Activation Of Α7 Nicotinic Receptor Research Articles

Activation of α7 nicotinic receptors attenuated hyperalgesia and anxiety induced by palatable obesogenic diet withdrawal

Consumption of palatable food (PF) can alleviate anxiety, and pain in humans. Contrary, spontaneous withdrawal of long-term PF intake produces anxiogenic-like behavior and abnormal pain sensation, causing challenges to weight-loss diet and anti-obesity agents. Thus, we examined α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR) involvement since it plays essential role in nociception and psychological behaviors. MethodsAdult male C57BL/6 mice were placed on a Standard Chow (SC) alone or with PF on intermittent or continuous regimen for 6 weeks. Then, mice were replaced with normal SC (spontaneous withdrawal). Body weight, food intake, and calories intake with and without the obesogenic diet were measured throughout the study. During PF withdrawal, anxiety-like behaviors and pain sensitivity were measured with PNU-282987 (α7nAChR agonist) administration. ResultsSix weeks of SC + PF-intermittent and continuous paradigms produced a significant weight gain. PF withdrawal displayed hyperalgesia and anxiety-like behaviors. During withdrawal, PNU-282987 significantly attenuated hyperalgesia and anxiety-like behaviors. ConclusionThe present study shows that a PF can increase food intake and body weight. Also, enhanced pain sensitivity and anxiety-like behavior were observed during PF withdrawal. α7nAChR activation attenuated anxiolytic-like behavior and hyperalgesia in PF abstinent mice. These data suggest potential therapeutic effects of targeting α7 nAChRs for obesity-withdrawal symptoms in obese subjects.

Therapeutic effect of α7 nicotinic receptor activation after ischemic stroke in rats

Nicotinic acetylcholine α7 receptors (α7 nAChRs) have a well-known modulator effect in neuroinflammation. Yet, the therapeutical effect of α7 nAChRs activation after stroke has been scarcely evaluated to date. The role of α7 nAChRs activation with PHA 568487 on inflammation after brain ischemia was assessed with positron emission tomography (PET) using [18F]DPA-714 and [18F]BR-351 radiotracers after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. The assessment of brain oedema, blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption and neurofunctional progression after treatment was evaluated with T2 weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (T2 W and DCE-MRI) and neurological evaluation. The activation of α7 nAChRs resulted in a decrease of ischemic lesion, midline displacement and cell neurodegeneration from days 3 to 7 after ischemia. Besides, the treatment with PHA 568487 improved the neurofunctional outcome. Treated ischemic rats showed a significant [18F]DPA-714-PET uptake reduction at day 7 together with a decrease of activated microglia/infiltrated macrophages. Likewise, the activation of α7 receptors displayed an increase of [18F]BR-351-PET signal in ischemic cortical regions, which resulted from the overactivation of MMP-2. Finally, the treatment with PHA 568487 showed a protective effect on BBB disruption and blood brain vessel integrity after cerebral ischemia.

Activation of α7 nicotinic receptors suppresses sucrose addiction in mice

The mesolimbic dopamine system is important for the rewarding and motivational aspects of consuming rewarding and palatable food. Nicotinic receptors are present in the mesolimbic dopamine system and enhance the reinforcement of drugs of abuse. In this study, we examined the involvement of nicotine receptor subtypes in sucrose addiction in a sucrose preference paradigm. Sucrose preference and intake in mice increased in proportion to stepwise increases in sucrose concentrations. Moreover, sucrose preference and intake following sucrose withdrawal in mice were increased in comparison with the first set of trials. In the present study, α7, but not α4 and β2, nicotinic receptor subunit mRNA was decreased in the nucleus accumbens, but not in the hypothalamus, after sucrose withdrawal and subsequent sucrose intake. Administration of an agonist for α7, but not α4 and β2, nicotinic receptors suppressed the enhancement of sucrose preference and intake following sucrose withdrawal. These findings indicate that α7 nicotinic receptor activation suppresses sucrose addiction in a sucrose preference test in mice.

Acute Activation of α7-Nicotinic Receptors by Nicotine Improves Rodent Skin Flap Survival Through Nitrergic System.

