Activated Coconut Shell Research Articles

Corncob Hydrolysis Using Graphene Oxide Activated Coconut Shell Biochar Catalyst

Corncob Hydrolysis Using Graphene Oxide Activated Coconut Shell Biochar Catalyst

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCED FROM CORNCOB, COW BONE, AND COCONUT SHELL AS A FILTER MEDIUM

Inaccessibility of safe drinking water coupled with poor sanitation and hygiene and its attendance effect is estimated to cost Nigeria about 1.3 billion dollars. The rural communities adopted different methods to filter their water however these methods have proven ineffective in removing certain impurities. The use of fabric cannot remove the microorganisms and chemicals present in water. It is given that activated carbon filters are applied in the removal of these chemicals to test the performance of activated carbon made from corncob, cow bone, and coconut shell as a filter medium, activated carbons were used separately, and combined in a model filter. Raw water samples from Kubanni River and the borehole in 55 apartment Dogon Itche Samaru, Zaria were filtered by the model without pretreatment. The sieve analysis carried out on the activated corncob, cow bone, and coconut shell shows effective sizes of 0.27mm, 0.08mm, and 0.21mm; and uniformity coefficients of 2.11, 5.38, and 2.33 respectively. The analysis showed that the combined media has the highest turbidity removal, 92% for the river sample and 89% for the borehole sample. In terms of acidity and chloride removal, the activated corncob gave better filtrate quality: 19% and 13% removal respectively. In the case of alkalinity, the activated cow bone and coconut shell showed a gradual removal in alkalinity from the borehole sample. The combined media showed more tendency to remove hardness compared to the other activated carbons

Optimization Study of Adsorption parameter for the removal of Zinc (Zn) and Arsenic (As) on Activated Coconut Shell (ACS) Adsorbent using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract A large portion of the water environment is being contaminated and destroyed due to the direct liberation of industrial effluents, agricultural and municipal activities that are toxic to humans, animals, and plants. Among the several pollutants, heavy metals are considered to be a serious hazard and the presence arsenic in water will cause carcinogenic to humans. In this study, for sustainability easily available eco-friendly materials were used for the adsorption of heavy metal. An aqueous solution of zinc and arsenic metal was prepared and adsorption of heavy metal was performed by varying pH, initial concentration, time, and dosage. The metal productivity was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) by varying the obtained data. The model prediction result is in agreement with experimented result (R2=0.9706, 0.9799 adj R2=0.9432,0.9572 for and coconut shell carbon). ANOVA table shows that the adsorption of arsenic and zinc metal to carbon made from coconut shell. The optimization of carbon made from coconut shell pH, initial concentration, time, and dosage found to be the maximum adsorption capacity of both adsorbent pH (7,7), initial concentration (40,30), contact time (60,90), adsorbent dosage (0.3,0.3) was obtained. Characterization of activated coconut shell carbon was carried out by SEM.

Two-step synthesis of coconut shell biochar-based ternary composite to efficiently remove organic pollutants by photocatalytic degradation

Designing environmentally friendly, low cost and efficient photocatalysts is vitally important for degradation of organic pollutants. Herein, a ternary composite-ZnO/ACSC@TiO2, constituted by activated coconut shell derived biochar (ACSC), TiO2 and ZnO, was successfully synthesized by two-step hydrothermal method. It demonstrated that TiO2 could be uniformly wrapped on ACSC surface during first step to form core-shell structures (ACSC@TiO2). It was beneficial not only to enhance adsorption capacity for organic pollutants and absorption ability for light, but also to form C-doped TiO2 with a relatively narrow bandgap to expand light absorption of TiO2 from UV to visible light. Subsequently, ZnO was introduced through second step to generate type-II heterojunctions with ACSC@TiO2, which further reduced bandgap value of the ternary photocatalyst to promote photogenerated carrier generation and efficiently diminished recombination of e--h+ pairs. As expected, the optimal prepared catalyst with 10 wt% of ZnO (10%ZnO/ACSC@TiO2) exhibited excellent adsorptive and photocatalytic abilities for removal of tetracycline (TC) and Rhodamine B (RhB) with different initial concentrations. Particularly, its total removal efficiency for TC and RhB was 97.6% and 99.4%, respectively under 300 W xenon lamp irradiation (25 mg/L of organic pollutants, 1.0 g/L catalyst and natural pH in 60 min). Investigations on catalytic mechanism and degradation pathways proved that 10%ZnO/ACSC@TiO2 could remove RhB and TC by deep degradation. Its enhanced synergy of adsorption and photocatalysis could efficiently accelerate mineralization rates of RhB and TC. This biomass derived biochar-based ternary composite as photocatalyst with optimized energy band structures and microstructures would have good industrial application potential.

