Concentrations Of Activated Charcoal Research Articles

Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) of NaCl, NaOH, and Activated Charcoal Concentration for the Purification Process of Crude Oil of Common Ponyfish

Crude oil of common ponyfish (Leiognathus equulus) is a by-product of fish protein hydrolysate manufacturing at PT. Berikan Teknologi Indonesia. The quality of the crude fish oil produced falls below the International Fishmeal and Oil Manufacturers Association Standard. Therefore, to improve its quality, a purification process comprising of three stages was employed, degumming with NaCl (5-10%), neutralization with NaOH (10-18°Be), and bleaching with activated charcoal (6-10%). The purification process was optimized using RSM with the Box-Behnken Design. The 15 concentration formulations were obtained with response variables taken based on chemical test parameters (free fatty acids (FFA), acid value, peroxide value, and iodine value). The optimal point of NaCl, NaOH, and activated charcoal concentration was determined at 10%, 18°Be, and 9.4%, respectively with a desirability of 0.744. The purified common ponyfish oil exhibited FFA at 9.52±0.21%, acid value at 3.42±0.17 mg KOH/g, peroxide value at 1.25±0.03 mEq/Kg, and iodine value at 4.12±0.13 mEq/Kg. Pure common ponyfish oil resulting from the optimal conditions has been verified. All parameters indicate that the quality of common ponyfish oil is improved by the refining process. This indicates that the optimized process may be applied in real production in the field with a high degree of confidence.

Concurrent Prospects to Develop Activated Charcoal Reinforced Self-Sensing Cement Composites for Structural Health Monitoring Applications

This research examines the electromechanical characteristics of self-sensing cement composite (SCC) containing activated charcoal (AC) at various concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%). The developed composite is placed in various zones in the beam to monitor beam behaviour, as well as in the column center to monitor column deflection. The research reveals that AC reduced the compressive strength and resistivity of cement composites by generating local hydration and carbon accumulation. The performance index approach optimizes AC concentrations at 25% and 20% without and with 10% silica fume (SF), respectively. The embedded SCC has monitored the deflection of beams and columns with a maximum correlation between electrical resistivity and deflection at 99% and 96%, respectively. According to the findings, the AC can generate SCC, which might be utilized to monitor the deflection of beams and columns.

Effect of a double phase culture system and activated charcoal on in vitro propagation of Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.

The effectiveness of a double phase (solid/liquid) culture system (DPS) in comparison to a conventional (solid) system (CS) as well as, the role of various concentrations of activated charcoal in both systems on the enhancement of micropropagation of Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. were investigated. In this study, lateral shoots were used as primary explants and a comparison for shoots regeneration and rooting abilities was assessed between DPS and CS micropropagation systems. Also, the effect of activated charcoal concentration (0, 250, 500, 1000 mg l-­1) during rooting stage was evaluated for both micropropagation systems. All assessed biometric parameters were higher in the DPS propagation system. The addition of activated charcoal induced effectively rhizogenesis in both systems, whereas the highest value of roots length (13.16 cm) was in the DPS system supplemented with activated charcoal at 500 mg l-­1. The DPS culture system represents a promising low-­cost and time­-saving technique which may improve micropropagation efficiency in producing a large quantity of homogenous wild apple plants.

Evaluation of different culture media and activated charcoal supply on yield and quality of potato microtubers grown in vitro

Solanum tuberosum L. is an important staple food crop that provides food security to many countries. For promoting the production of potato virus-free and sufficient potato seed tubers, several methods of in vitro cultures are practically used to preserve potato genotype. Microtubers developed by tissue culture constitute a beneficial approach for the pre-basic seed production industry. Therefore, we have adopted a reproducible system for two potato cultivars that have been assessed for their growth and microtuberization responses to the influence of culture medium types and the various activated charcoal (AC) additions. The semi-solid media culture had a significant influence on the growth characteristics of potato microtubers. In contrast, the liquid medium increased microtubers number, but the size and weight remained low related to the other treatments. Hence, the semi-solid medium was a tolerable culture system to Spunta (cv. Sp) producing quality microtubers (1.36 cm in diameter and 1.18 g in weight). The whole AC treatments significantly affected microtuberization success. Notably, a greater microtubers size grade was obtained under 2 g l−1AC for Desiree (cv. Dr) with 1.04 cm and 1.06 g, whereas, a higher concentration of AC (10 g l−1) stimulated larger microtubers for cv.Sp (1.16 cm and 0.94 g). It is established that an ultimate level of AC was a productive protocol for microtubers formation and development ensures a system for efficiently differentiating the genotypes for their expected microtubers quality graded using them directly in the field conditions.