Recent reports have identified angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of acute treatment with nicotine via activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). In addition, the nitric oxide (NO) pathway is involved in ischemic reperfusion injuries. We investigated the effects of acute pretreatment with nicotine in a rat model of random-pattern skin flap and the potential role of the NO pathway. The Sprague-Dawley rats received increasing doses of (-)-nicotine (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 mg/kg) before the procedure. Dorsal skin flaps with caudal pedicles were elevated at the midline, and flap survival was evaluated 7 days after surgery. In addition, animals received an α7-nAChR antagonist, methyllycaconitine, with nicotine. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was also applied to measure the dermal expression of α7-nAChR. Next, a nonselective NO synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride; a selective inducible NO synthase inhibitor, aminoguanidine; and an NO precursor, L-arginine, were administered with nicotine. Nicotine at doses of 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/kg significantly increased flap survival, whereas the protective effects of nicotine disappeared at higher doses. Methyllycaconitine completely reversed the protective effects of nicotine and the elevated cutaneous expression of α7-nAChR in nicotine-pretreated rats. In addition, systemic administration of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride or aminoguanidine with an effective dose of nicotine caused a significant decrease in flap survival. Conversely, coinjection of a subeffective dose of L-arginine with the subeffective dose of nicotine significantly boosted its protective effects. Acute pretreatment with nicotine by stimulating the expression and activation of cutaneous α7-nAChR improves skin flap survival, which is partially mediated through modulation of the NO pathway.

Astrocytic α7 Nicotinic Receptor Activation Inhibits Amyloid-β Aggregation by Upregulating Endogenous αB-crystallin through the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway.

β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and astrocytes can significantly inhibit Aβ aggregation. Astrocytic α7 Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) upregulation detected in the AD brains is closely associated with Aβ deposits. However, the relationships between the astrocytic α7 nAChRs and Aβ aggregation remain unclear. The Aβ oligomers levels in astrocytic cell lysates and culture medium were measured after treatment with nicotine or co-treatment with a Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt) inhibitor. The level of αB-Crystallin (Cryab) in astrocytes treated with nicotine for different times or co-treated with α7 nAChR antagonists as well as co-incubated with a PI3K or mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitor was determined by western blotting. In this study, nicotine pre-treatment in primary astrocytes markedly inhibited Aβ aggregation and upregulated endogenous astrocytic Cryab, while the nicotine-mediated neuroprotective effect was reversed by pre-treatment with a selective α7 nAChR antagonist. Furthermore, this neuroprotection against Aβ aggregation was suppressed by LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor. Pre-treatment with nicotine significantly increased the levels of phosphorylated Akt, an effector of PI3K in astrocytes. α7 nAChR activation and PI3K/Akt signaling transduction contributed to nicotinemediated neuroprotection against Aβ aggregation by modulating endogenous astrocytic Cryab.

Effects of α7 Nicotinic Receptor Activation on Cell Survival in Rat Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures.

Glutamatergic signaling via N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) is important for physiological functioning, but can also induce cell death via excitotoxic mechanisms in many neuropathological diseases, such as stroke. Altering the cellular response to excitotoxic insults by modulating the downstream effects of NMDAR activation represents a promising therapeutic approach. For example, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChRs) signaling has been shown to be able to change NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in some models. However, both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects have been reported. In this study, we examined the effect of co-activation of α7 nAChRs on NMDA-mediated cell death in rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs). Our results show that α7 nAChR stimulation did not significantly influence NMDA-induced excitotoxic cell damage as measured by propidium iodide uptake. However, treatment of OHSCs with the α7 nAChR agonist choline alone induced an increase in the propidium iodide signal. Both the α7 nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA) and the NMDAR antagonist (RS)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) were able to block this effect in the dentate gyrus and hippocampal subfield CA3.

Antinociception of spirocyclopiperazinium salt compound LXM-10-M targeting α7 nicotinic receptor and M4 muscarinic receptor and inhibiting CaMKIIα/CREB/CGRP signaling pathway in mice