Analysis of biodiesel process from waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalyst field snail shell (pila ampullacea)

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel in the form of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) which can be renewed using vegetable oils and animal oils through esterification or transesterification processes. This study used waste cooking oil as a raw material for biodiesel with a CaO catalyst from the shells of field snails (Pila ampullacea) which were calcined for 4 hours at a temperature of 700°C. This experiment aim to study of the effect of temperature (55°C, 60°C, 65°C) and catalyst weight (4%, 6%, 8%), for 2 hours the transesterification process and the molar ratio of oil to methanol was 1:9. Crude Biodiesel from the transesterification process washed using dry washing method with activated coconut shell charcoal which has been activated using 1M H3PO4. Based on this research, the optimum yields about 91,5%-volume, were obtained in A2T2 with temperature 60°C and a catalyst weight of 6% with a biodiesel yield of 91.5%. The characteristics of the biodiesel produced were kinematic viscosity 3.32 cSt, density 863 Kg/m3, acid number 0.543%, iodine number 14.3%-mass, methyl ester content 169.12% and cetane number 43.28%-mass.

Screen printed carbon electrode from coconut shell char for lead ions detection

This research aimed to produce a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) from an activated coconut shell carbon. As a raw material, coconut shell char provides renewability and is abundantly available in the market. Meanwhile, SPCE offers a simple electroanalytical electrode because the working, counter, and reference electrodes are in one piece. The coconut shell carbon was activated by steam at 700 oC for 1h, producing AC700 that was then characterized to ensure the result by following per under carbon as the main component, the phases, crystal structure, surface area, morphology, and elemental content. The result showed that the surface area of AC700 is 816 m2/g, and the surface structure is porous, as identified by SEM images. Impedance analysis followed by data fitting and conductivity calculation found a high conductivity of 8.68 x 10-2 Scm‑1. The produced-SPCE or SPAC700 was modified by ferrocene at various compositions of 10%; 20%; and 30% of mass. The SPAC700-Fc30 provided the best performance for lead analysis with a detection limit of 0.35 mM, a quantitation limit of 1.17 mM, and good reproducibility with a Repeatability Coefficient (RC) of 0.022. SPAC700-Fc30 showed good lead ions detection despite under 10% Cu2+ and 10% Co2+ interferences. The result confirmed the potential use of coconut shell char as the raw material for SPCE production.

The Effect of Carbon on Chitosan-ZnO Composites as Fabric Mask Coating Materials

Increasing the effectiveness of cloth masks can reduce the use of disposable medical masks which creates a new waste problem. In this research, the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles was carried out using the precipitation method through the reaction between zinc nitrate and phosphoric acid as one of the ingredients in the chitosan-ZnO/C composite mixture. The carbon source is obtained from activated coconut shell carbon using sodium hydroxide. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) testing was carried out to determine the phase content of the synthesized carbon powder. XRD testing was also carried out on synthesized ZnO particles to determine the occurrence of phase transformations and to determine the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the material. Fourier Transform Infrared testing was also carried out to observe functional group bonds formed in carbon compounds. Composite materials that have been successfully made will then be tested for hydrophobicity by calculating the contact angle. The results of this study indicate that the synthetic base material has been successfully carried out and the composite has been successfully made. The highest water contact angle is 106o was found in the chitosan/ZnO composite sample with a ratio of 2:1 and a mass variation of 0.05 gr active carbon.

Characterization Mass Ratio of TiO2: Coconut Shell Using FTIR analysis as a Super capacitor

The aim of this research is to determine the characteristics of the mass ratio of TiO2 to activated coconut shell. This research was carried out using a chemical deposition method which utilized H2SO4 as the reagent. Next is the activation of carbon which will later be used as supercapacitor material. Based on the objectives and methods carried out, the results obtained were that the mass ratio was 1:1, visible in the spectrum at wavelengths of 940 cm-1, 1037 cm-1, 1623 cm-1, and 2958 cm-1. Based on the spectrum at conditions 940-1037 cm-1, there are indications of the formation of C-C groups, in this condition carbonization is formed. At a mass ratio of 1:3 there is a wave shift starting at 884 cm-1 and the largest shift at a wave number of 2950 cm-1. In this comparison, O-H groups or carboxylic acids were still found. At a mass ratio of 1:5 the wave number shift starts at 884 cm-1, 1135 cm-1, 1635 cm-1 and 2362 cm-1. Based on the wave number 884-1135 cm-1, the functional group formed is the C-C bond, apart from that, the wavelength area of 1635 cm-1 shows the presence of the C=C bond