Activated charcoal and reduced graphene sheets composite structure for highly electro-catalytically active counter electrode material and water treatment

In quest of finding a sustainable solution for metal-free counter electrode materials, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is emerged as the best alternative due to its intrinsic high electrocatalytic activity. However, owing to its two-dimensional sheets like structure, there is re-stacking of rGO sheets, which reduces exposed surface area and hinders in electrolyte diffusion. To avoid these issues, activated charcoal (AC) is explored as an active spacer material between rGO sheets, for the first time. By loading an optimum concentration of AC in rGO, a high porosity, high conductivity, and high concentration of active sites were gathered in the single composite structure. Such synchronized features of the proposed composite were utilized for Pt-free counter electrode application in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSc). The composite structure showed high electrocatalytic activity, with a low charge transfer resistance of 0.7 Ω, which is far lower than Pt and rGO (8.5 Ω and 7.5 Ω). The DSSc fabricated with optimized composite showed power conversion efficiency of 8.6%, compared to Pt-based DSSc with 7.9% efficiency. Additionally, the potential of the electrode was also tested for the electro-photocatalytic (99%) degradation of methylene blue dye from water, in 60 min. The proposed highly efficient nanocomposite structure possesses the highest efficiency as compared to other previously studied rGO based counter-electrodes.

Effect of combination explant difference leaf part and concentration of active charcoal on callus initiation mangrove (Rhizophora Apiculata BI) by in-vitro

Rhizophora Apiculata BI is one of the mangroves that has many benefits, but to cultivate naturally takes a long time. The alternative to such problems is culture cultivation in vitro. One stage of in vitro culture is through callus formation. Initiation of callus in mangrove plants is inhibited because explant release phenol compound that causes browning. Thus, it takes explant and charcoal active in a medium that can support growth explant. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of the combination of leaf explant and different activated charcoal concentration on callus initiation, to analyze the color and texture of callus produced, and to study the effect of the combination of leaf explant and different concentration of activated charcoal on the growth of explant. The basal medium used was Murashige and Skoog (MS) formula with the addition of NAA 1 mg/L and BAP 0.3 mg/L, and activated charcoal at concentration 4, 12, 20 g/L as the medium treatments. A different section of explant between base and tip of leaves combined with active charcoal were grown in MS medium. Each treatment was conducted three replications. The results showed that the combination of explant section, i.e. base of the leaf as well as activated charcoal with a concentration of 12 g / L could induce callus formation. The color and texture of callus were brownish yellow and compact. The best growth (0.1685 g) of callus was obtained at the leaf tip section combined with 4 g / L activated charcoal.

Pertumbuhan Tunas Pisang Barangan (Musa Acuminata Colla.) akibat Pemberian Benzyl Amino Purin dan Arang Aktif secara In Vitro.