The present study was designed to investigate the antinociception of spirocyclopiperazinium salt compound LXM-10-M (2,4-dimethyl-9-β-m-hydroxyphenylethyl-3-oxo-6, 9-diazaspiro [5.5] undecane chloride) in thermal and chemical pain models, and further to explore the molecular target and potential signal pathway. We assessed the antinociception of LXM-10-M in hot-plate test, formalin test and acetic acid writhing test in mice. The possible changes of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα)/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)/calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) signaling pathway were detected by Western Blot in mice. Administration of LXM-10-M produced significant antinociception in hot-plate test, formalin test and acetic acid writhing test in mice, with no obvious toxicity. The antinociceptive effects were blocked by pretreatment with methyllycaconitine citrate (MLA, α7 nicotinic receptor antagonist) or tropicamide (TRO, M4 muscarinic receptor antagonist). Western blot analysis showed that the upregulations of p-CaMKIIα, p-CREB and CGRP in the spinal cord were reduced by LXM-10-M in chemical pain model in mice, and the effects were blocked by MLA or TRO pretreatment. This is the first paper to report that LXM-10-M exerted significant antinociception, which may be attributed to the activation of α7 nicotinic receptor and M4 muscarinic receptor and thereby triggering the inhibition of CaMKIIα/CREB/CGRP signaling pathway in mice.

Alpha7 nicotinic receptor activation protects against oxidative stress via heme-oxygenase I induction

Subchronic oxidative stress and inflammation are being increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. This study was designed to evaluate the potential protective role of α7 nicotinic receptor activation in an in vitro model of neurodegeneration based on subchronic oxidative stress. Rat organotypic hippocampal cultures (OHCs) were exposed for 4 days to low concentration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the complex III mitochondrial blocker, antimycin-A. Antimycin-A (0.1μM) and lipopolysaccharide (1ng/ml) caused low neurotoxicity on their own, measured as propidium iodide fluorescence in CA1 and CA3 regions. However, their combination (LPS/AA) caused a greater detrimental effect, in addition to mitochondrial depolarization, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Nox4 overexpression. Antimycin-A per se increased ROS and mitochondrial depolarization, although these effects were significantly higher when combined with LPS. More interesting was the finding that exposure of OHCs to the combination of LPS/AA triggered aberrant protein aggregation, measured as thioflavin S immunofluorescence. The α7 nicotinic receptor agonist, PNU282987, prevented the neurotoxicity and the pathological hallmarks observed in the LPS/AA subchronic toxicity model (oxidative stress and protein aggregates); these effects were blocked by α-bungarotoxin and tin protoporphyrin, indicating the participation of α7 nAChRs and heme-oxygenase I induction. In conclusion, subchronic exposure of OHCs to low concentration of antimycin-A plus LPS reproduced pathological features of neurodegenerative disorders. α7 nAChR activation ameliorated these alterations by a mechanism involving heme-oxygenase I induction.

CAMP‐dependent protein kinase inhibits α7 nicotinic receptor activity in layer 1 cortical interneurons through activation of D1/D5 dopamine receptors

Protein kinases can modify the function of many proteins including ion channels. However, the role of protein kinaseA in modifying nicotinic receptors in the CNS has never been investigated. We showed through whole-cell recordings of layer1 prefrontal cortical interneurons that α7 nicotinic responses are negatively modulated by protein kinaseA. Furthermore, we show that stimulation of dopamine receptors can similarly attenuate α7 nicotinic responses through the activation of protein kinaseA. These results suggest how the interaction of the cholinergic and dopaminergic systems may influence neuronal excitability in the brain. Phosphorylation of ion channels, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), by protein kinases plays a key role in the modification of synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability. α7 nAChRs are the second most prevalent nAChR subtype in the CNS following α4β2. Serine 365 in the M3-M4 cytoplasmic loop of the α7 nAChR is a phosphorylation site for protein kinase A (PKA). D1/D5 dopamine receptors signal through the adenylate cyclase-PKA pathway and play a key role in working memory and attention in the prefrontal cortex. Thus, we examined whether the dopaminergic system, mediated through PKA, functionally interacts with the α7-dependent cholinergic neurotransmission. In layer1 interneurons of mouse prefrontal cortex, α7 nicotinic currents were decreased upon stimulation with 8-Br-cAMP, a PKA activator. In HEK 293T cells, dominant negative PKA abolished 8-Br-cAMP's effect of diminishing α7 nicotinic currents, while a constitutively active PKA catalytic subunit decreased α7 currents. In brain slices, the PKA inhibitor KT-5720 nullified 8-Br-cAMP's effect of attenuating α7 nicotinic responses, while applying a PKA catalytic subunit in the pipette solution decreased α7 currents. 8-Br-cAMP stimulation reduced surface expression of α7 nAChRs, but there was no change in single-channel conductance. The D1/D5 dopamine receptor agonist SKF83822 similarly attenuated α7 nicotinic currents from layer1 interneurons and this attenuation of nicotinic current was prevented by KT-5720. These results demonstrate that dopamine receptor-mediated activation of PKA negatively modulates nicotinic neurotransmission in prefrontal cortical interneurons, which may be a contributing mechanism of dopamine modulation of cognitive behaviours such as attention or working memory.