Reducing free fatty acids and peroxide value in used cooking oil using activated coconut shell charcoal combined with lemongrass stems

Reducing free fatty acids and peroxide value in used cooking oil using activated coconut shell charcoal combined with lemongrass stems

Adsorption of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate onto Activated Coconut Shell-Based Adsorbent: Isothermal Remodelling

A remodelling evaluation was conducted on the sorption isotherm data for SDS adsorption onto activated coconut shell using nonlinear regression. A total of nineteen models, including BET, Brouers-Sotolongo, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Fowler-Guggenheim, Freundlich, Fritz-Schlunder III, Hill, Henry, Jovanovic, Khan, Langmuir, Moreau, Radke-Prausnitz, Redlich-Peterson, Sips, Temkin, Toth, Unilan, and Vieth-Sladek, were employed to determine the best fit through nonlinear regression. All models were found to exhibit good fits to the data, except for the Fowler-Guggenheim, Henry and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. Statistical analysis based on error function assessments, including accuracy factor (AF), bias factor (BF), root-mean-square error (RMSE), adjusted coefficient of determination (adjR2), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), corrected AICc (Akaike Information Criterion), and Hannan-Quinn Criterion (HQC), revealed that the best performance was achieved by the Moreau model followed by (descending order) Unilan, Redlich-Peterson, Fritz-Schlunder III, Toth, and Langmuir. The maximum adsorption capacity estimates given by the Moreau and Langmuir models were better in line with experimental findings. The value of the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity for SDS binding to activated coconut shell according to the Langmuir’s parameter qmL was 81.93 mg g-1 (95% Confidence interval from 76.422 to 87.440), while bL (L mg-1), the Langmuir model constants was 0.10 L mg-1 (95% C.I. from 0.070 to 0.133). The value of the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity for SDS binding to activated coconut shell according to the Moreau’s parameter qmM was 90.82 mg g-1 (95% Confidence interval from 76.336 to 105.303), while b (L mg-1), the Moreau’s model constant was 0.15 L mg-1 (95% C.I. from 0.089 to 0.203) and l, another Moreau’s dimensionless constant was 0.3 (95% C.I. from -0.049 to 0.646).

Microbial degradation of quinoline by immobilized bacillussubtilis

Quinoline containing effluent discharged from pharmaceuticals, dyes and pesticide industries pollute the environment affecting human health due to its toxicity and nauseating odor. Quinoline is carcinogenic, mutagenic and toxic to the environment. Biotreatment is a viable process as quinoline gets easily degraded by microbes. We isolated a bacterium from the soil suspension of paper mill effluent and it was analyzed by Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh from biochemical, morphological and physiological tests. The test results match with Bacillus subtilis as per the Bergey's manual of systematic Bacteriology. Quinoline mineralization by free and immobilized cells was studied. Adsorption technique was used for immobilization. 100 ppm of quinoline was completely degraded in 45 h by the free cells whereas cells immobilized on coconut shell carbon takes only 30 h. Cells on coconut shell carbon are capable of degrading even 300 ppm quinoline completely in 70 h. It was also found that cells immobilized on activated coconut shell carbon were more effective than cells on foam pieces. The optimum pH for efficient quinoline degradation was 9. The stability and recyclability of immobilized cells for 3 months at different concentrations for quinoline degradation was tested by performing an experiment. The excellent storage stability and recyclability of immobilized Bacillus subtilis can be critically used for the mineralization of heterocyclic organics in wastewater.

Phosphorus-Doped Activated Coconut Shell Carbon-Anchored Highly Dispersed Pt for the Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene to p-Aminophenol.

Highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles (∼2.5 nm) on phosphorus-doped activated coconut shell carbon (Pt/P-ACC) were synthesized by a two-step impregnation route. Pt/P-ACC showed a high activity, chemoselectivity, and reusability toward the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to p-aminophenol, with hydrogen as the reducing agent in sulfuric acid. The effects of P species on the catalyst structure, surface properties, and catalytic performance were investigated. It was found that the Pt/P-ACC catalyst had an excellent catalytic activity due to its smaller Pt nanoparticles and higher content of surface-active metal compared with Pt/ACC. Besides, the experimental results and in situ infrared studies demonstrated that the interaction effect between the Pt and P species imbued the surface of Pt with an electron-rich feature, which decreased the adsorption of electron-rich substrates (that is, phenylhydroxylamine) and prevented their full hydrogenation, leading to enhanced selectivity during the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to p-aminophenol.

