional comparison indicates that broad-scale climatic conditions played an important role through its influences on the water volume of the Tarim River and Kongque River. But, the formation of the lakes and their level were controlled by geomorphic conditions that influenced how much water volume could be shunted to Xiaohe River from Kongque River. Human occupation of the Xiaohe Cemetery and nearby regions during the Bronze Age and Han-Jin period (202 BC–420 AD) corresponded to the two earlier lake periods, while no human activities existed in the third lake period because of the decreased water volume.

Влияние активных химических элементов смазочно-охлаждающих жидкостей на свойства поверхностных слоёв деформированного железа. II. Электронная структура и характер межатомных связей приграничных областей зёрен и их фрагментов

Влияние активных химических элементов смазочно-охлаждающих жидкостей на свойства поверхностных слоёв деформированного железа. II. Электронная структура и характер межатомных связей приграничных областей зёрен и их фрагментов

Влияние активных химических элементов смазочно-охлаждающих жидкостей на свойства поверхностных слоёв деформированного железа. I. Локальное распределение примесных атомов и их ближайшее атомное окружение

Влияние активных химических элементов смазочно-охлаждающих жидкостей на свойства поверхностных слоёв деформированного железа. I. Локальное распределение примесных атомов и их ближайшее атомное окружение

Влияние активных элементов смазочно-охлаждающих жидкостей на формирование и свойства износостойких ультрадисперсных и наноструктурных слоёв трения сталей

Влияние активных элементов смазочно-охлаждающих жидкостей на формирование и свойства износостойких ультрадисперсных и наноструктурных слоёв трения сталей

The (non-)variability of magnetic chemically peculiar candidates in the Large Magellanic Cloud

The galactic magnetic chemically peculiar (mCP) stars of the upper main sequence are well known as periodic spectral and light variables. The observed variability is obviously caused by the uneven distribution of overabundant chemical elements on the surfaces of rigidly rotating stars. The mechanism causing the clustering of some chemical elements into disparate structures on mCP stars has not been fully understood up to now. The observations of light changes of mCP candidates recently revealed in the nearby Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) should provide us with information about their rotational periods and about the distribution of optically active elements on mCP stars born in other galaxies. We queried for photometry at the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE)-III survey of published mCP candidates selected because of the presence of the characteristic 5200A flux depression. In total, the intersection of both sources resulted in twelve stars. We performed our own and standard periodogram time series analyses of all available data. The final results are, amongst others, the frequency of the maximum peak and the bootstrap probability of its reality. We detected that only two mCP candidates, 190.1 1581 and 190.1 15527, may show some weak rotationally modulated light variations with periods of 1.23 and 0.49 days; however, the 49% and 32% probabilities of their reality are not very satisfying. The variability of the other 10 mCP candidates is too low to be detectable by their V and I OGLE photometry. The relatively low amplitude variability of the studied LMC mCP candidates sample can be explained by the absence of photometric spots of overabundant optically active chemical elements. The unexpected LMC mCPs behaviour is probably caused by different conditions during the star formation in the LMC and the Galaxy.

Geological and biological aspects of a find of natural alloy (Au-Cu-Ag) nanoparticles in Cenozoic zeolitized tuff of the Vanchinskaya basin (Primor’e Area)

Zeolites first described by Swedish researcher Kro� nshted more than 250 years ago still attract special attention today. These minerals are effectively applied in industry, agriculture, medicine, and for conserva� tion of surroundings with gradually spreading areas of their application. This is explained by unique adsorp� tive, ionexchange, and catalytic properties typical for this group of minerals, as well as by their thermal, chemical, and radiation stability. Artificial zeolites with constant composition and a strictly definite set of physicochemical properties are claimed in industry. Natural zeolites represented by polymineral zeolitized rocks (zeolitites) of various geneses are applied in agri� culture and medicine. In spite of their old origin, the mechanism of biological activity of these natural min� eral systems still is not sufficiently studied. The discov� ery of natural Au-Cu-Ag alloy microparticles in nat� ural zeolitites discussed in this paper is a rare mineral� ogical fact deserving special attention. The Vanchinskaya basin, one of the Cenozoic rift� ogene basins within the Eastern SikhoteAlin' volca� nic belt, has a relatively small size of 4 × 15 km. How� ever, the presence of coal and zeolites volcanogenic- sedimentary deposits filling it, high registered concen� trations of REE in coals (1), and its location on the southeastern flange of the Soyuznoe gold-silver deposit (2) are responsible for the unremitting scien� tific and practical interest in it over many years. Structurally this basin is a oneside riftogenic gra� ben of northwestern strike. Its southwestern side is separated by the Milogradovskii fault (thrust) clearly reflected in relief. The northeastern flange occurring along the fault as well is gentle. The western part of the basin is filled by pyroclastic (tephrogenic) and tuffo� gene-sedimentary coalbearing deposits of Pale� ocene-Early Eocene age. In the eastern part they are replaced and intruded by Middle Eocene volcanic rocks (tuffs, lavas, explosive breccias, and extrusive rhyolite and trachyandesite bodies). Zeolite mineralization within the basin has a strat� iform character. All zeolitite occurrences on the right side of the Vanchina-Ugol'nyi Brook including the Berezovoe manifestation studied in detail are of the same type by geological characteristics. They are rep� resented by outcrops (fragments) of the undercoal band of tuffaceous sandstone and tuffite in the compo� sition of tuffogene-sedimentary lake deposits and characterized by a significant admixture of mineral� ized plant detritus. According to the data of Xray structural analysis, the mineral composition of zeoli� tites of the Berezovoe manifestation comprises zeolites of the clinoptilolite-heulandite group (50-60%) and clay minerals of the smectite group (20-30%) with an admixture of quartz and feldspars. The visible thick� ness of the zeolitebearing band is ~20 m. Clearly reflected signs of active eating of rocks by wild ungulates as lick niches, as well as eaten away caves and individual nibbles on outcrops with typical tooth prints are observed in the coldfree period of the year on all natural outcrops of the zeolitized band within the Vanchinskaya basin. Traces of Manchurian deer are the most frequently observed among the traces left by animals in the places where they eat rocks and soils. As we mentioned before, most of the soils eaten by animals within the SikhoteAlin' are formed from zeolitized and argillized tuffogene-sedimentary rocks with clear signs of the presence of buried organic rem� nants (3). The hypothesis on the significance of organic materials in zeolitites as accumulators of bio� logically active chemical elements appeared long ago,