Microtubule dynamics at the growth cone are mediated by α7 nicotinic receptor activation of a Gαq and IP3receptor pathway

The α7 nicotinic receptor (α7) plays an important role in neuronal growth and structural plasticity in the developing brain. We have recently characterized a G-protein-signaling pathway regulated by α7 that directs the growth of neurites in developing neural cells. Now we show that choline activation of α7 promotes a rise in intracellular calcium from local ER stores via Gαq signaling, leading to IP3 receptor (IP3R) activation at the growth cone of differentiating PC12 cells. A mutant α7 significantly attenuated in calcium conductance (D44A; P<0.001) was found to be unable to promote IP3R signaling and calcium store release. In addition, calcium elevation via α7 correlates with a significant attenuation in the rate of microtubule invasion of the growth cone (P<0.001). This process was also attenuated in the D44A mutant and blocked by an inhibitor of the IP3R, suggesting that calcium flow through the α7 channel and activation of the Gαq pathway are necessary for growth. Taken together, the findings reveal an inhibitory mechanism of α7 on cytoskeletal growth via the intracellular calcium activity of the receptor channel and the Gαq signaling pathway at the growth cone.-Nordman, J. C., Kabbani, N. Microtubule dynamics at the growth cone are mediated by α7 nicotinic receptor activation of a Gαq and IP3 receptor pathway.

Chronic nicotine exposure stimulates biliary growth and fibrosis in normal rats.

Epidemiological studies have indicated smoking to be a risk factor for the progression of liver diseases. Nicotine is the chief addictive substance in cigarette smoke and has powerful biological properties throughout the body. Nicotine has been implicated in a number of disease processes, including increased cell proliferation and fibrosis in several organ systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic administration of nicotine on biliary proliferation and fibrosis in normal rats. In vivo, rats were treated with nicotine by osmotic minipumps for two weeks. Proliferation, α7-nicotinic receptor and profibrotic expression were evaluated in liver tissue, cholangiocytes and a polarized cholangiocyte cell line (normal rat intrahepatic cholangiocyte). Nicotine-dependent activation of the Ca(2+)/IP3/ERK 1/2 intracellular signalling pathway was also evaluated in normal rat intrahepatic cholangiocyte. Cholangiocytes express α7-nicotinic receptor. Chronic administration of nicotine to normal rats stimulated biliary proliferation and profibrotic gene and protein expression such as alpha-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin 1. Activation of α7-nicotinic receptor stimulated Ca(2+)/ERK1/2-dependent cholangiocyte proliferation. Chronic exposure to nicotine contributes to biliary fibrosis by activation of cholangiocyte proliferation and expression of profibrotic genes. Modulation of α7-nicotinic receptor signalling axis may be useful for the management of biliary proliferation and fibrosis during cholangiopathies.

Activation of α7 Nicotinic Receptors by Orthosteric and Allosteric Agonists: Influence on Single-Channel Kinetics and Conductance

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are oligomeric transmembrane proteins in which five subunits coassemble to form a central ion channel pore. Conventional agonists, such as acetylcholine (ACh), bind to an orthosteric site, located at subunit interfaces in the extracellular domain. More recently, it has been demonstrated that nAChRs can also be activated by ligands binding to an allosteric transmembrane site. In the case of α7 nAChRs, ACh causes rapid activation and almost complete desensitization. In contrast, allosteric agonists such as 4-(4-bromophenyl)-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[c] quin oline-8-sulfonamide (4BP-TQS) activate α7 nAChRs more slowly and cause only low levels of apparent desensitization. In the present study, single-channel patch-clamp recording has been used to investigate differences in the mechanism of activation of α7 nAChRs by ACh and 4BP-TQS. The most striking difference between activation by ACh and 4BP-TQS is in single-channel kinetics. In comparison with activation by ACh, single-channel open times and burst lengths are substantially longer (~160-800-fold, respectively), and shut times are shorter (~8-fold) when activated by 4BP-TQS. In addition, coapplication of ACh and 4BP-TQS results in a further increase in single-channel burst lengths. Mean burst lengths seen when the two agonists are coapplied (3099 ± 754 ms) are ~2.5-fold longer than with 4BP-TQS alone and ∼370-fold longer than with ACh alone. Intriguingly, the main single-channel conductance of α7 nAChRs, was significantly larger when activated by 4BP-TQS (100.3 ± 2.4 pS) than when activated by ACh (90.0 ± 2.7 pS), providing evidence that activation by allosteric and orthosteric agonists results in different α7 nAChRs open-channel conformations.

