In this work, a series of xSm2O3-(1-x) CaCu3Ti4O12 (xSm2O3-(1-x)CCTO, x = 0.00-0.05) negative temperature coefficient (NTC) ceramics were prepared by a solid-state method. The influence of Sm2O3 content on electrical properties was examined using microstructural, band gap, morphological, Direct Current (DC) resistivity, and impedance spectroscopy analysis. The increase in Sm2O3 content resulted in a gradual decrease of the resistivities (ρ25), thermal constants (B25/75), activation energies for electrical conduction (Ea) and activation energies of the relaxation process (Erelax) from 1.16×107 Ω•cm, 6387 K, 0.5456 eV and 0.5592 eV to 3.43×105 Ω•cm, 4149 K, 0.4088 eV and 0.4115 eV respectively. First-principles calculations revealed a reduction in the band gap by adding Sm2O3, partially explaining the decrease in electrical resistivity. In-situ XPS analysis elucidated a relationship between conduction mechanism of Sm2O3-doped CCTO ceramics and electron hopping. Impedance analyses showed that both grains and grain boundaries contributed to the NTC effect of ceramics. The electrical inhomogeneity arose from grains and grain boundaries, while local relaxation was due to the short-range motion of charge carriers.