Surface analysis of boundary-lubricated spherical roller thrust bearings

Boundary-lubricated spherical roller thrust bearings have been experimentally studied. Quantitative depth profile analysis of boundary layers by glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES), three-dimensional surface topography measurements and friction measurements were performed. The results show that both the boundary layer and the wear of the contacting surfaces were affected in a statistically significant way by a change of the lubricating oil. Parameters for the characterization of the boundary layer structure enrichment by tribochemically active chemical elements have been suggested.

The role of active elements of lubricants in the formation of mechanical properties of iron after rolling

It is shown that the process of rolling of iron in lubricants results in the saturation of subsurface layers of the metal with active chemical elements from working media. These elements are mainly concentrated near the boundaries of grains and their fragments, in the regions formed by pileups of dislocations, and do not form any chemical compounds with the base metal. The saturation of iron with phosphorus, sulfur, and iodine decreases the yield limit, ultimate strength, fracture stress, and relative narrowing of the material. At the same time, saturation with chlorine and bromine increases the indicated mechanical characteristics.

Effect of lubricating and cooling liquids on the chemical composition and physicomechanical properties of iron after rolling

UDC 532.112:621.7.379 It is well known that the lubricating-cooling liquids (LCL), used in plastic deformation of metal, greatly affect the physicomechanical and service characteristics of the component. One of the important aspects of this problem is to examine phenomena associated with saturation during extensive plastic deformation of the surface layers of the metal with active chemical elements of the LCL. This is also the subject of this work. Investigations were carried out on iron containing, as impurities, up to 0.2 wt.% carbon, 0.15 wt.%, oxygen, 0.005 wt.% nitrogen, and 0.008 wt.% sulfur, sheets cut out from iron were cold-rolled in a DUO-160/200 laboratory rolling mill manufactured by Flemming Company with stepped reduction in the roll gap to obtain the total relative reduction of 65%. The surface roughness of the roll was R a = 0.72/am, rolling speed 0.25 m/sec. Rolling was carried out in air and lubricants. Lubricants consisted of KhP-470 chloroparaffin, a boron-containing simulation LCL, sulfidized esters of unsaturated fatty acids, and a 60% aqueous solution of the triethanolamine salt of phosphoric acid. The boron-containing simulation LCL was based on a composition of surface-active compounds with soluble dispersed oil hydrocarbons. The boron was in the composition of the surface-active compounds synthesized by condensing polyatomic spirits with boric acid. These LCLs were selected on the basis of the need to eliminate the possibility of different effects of the lubricants on the physicomechanical properties of iron because of different changes in roiling of the microstructure, phase composition, stresses of the first kind, and the microrelief of the working surfaces. The final thickness of the sheets after rolling was 1.5 mm. Their surface roughness depended only slightly on the type of lubricant and was determined mainly by surface roughness of the rolls (see Table 1). The tensile test was carried out in a UMM-5 tensile machine equipped with a special attachment in which tests could be carried out in the temperature range from -196°C to +20°C. For the tensile tests standard proportional specimens with the right-angled cross section, a gage length of 30 mm, width 5 mm, and 1.5 mm thick (GOST 1497-73), were cut out in the direction parallel to the rolling direction. For experimental determination of brittle strength the specimens were tensile loaded at gradually decreasing temperature. We recorded a minimum brittle fracture stress (microcleavage stress Rmc ) whose value in the temperature range of the ductile-brittle transition is approximately equal to the yield limit a T and the ultimate tensile strength (direct method) (Figs. la, b, c, d). In cases in which it was not possible to obtain the temperature of the ductile-brittle failure (Fig. le) the brittle strength was estimated by the extrapolation method [1]. The results show that the microcleavage resistance Rmc of iron rolled in the boron- and chlorine-containing media differs only slightly from that of iron rolled in air. For the sulfur-and phosphorus-containing LCLs this characteristic decreases appreciably. Roiling in the phosphorus- and sulfur-containing LCI~ also reduces the fracture stress (ap), yield limit (aT) , tensile strength (aB), and relative reduction in area (tp) or iron at +20°C. At the same time in rolling iron in the chlorine-containing media these values tended to increase. In this case the ductile-brittle transition temperature is also displaced to more negative values. For example, the residual relative reduction area 0P) of the iron rolled in the chlorine-containing medium at -196°C was 17%. The fracture, strength, and ductility parameters of iron rolled in air and the boron-containing LCL at +20°C were similar.

Cage and roller slip in high-speed roller bearings: Boness, R.J., Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Vol 11, No 2 (April 1969) pp 181–188

Boundary-lubricated spherical roller thrust bearings have been experimentally studied. Quantitative depth profile analysis of boundary layers by glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES), three-dimensional surface topography measurements and friction measurements were performed. The results show that both the boundary layer and the wear of the contacting surfaces were affected in a statistically significant way by a change of the lubricating oil. Parameters for the characterization of the boundary layer structure enrichment by tribochemically active chemical elements have been suggested.