α7 Nicotinic receptor activation reduces β‐amyloid‐induced apoptosis by inhibiting caspase‐independent death through phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase signaling

The neurotoxicity of amyloid-β (Aβ) involves caspase-dependent and -independent programmed cell death. The latter is mediated by the nuclear translocation of the mitochondrial flavoprotein apoptosis inducing factor (AIF). Nicotine has been shown to decrease Aβ neurotoxicity via inhibition of caspase-dependent apoptosis, but it is unknown if its neuroprotection is mediated through caspase-independent pathways. In the present study, pre-treatment with nicotine in rat cortical neuronal culture markedly reduced Aβ(1-42) induced neuronal death. This effect was accompanied by a significant reduction of mitochondrial AIF release and its subsequent nuclear translocation as well as significant inhibition of cytochrome c release and caspase 3 activation. Pre-treatment with selective α7nicotinic acetylcholine receptor(nAChR) antagonist (methyllycaconitine), but not the α4 nAChR antagonist (dihydro-β-erythroidine), could prevent the neuroprotective effect of nicotine on AIF release/translocation, suggesting that nicotine inhibits the caspase-independent death pathway in a α7 nAChR-dependent fashion. Furthermore, the neuroprotective action of nicotine on AIF release/translocation was suppressed by LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor. Pre-treatment with nicotine significantly restored Akt phosphorylation, an effector of PI3K, in Aβ(1-42) -treated neurons. These findings indicate that the α7 nAChR activation and PI3K/Akt transduction signaling contribute to the neuroprotective effects of nicotine against Aβ-induced cell death by modulating caspase-independent death pathways.

Activation of α7 nicotinic receptor affects APP processing by regulating secretase activity in SH-EP1-α7 nAChR-hAPP695 cells

Multiple lines of evidence have implicated that nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) may be an important therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although there are reports suggesting a link between alpha7 nAChR subtype and AD, there has been little report on the mechanism. The present study investigates whether and how α7 nAChR activation affects APP695 processing in SH-EP1 cell model. Cell line co-expressing α7 nAChR gene and human amyloid precursor protein 695 (hAPP695) gene were constructed by stable transfection. Expression of β-amyloid, α-form of secreted APP (αAPPs) and APP1695 was measured by ELISA, western blotting and real-time PCR respectively. Additionally, α, β, and γ-secretase activities were also analyzed in constructed SH-EP1-α7 nAChR-hAPP695 cell line. The results showed that SH-EP1-α7 nAChR-hAPP695 cell line, expressing both hAPP695 gene and α7 nAChR subtype gene, was constructed successfully. The secreted Aβ was decreased and αAPPs was significantly increased by non-selective nAChR agonist nicotine (10 μM) and specific α7 nAChR agonist GTS-21 (1 μM), and APP expression was not affected. Furthermore, specific α7 nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA) reversed the alterations induced by activation of α7 nAChR. CTF-α was increased and CTF-γ was decreased when treated with nicotine (10 μM). In addition, the results of enymatic activity analysis showed that nicotine (1 μM) and GTS-21 (0.1, 1 μM) decreased γ-secretase activity, but has no effects on α-secretase activity and β-secretase activity. Our findings demonstrate that, through regulating γ-secretase activity, α7 nAChR activation reduces APP processing in amyloidogenic pathway, and at the same time enhances APP processing in non-amyloidogenic pathway. The constructed SH-EP1-α7 nAChR-hAPP695 cell line might be useful for screening specific nAChR agonists against AD.