Pertumbuhan Tunas Pisang Barangan Akibat Pemberian Benzyl AminoPurin dan Arang Aktif secara In Vitro Accretion of Barangan Banana Shoot Effect of (BAP) and Activated Charcoal Explant by In VitroAbstrak. Banana as a superior product of horticultural crops, has not achieved high productivity and has several obstacles in its multiplication. Tissue culture is one solution to overcome this problem. This study aims to determine the composition of PGRBenzil Amino Purine (BAP) and activated charcoal that are appropriate in the multiplication of barangan banana shoots. This research was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory Faculty of Agriculture Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam Banda Aceh. The design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two treatment factors. The first factor is BAP concentration consisting of 3 levels, namely 4 mg/L, 6 mg /L, and 8 mg/L. The second factor is activated charcoal concentration consisting of 3 levels, namely control, 1 g/L and 2 g/L. In this study, from 9 treatment combinations, only 4 treatment combinations were not contaminated. Of the 4 treatment combinations the combination of BAP concentration of 6 mg/L and control (without activated charcoal) showed the fastest shoot growth time of 29 days after multiplication, the most shoot growth was 6 shoots and the average shoot height was 15.9 mm

PENGARUH ARANG AKTIF BAMBU TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK PEMATANGAN DAN SIFAT MEKANIK KARET PEREDAM GONCANGAN KENDARAAN BERMOTOR

The research on the utilization of bamboo activated charcoal as a filler for sport damper has been done. This study aims to obtain the best formula of motor vehicle sport damper with bamboo activated charcoal filler and to examine the characteristics of the resulting sport damper. The design is Completely Randomized Design (RAL) non factorial, each treatment repeated three times, by treat ment of B1 (activated charcoal concentration 20 phr), B2 (activated charcoal concentration 30 phr), B3 (activated charcoal concentration 40 phr ), B4 (activated charcoal concentration 50 phr) and B5 (activated charcoal concentration 60 phr). The parameters observed were characteristic of vulcanization of rubber compound sport damper, ie optimum vulcanization rate (t 90 ), pravulcanisation time (ts 2 ) and torsion modulus (ML and MH) and mechanical characteristics, ie tear resistance and compression set. The results showed that all treatments had a significant effect on the characteristics of vulcanization and mechanical characteristics of sport damper. The best treatment of motor vehicle sport damper obtained of B3, B4 and B5, with characteristics characteristic is fulfill of commercial sport damper. The bamboo activated charcoal can be used as a filler for rubber products and can be used as an alternative to commercial fillers.

Achieving high antimicrobial activity: Composite alginate hydrogel beads releasing activated charcoal with an immobilized active agent

New composites based on Ca-alginate hydrogels were produced that release activated charcoal (AC) particles with adsorbed povidone iodine (PVP-I) as a model antimicrobial substance in a physiological-like environment. Composite beads with different alginate (0.5–1.5%w/w) and AC (1–20%w/w) concentrations were analyzed by FE-SEM and characterized regarding textural parameters, swelling, and AC release kinetics. PVP-I was easily adsorbed onto AC particles within the optimized beads (0.5%w/w alginate, 20%w/w AC) as indicated by UV–vis spectroscopy, EDX and FT-IR analyses. The obtained beads have shown strong bactericidal effects against two standard bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and clinical multi-resistant wound isolates (MRSA, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Еnterococcus faecalis and Proteus mirabilis) and, at the same time, exhibited negligible PVP-I desorption in physiological saline solution. Thus, the obtained composites could provide utilization of potent antiseptics such as iodine, in wound dressings, without the concern of systemic absorption.

In vitro somatic embryogenesis response of date palm cv. Sukkary to sucrose and activated charcoal concentrations

In vitro somatic embryogenesis response of date palm cv. Sukkary to sucrose and activated charcoal concentrations

Improving Rooting and Shoot Tip Survival of Micropropagated Transgenic American Chestnut Shoots