Preparation of rGO/MnO2 Composites through Simultaneous Graphene Oxide Reduction by Electrophoretic Deposition.

We report the preparation of manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles and graphene oxide (GO) composites reduced by an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process. The MnO2 nanoparticles were prepared by the electrolysis of an acidic KMnO4 solution using an alternating monopolar arrangement of a multiple-electrode system. The particles produced were γ-MnO2 with a rod-like morphology and a surface area of approximately 647.2 m2/g. The GO particles were produced by the oxidation of activated coconut shell charcoal using a modified Hummers method. The surface area of the GO produced was very high, with a value of approximately 2525.9 m2/g. Fourier transform infrared spectra indicate that a significant portion of the oxygen-containing functional groups was removed from the GO by electrochemical reduction during the EPD process after sufficient time following deposition of the GO. The composite obtained by the EPD process was composed of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and γ-MnO2 and exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction following a two-electron transfer mechanism. This approach opens the possibility for assembling rGO composites in an efficient and effective manner for electrocatalysis.

Validation and deployment of a quantitative trapping method to measure volatile antimony emissions

Microbial-mediated Sb volatilization is a poorly understood part of the Sb biogeochemical cycle. This is mostly due to a lack of laboratory and field-deployable methods that are capable of quantifying low-level emissions of Sb from diffuse sources. In this study, we validated two methods using a H2O2 -HNO3 liquid chemotrap and an activated coconut shell charcoal solid-phase trap, achieving an absolute limit of detection of 4.6 ng and below 2.0 ng Sb, respectively. The activated charcoal solid-phase trapping method, the most easily operated method, was then applied to contaminated shooting range soils. Four treatments were tested: 1) flooded, 2) manure amended + flooded, 3) 70 % water holding capacity, and 4) manure amendment +70 % water holding capacity, since agricultural practices and flooding events may contribute to Sb volatilization. Volatile Sb was only produced from flooded microcosms and manure amendment greatly influenced the onset and amount of volatile Sb produced. The highest amount of volatile Sb produced, up to 62.1 ng kg−1 d−1, was from the flooded manure amended soil. This suggests that anaerobic microorganisms may potentially be drivers of Sb volatilization. Our results show that polluted shooting range soils are a source of volatile Sb under flooded conditions, which may lead to an increase in the mobility of Sb. Some of these volatile Sb species are toxic and genotoxic, highlighting the role of Sb volatilization on environmental health, especially for individuals living in contaminated areas exposed to wetlands or flooded conditions (e.g., rice paddy agriculture surrounding mining areas). This work paves way for research on Sb volatilization in the environment.

Microbial fuel cell for harvesting bio-energy from tannery effluent using metal mixed biochar electrodes

The present study aims on the ways and means of reducing the cost of electrodes and decreasing environment pollution using waste materials. For example, Coconut Shell (CS) materials were used for synthesizing electrodes through carbonization and testing it as the anode in the Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) utilizing tannery effluent. The electrodes were synthesized by using activated coconut shell wastes blended with various metals such as Silicon (Si0.2), Zinc (Zn0.2), and Copper (Cu0.2) with 20%. The specific surface area of CS-Si0.2 (0.1825 m2 g−1), CS-Zn0.2 (0.1900 m2 g−1), and CS-Cu0.2 (0.2162 m2 g−1) is greater than Graphite Particle (GP) (0.1890 m2 g−1). Power output of electrodes were CS-Si0.2 ((16.8 ± 0.5) mW m−2), CS-Zn0.2 ((22.96 ± 0.6) mW m−2), and CS-Cu0.2 ((38.72 ± 0.5) mW m−2) similar to GP ((30.42 ± 0.5) mW m−2). Our outcomes exhibit that the activated coconut shell with CS-Cu0.2 metal electrode gives the maximum power output. Therefore, CS-Cu0.2 electrodes are progressively viable, have greater biocompatibility, effective and adaptable for application in the microbial fuel cell. Among these three proposed electrodes, CS-Cu0.2 electrode has a huge potential for maximum performance and developing a cost-effective sustainable MFC.