Activation of α7 nicotinic receptors improves phencyclidine-induced deficits in cognitive tasks in rats: Implications for therapy of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia

Rationale Nicotinic α7 acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been highlighted as a target for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia. Aim To investigate whether the deficits induced by sub-chronic phencyclidine (PCP) in reversal learning and novel object recognition could be attenuated by the selective α7 nAChR full agonist, PNU-282987 . Methods Adult female hooded-Lister rats received sub-chronic PCP (2 mg/kg) or vehicle i.p. twice daily for 7 days, followed by 7 days washout. In cohort 1, PCP-treated rats then received PNU-282987 (5, 10, 20 mg/kg; s.c.) or vehicle and were tested in the reversal-learning task. In cohort 2, PCP-treated rats received PNU-282987 (10 mg/kg; s.c.) or saline for 15 days and were tested in the novel object recognition test on day 1 and on day 15, to test for tolerance. Results Sub-chronic PCP produced significant deficits in both cognitive tasks (P < 0.01–0.001). PNU-282987 attenuated the PCP-induced deficits in reversal learning at 10 mg/kg (P < 0.01) and 20 mg/kg (P < 0.001), and in novel object recognition at 10 mg/kg on day 1 (P < 0.01) and on day 15 (P < 0.001). Conclusions These data show that PNU-282987 has efficacy to reverse PCP-induced deficits in two paradigms of relevance to schizophrenia. Results further suggest that 15-day once daily dosing of PNU-282987 (10 mg/kg s.c.) does not cause tolerance in the rat. This study suggests that activation of α7 nAChRs, may represent a suitable strategy for improving cognitive deficits of relevance to schizophrenia.

Selective α7 nicotinic receptor activation by AZD0328 enhances cortical dopamine release and improves learning and attentional processes

AZD0328, a novel spirofuropyridine neuronal nicotinic receptor partial agonist, was used to investigate the role of α7 neuronal nicotinic receptor (NNR) activation in the modulation of midbrain dopamine neuron function, cortical dopamine release and on two behavioral tasks known to be dependent on optimal levels of cortical dopamine. In vivo recordings from area 10 (ventral tegmental area) in rat brain showed an increased firing of putative dopamine neurons in response to low (0.00138 mg/kg) doses of AZD0328. Bursting patterns of dopamine neuron activity remained largely unchanged by application of AZD0328. In vivo microdialysis in awake rats showed an increase in extracellular prefrontal cortical dopamine in response to low doses of AZD0328. Compound-stimulated dopamine release showed an inverted dose effect relation that was maximal at the lowest dose tested (0.00178 mg/kg). Peak extracellular dopamine levels were reached 2 h after dosing with AZD0328. Acquisition of operant responding with delayed reinforcement in rats was dose dependently enhanced by AZD0328 with a plateau effect measured at 0.003 mg/kg. This effect was blocked by pre-treatment of animals with the selective α7 antagonist methyllycaconitine. AZD0328 improved novel object recognition in mice over a broad range of doses (0.00178–1.78 mg/kg) and the compound effect was found to be absent in homozygous α7 KO animals. Together, these data indicate that selective interaction with α7 NNRs by AZD0328 selectively enhances midbrain dopaminergic neuronal activity causing an enhancement of cortical dopamine levels; these neurochemical changes likely, underlie the positive behavioral responses observed in two different animal models. Our results suggest selective α7 NNR agonists may have significant therapeutic utility in neurologic and psychiatric indications where cognitive deficits and dopamine neuron dysfunction co-exist.

Functional screening of α7 nicotinic receptor ligands

Background: The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, a ligand-gated ion channel, is an attractive drug discovery target in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Objective: We have evaluated the various approaches to discovering ligands targeting the α7 nicotinic receptor to define the current paradigm driving drug discovery efforts in this area. Methods: Assays using functional read-outs as a consequence of α7 nicotinic receptor activation have been reviewed. Conclusion: Functional assays using fluorescence-based optical methods in combination with direct electrophysiological recordings of channel function currently provide an integrated approach to the discovery of α7 nicotinic receptor targeted ligands.

The α7 nicotinic receptor agonist 4OH-GTS-21 protects axotomized septohippocampal cholinergic neurons in wild type but not amyloid-overexpressing transgenic mice