Many hardwood tree species are being threatened by exotic pests, and for some, only genetic engineering can offer a solution before functional extinction occurs. An example of how genetic engineering can be a useful tool for forest restoration is the transgenic american chestnuts, which contain a wheat oxalate oxidase gene conferring resistance to the chestnut blight. Many hundreds of these trees are needed for field trials and eventual restoration plantings throughout its natural range, but production is bottlenecked because of the difficulty of making hardwood trees produce roots through micropropagation. The presence of roots and living shoot tips precede successful acclimatization of tissue culture-produced american chestnut plantlets. In these experiments, we attempted to improve the post-rooting stage of our american chestnut propagation protocol. We examined vessel type, hormone, and activated charcoal concentrations, and using a vermiculite substrate. For plantlets with the best combination of roots and living shoot tips we recommend using semisolid post-rooting medium containing 2 g·L−1 activated charcoal and 500 mg humic acid in disposable fast-food takeout containers. When using vermiculite as a substrate, adding 2.0 g·L−1 activated charcoal to post-rooting medium without a gelling agent was the preferred treatment. Improving the survival rates of the american chestnut plantlets will benefit the american chestnut restoration project by providing more plant material for both ecological studies and eventual restoration, since pursuit of a nonregulated status for these transgenic trees will require extensive field testing. These procedures may also be applicable to other difficult-to-root hardwood trees in transgenic programs, such as american butternut, white oak, and black walnut.

Identification of the effect of different levels of activated charcoal and sucrose on multiplication shoots of date palm phenixdactylifera L.C.v. sufedy in vitro

This study was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture of the Palm Research Center / University of Basra from March 2010 to September 2011. The aim is to determine the effect of the use of activated charcoal and sucrose on the multiplication of shoots, rate of elongation, average number of roots and length of plantlets of date palms C.v Elsafada in vitro. Activated charcoal concentrations were zero, 0.5, 0.75, 1, and 1.25 g/l. Those of sucrose were 20 (control), 35, 50, 65, and 80 (g/l). Nutritional media were prepared with some other chemical substances as well as 3 mg/l Naphthalene acetic and 10 mg/l 2-Isopentenyl adenine (2iP). Transplants were incubated under illumination intensity lighting of 1000 Lux for 16 h a day and a temperature of 27 ± 1°C. A re-culture was done every four weeks. The use of 0.75 g/l of activated charcoal caused a significant improvement in the percentages of shoots multiplication (9.6%), rate of elongation (7.3 cm), number of roots (4.6 root/plantlets) and their length. However, the 0.5 concentration exceeded others in root length (5.3 cm). Use of 65 g/l sucrose increased the multiplication ratio (5.3%), elongation (7 cm) and number of roots (4.6 root/plantlet). While use of 80 g/l led to higher length of roots (5.8 cm) compared to the other concentrations. Results also showed that the use of 0.5 g/l activated charcoal and 65 g/l sucrose improved the multiplication ratio (9.2%), elongation (8.1 cm) and average number of roots (5.3 root/plantlet). Furthermore, the treatment of 0.75 g/l activated charcoal and 65 g/l sucrose significantly increased the average of root length (6.9 cm) compared to other treatments. Key words: Date palm, elongation, activated charcoal.

Biochar successfully replaces activated charcoal for in vitro culture of two white poplar clones reducing ethylene concentration

Biochar (BC) is a carbon rich product resulting from the biomass pyrolysis process and there have been no reports until now on BC effects in tissue cultures as a suitable substitute for activated charcoal (AC). The results of an experiment on two clones of white poplar (Populus alba L.) grown in culture media with different amounts of BC (0, 0.5 and 1.5 g/dm3) showed that its addition did not damage the plants and there were no significant differences comparing the data obtained for the same concentrations of AC. Both BC and AC addition was shown to increase root dry biomass and number of roots per shoot and these effects appeared to be independent of genotype and concentrations of the added products. A greater elongation was also recorded for shoots grown on a substrate containing BC than those grown on media without BC. These effects did not seem to be caused by darkening due to the addition of BC as there are no significant differences between the temperatures of the different culture media, but are probably due to the adsorption of molecules such as ethylene. Indeed, during the experiment, the hormone concentration in the atmosphere was lower in vials containing the media with BC than the BC-free ones after 14 and 21 days: the lower amount of ethylene in the medium with BC could explain the difference in shoot elongation and the abundant root biomass since high ethylene concentration could inhibit organogenesis.