Seasonal evaluation of total organic carbon removal from river samples using scrap metal-based coagulant and local salt modified-biomaterials for point-of-use water treatment

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the potentials of activated carbon prepared from coconut shell (CS) (Cocos nucifera), counter wood (CW) (Afzelia africana) and iron (III) sulphate coagulant (ISC) prepared from scrap iron, in removing total organic carbons (TOCs) from contaminated Ebonyi river (EBRW) and Ezeiyiaku river samples (ERWA) at point – of – use (POU). A 250 ml of the river samples at ambient pH were mechanically (hands) batch – agitated with optimised doses of 0.5, 1.5, and 0.025 g of granulated activated coconut shell carbon (GACSC), granulated activated counter wood carbon (GACWC), and ISC at the two seasons. The results showed a 90 and 100% reduction in the TOCs of the treated ERWA and EBRW samples during the rainy season, while and at dry season, 88% reduction in TOCs was observed in both treated river samples.

Processing and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell and Palm Kernel Shell Waste by H3PO4 Activation

Palm kernel shell and coconut shell are used as a precursor for the production of activated carbon, a way of mitigating the tons of waste produced in Ghana. The raw Palm kernel shell and coconut shell were activated chemically using H3PO4. A maximum activated carbon yield of 26.3 g was obtained for Palm kernel shell and 22.9 g for coconut shell at 400oC, an impregnation ratio of 1.2 and 1-hour carbonization time. Scanning electron microscopy reveals well-developed cavities of the H3PO4 activated coconut shell and Palm kernel shell compared to the non-activated carbon. Iodine number of 743.02 mg/g and 682.11 mg/g, a porosity of 0.31 and 0.49 and the electrical conductivity of 2010 μS/cm and 778 μS /cm were obtained for the AC prepared from the coconut shell and Palm kernel shell respectively. The results of this work show that high-quality activated carbon can be manufactured locally from coconut shell and Palm kernel shell waste, and a scale-up of this production will go a long way to reduce the tons of coconut shell and Palm kernel shell waste generated in the country.

Adsorption of Ammonium Ion from Tofu Industrial Liquid Waste by Coconut Shell-Activated Carbon

Liquid waste from tofu industry will flow or discharge into water. It causes pollution which is characterized by unpleasant odor. If this continues, it can damage the environment and threaten the health of the people who inhale the unpleasant odor. Activated carbon is a carbon that is able to adsorb in the liquid phase or gas phase. Activated carbon is the best adsorbent in the adsorption system. The material for activated carbon comes from animals, plants, and waste or minerals that contain carbon. Coconut shell is an ingredient that can be made into activated carbon. Activated carbon from coconut shell has many benefits one of them can adsorb liquid waste from tofu industry. This study aims to examine the ability of coconut shell to adsorben, that have been activated by K2CO3 or HCl activator. In this study given the variation of activated charcoal mass and contact time variations to determine the effect on the ability of activated coconut shell charcoal adsorption on ammonia content in Liquid waste from tofu industry. The results of this study are the greater the mass of activated charcoal and the longer the contact time, the greater the ammonia absorbed by activated charcoal, which indicates that the percent decrease in ammonia concentration is greater

Comparison study of COD and ammoniacal nitrogen adsorption on activated coconut shell carbon, green mussel (Perna viridis), zeolite and composite material in stabilized landfill leachate treatment

Comparison study of COD and ammoniacal nitrogen adsorption on activated coconut shell carbon, green mussel (Perna viridis), zeolite and composite material in stabilized landfill leachate treatment

Kinetic and isothermal investigations in elimination of iron metal from aqueous mixture by using natural adsorbent

Development of environment-friendly natural adsorbents to treat heavy metal, contaminated wastewater stands as a foremost area of investigation, due to its less price and environment-friendly nature. In the present experimental investigations’ adsorption of iron against aqueous mixture by means of chemically activated coconut shell is studied in batchwise. Adsorption capability in elimination of iron metal ion has been examined by various influencing criteria such as pH, time of contact, agitation speed, initial ion concentration and adsorbent dosages. This study is done to find a cost-efficient adsorbent as well as understand the process aimed at removal of heavy metal in wastewater with the aid of the natural adsorbent. Activated carbon prepared from coconut shell is made using chemical activation technique. Experimental results showed that the adsorption rate relies on size of pores, surface area, amount of the chemically activated carbon. Therefore, chemically activated carbon will turn out to be a decent adsorbent for adsorption of CO2 against flue gas and wastewater treatment. Kinetic study showed that the elimination efficiency and adsorption rate remain greatly reliant on concentration of adsorbent, time of agitation and initial ion concentration. Iron adsorption is figured to be reliant on pH, and maximum elimination is observed at pH 7–8. The maximum elimination of metal ion is figured with adsorbent dosage of 0.5 g, contact time of 90 min and speed of agitation of 300 rpm. Experimental information closely fitted with Freundlich isotherm and adsorption exhibited a pseudo-second-order reaction mechanism.