While activation of α7 nicotinic receptors protects neurons from a variety of apoptotic insults in vitro, little is known about this neuroprotective action in vivo, especially under amyloidogenic conditions that mimic Alzheimer’s disease. We therefore investigated the effects of 4OH-GTS-21, a selective partial agonist for these receptors, on septohippocampal cholinergic and GABAergic neuron survival following fimbria fornix (FFX) lesions in three strains of mice: C57BL/6J wild type mice; human presenilin-1 mutant M146L (PS1) transgenic mice; and mice expressing both mutant PS1 and Swedish mutant K670N/M671L amyloid precursor protein (APP). Initial studies to demonstrated that 4OH-GTS-21 is likely brain permeant based on its ability to improve passive avoidance and Morris water task behaviors in nucleus basalis–lesioned rats. In FFX-lesioned mice, twice per day i.p. injections of 1 mg/kg of 4OH-GTS-21 for 2 weeks promoted the survival and prevented the atrophy of septal cholinergic neurons. Septal parvalbumin-staining GABAergic neurons were not protected by this treatment, although they also express α7 nicotinic receptors, suggesting an indirect, nerve growth factor (NGF)–mediated mechanism. No protection of cholinergic neurons was observed in similarly treated PS1 or APP/PS1 transgenic mice. 4OH-GTS-21 treatment actually reduced cholinergic neuronal size in APP/PS1 mice. Hippocampal amyloid deposition was not affected by FFX lesions or treatment with this α7 nicotinic receptor agonist in APP/PS1 mice under these conditions. These results indicate that brain α7 nicotinic receptors are potential targets for protecting at-risk brain neurons in Alzheimer’s disease, perhaps via their effects on NGF receptors; however, this protection may be sensitive under some conditions to environmental factors such as inhibitory amyloid-peptides.

Antinociceptive effects of choline against acute and inflammatory pain

We used the hot plate test and the formalin test to evaluate the antinociception of choline after i.c.v. or i.v. administration. The analgesic mechanism of choline was also studied. The response latency of mice was significantly prolonged in the hot plate test after choline (90–120 μg/animals) i.c.v. administration in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with methyllycaconitine citrate (MLA), α-bungarotoxin, or atropine blocked the antinociception of choline in the hot plate test. In contrast, mecamylamine and naloxone had no effect. No antinociceptive action of choline was found in the hot plate test, but it did have an effect in the late phase of the formalin test after i.v. administration. The effect of choline on anti-inflammatory pain was blocked by MLA, but not by mecamylamine, naloxone and atropine, which is indicative of the involvement of α7 receptors in peripheral sites. When choline (2 mg/kg) was coadministered with aspirin (9.4 mg/kg), the licking/biting times in the late phase significantly decreased, although no effects were shown when these doses of drugs were used alone. Similarly, coadministration of choline (2 mg/kg) with morphine (0.165 mg/kg) significantly increased the antinociception of morphine in the late phase, but had no effect in the early phase. These results demonstrate that activation of α7 nicotinic receptors by choline elicits antinociceptive effects both in an acute thermal pain model and in an inflammatory pain model. Choline holds promise for development as a non-addictive analgesic drug and in reducing the regular dose of aspirin or morphine in inflammatory pain.

S.12.03 Physiological regulation of α7 nicotinic receptor activity by endogenous levels of the brain metabolite kynurenic acid: Clinical implications

Protein tyrosine phosphate δ (PTPδ), one of the receptor type IIa protein tyrosine phosphates, is known for its roles in axon guidance, synapse formation, cell adhesion, and tumor suppression. Alternative splicing of this gene generates at least four (A–D) isoforms; however, the major isoform in vivo is yet to be determined. The protein localization has neither been revealed. We have generated anti-mouse PTPδ-specific monoclonal antibody and analyzed the protein expression in wild-type and Ptpδ knockout mice. Immunoblot analysis of various organs revealed that neuronal tissues express both C-and D-isoforms of PTPδ, whereas non-neuronal tissues express only C-isoform. Immunohistochemistry of wild-type or Ptpδ heterozygous sections showed that olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and several nuclei in brain stem exhibit moderate to strong positive signals. These signals were absent in Ptpδ knockout specimens. Higher magnification revealed differences between expression patterns of PTPδ mRNA and its protein product. In hippocampus, weak mRNA expression in CA1 stratum pyramidale but strong immunostaining in the stratum lacunosum moleculare was observed, suggesting the axonal expression of PTPδ in the entorhinal cortical afferents. Olfactory mitral cells exhibited mRNA expression in cell bodies and protein localization in their dendritic fields, glomerular and external plexiform layers. Nissl staining showed that the external plexiform layer was reduced in Ptpδ knockout mice. Golgi-impregnation confirmed the poor dendritic growth of homozygous mitral cells. These results suggest that PTPδ may localize in axons as well as in dendrites to regulate their elaboration in the central nervous system.