Medical effects of poly-ethylene terephthalate (PET) non-woven fabrics treated with bamboo activated charcoal

In this study, bamboo activated charcoal was mixed with acrylic resin in various proportions and deposited on poly-ethylene terephthalate (PET) non-woven fabrics. A series of characterizations were carried out to estimate the performances of PET non-woven fabrics such as far infrared ray emission, heat retention, negative ions, deodorization of ammonia gas and tenacity. The results obtained indicate that the temperature difference on the surface of treated non-woven fabrics after exposure to a halogen lamp was between 4.28 to 8.26°C. The test for negative ions demonstrated that the concentration of negative ions released from treated non-woven fabrics was 420 to 630 ions/cm 3 . The deodorization rate of the treated non-woven fabrics was found to be between 85 to 92% and the rate was the same for 5 and 10 g/L of bamboo activated charcoal addition. An increase in resin concentration increased the abrasion strength and tensile strength; and reduced the tear strength of the treated non-woven fabrics. The bamboo activated charcoal concentration exhibited no effect on the physical properties of the treated non-woven fabrics. Key words: Poly-ethylene terephthalate (PET), non-woven fabrics, bamboo activated charcoal, far infrared ray, negative ions, deodorization.

Detoxification of acidic catalyzed hydrolysate of Kappaphycus alvarezii (cottonii)

Red seaweed, Kappaphycus alvarezii, holds great promise for use in biofuel production due to its high carbohydrate content. In this study, we investigated the effect of fermentation inhibitors to the K. alvarezii hydrolysate on cell growth and ethanol fermentation. In addition, detoxification of fermentation inhibitors was performed to decrease the fermentation inhibitory effect. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid, which are liberated from acidic hydrolysis, was also observed in the hydrolysate of K. alvarezii. These compounds inhibited ethanol fermentation. In order to remove these inhibitors, activated charcoal and calcium hydroxide were introduced. The efficiency of activated charcoals was examined and over-liming was used to remove the inhibitors. Activated charcoal was found to be more effective than calcium hydroxide to remove the inhibitors. Detoxification by activated charcoal strongly improved the fermentability of dilute acid hydrolysate in the production of bioethanol from K. alvarezii with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The optimal detoxifying conditions were found to be below an activated charcoal concentration of 5%.

In vitro-activated charcoal binding of staphylococcal enterotoxin B

Objective. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a CDC category B bioterror agent that may cause significant morbidity. We assessed the in vitro binding of SEB by activated charcoal (AC). Methods. Aqueous solutions of SEB at three concentrations (0.4, 2 and 10 mcg/mL) were combined in volume rations of 3:1, 6:1, and 12:1 with AC at three concentrations (62.5, 125, and 250 mg/mL) or left untreated as control samples. Subsequently, each sample was tested with a qualitative SEB immunoassay to detect the presence of SEB at concentrations of >12.5 ng/mL. Results. SEB was detectable in each untreated control solution. SEB was undetectable in the 2 mcg/mL and 0.4 mcg/mL solutions after treatment with AC in all quantities. SEB was detected in the 10 mcg/mL solution after combination with all three concentrations of AC. The difference in assay results between charcoal treated and untreated pairs was statistically significant. Conclusion. At ratios of 3:1 and above, SEB was adsorbed by AC when combined in the manner described in concentrations of 2 mcg/mL and 0.4 mg/mL. In a quantity of 10 mcg/mL complete charcoal binding of SEB did not occur with any ratio of AC used. These results support a role for AC in treating patients exposed to SEB or purifying liquids or gases containing SEB.

Micropropagação da amoreira-preta (<em>Rubus</em> spp.) e efeito de substratos na aclimatização de plântulas

Blackberry micropropagation (Rubus spp.) and effects of substrates in plants acclimatization. The objective of the present study was to achieve the improved techniques in in vitro propagation and to determine a better substrate for the blackberry. The first experiment consisted of nodal segments of plants with ±2 cm of length obtained from in vitro culture cv. Ebano, excised and inoculated in MS culture medium, supplemented with five activated charcoal concentrations and five BAP concentrations. Both experiments were entirely performed in a design randomized complete block, using in vitro 3 explants by repetition and 4 replications for treatment and in greenhouse, a factorial 4x4. The pH of the culture medium was adjusted to 5.8 before the addition of 6 g L -1 of agar and the sterilization to 121oC and 1 atm for 20 minutes. After 70 days, several parameters in the explants were evaluated. A greater number of leaves and roots were obtained with 0.5 mg L -1 of BAP. The number of roots and their length were larger in the presence of 3 g L -1 of activated charcoal. A larger weight of the fresh matter was obtained in the absence of activated charcoal. The second experiment consisted of plants cv. Cherokee maintained in in vitro conditions and transplanted to plastic trays, containing the substrates and kept in greenhouse. Four types of substrates were tested. After 100 days of acclimatization, the leaf number, root length and aerial part, cool and dry root weight and cool and dry aerial part weight had been evaluated. It was concluded that the acclimatization can be successfully performed using Plantmax  followed by the Plantmax  + vermiculita + rind rice carbonized mixture. There was a 92% rate of the plants' survival in all substrates.

Development of globular embryos from the hybridization between 'Pêra Rio' sweet orange and 'Poncã' mandarin

This research was undertaken to study the influence of different concentrations of the MT medium, sucrose, vitamins, activated charcoal and gibberellic acid (GA3) on the culture of immature embryos from the crossing between 'Pêra Rio' sweet orange and 'PONCÃ' mandarin. The embryos were excised under aseptic conditions and inoculated in 15 mL of the MT medium according to the following experiments: 1) MT concentrations (0%, 50%, 100%, 150% and 200%) supplemented with 0, 30, 60 and 90 g.L-1 of sucrose; 2) vitamins concentrations of the MT (0%, 50%, 100%, 150% and 200%) supplemented with 0, 30, 60 and 90 g.L-1 of sucrose; 3) activated charcoal concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 g.L-1) supplemented with GA3 (0, 0.01, 0.1; 1 and 10 mg.L-1). After the inoculation, the embryos were kept in a growth room for 90 days at 27 ± 1ºC, in a 16-hour photoperiod with 32 µmol.m-2.s-1 of irradiance. The best development of embryos at the globular stage was achieved using 50% and 100% of the MT medium plus 60 g.L-1 and 90 g.L-1 of sucrose, respectively, supplemented with 0.01 mg.L-1 of GA3. The addition of activated charcoal or vitamins in the MT medium has shown to be unnecessary to the development of globular embryos.

Activated charcoal: a versatile decolorization agent for the recovery and purification of alkaline protease

The use of activated charcoal for enzyme recovery and purification was investigated and the optimum activated charcoal concentration and the minimum contact time needed for efficient decolorization of an alkaline protease preparation in terms of surface adsorption and retention of enzyme activity were found to be 7.5 g l−1 and 30 min, respectively. Elevated temperatures had a greater influence on the rate of decolorization which was faster when the protease was refluxed at 60 °C for 10–15 min. These data suggest that the efficient adsorption characteristics of activated charcoal can be exploited for cost-effective downstream processing of alkaline proteases and possibly other enzymes.

Preservation of the brazilian orchid Cattleya walkeriana Gardner using in vitro propagation

Cattleya walkeriana is found in different regions of Brazil growing on rocks or trees in areas near lakes, rivers and swamps. This orchid is appreciated by orchid lovers because of its beautiful flowers and is in risk of becoming extinct due to predatory collection and habitat destruction. Murashige and Shoog culture medium modified with half the concentration of macronutrients supplemented with 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/L activated charcoal was used for cultivation, having an overall pH 6.0. Five approximately 1.0 cm high C. walkeriana plantlets were inoculated in each flask. A randomized complete block design was used with 45 replications per treatment. Seven months after the start of the experiment the canopy and largest root length, number of roots and shoots and fresh matter weight of the plantlets were assessed. Cattleya walkeriana plantlet development increased with elevated activated charcoal concentration and with greater cultivation time. The results obtained in this experiment enabled us to conclude that the addition of 2 g/L activated charcoal to culture medium were beneficial for in vitro Cattleya walkeriana propagation.