Synthesis Of Activated Carbon Research Articles

Efficiency of the TEMJOUHERT date palm kernel as activated carbon in wastewater treatment for the Ghardaia region

This study aims to determine the potential for using activated carbon prepared by local agricultural waste for the treatment of wastewater loaded with organic pollutants. The activated carbon was prepared by chemical activation using phosphoric acid H3PO4 at an “85%” concentration, from local date kernels TEMJOUHERT (TMG) from the Ghardaïa region, Algeria. The activated carbon synthesis yield is equal to 28.56%. The adsorbent prepared was characterized by determining its physical and chemical characteristics, in particular the bulk density, the ash content, the iodine number, the surface functions by the Boehm method and the pH at the point of zero charge. Thus the textural properties are determined by scanning electron microscopy SEM and the Burnauer-emmett-Teller (BET). The surface area and micropore volumes of activated carbon TMG; were found to be 639.9190 m2/g and 0.420779 cm3/g respectively. All the results obtained from the treatment of wastewater from the Atteuf "kef doukhane area in the Ghardaia region. are clear that: the best pollutant removal rates are 84.75% for PO3-4; 85.21% for COD and 74.55% for NH4+ by activated carbons; using a mass of 1g of adsorbent per 100 ml of water, 90 min contact time and 250rpm stirring speed.

The investigation of mechanism isoniazid adsorption onto cassia fistula-based activated carbon

The utilization of activated carbon as an efficient adsorbent is well-established, driven by its porous structure and expansive surface area. This study investigates the potential of Cassia fistula (Golden shower) as a precursor for activated carbon synthesis using K2CO3 activation, leveraging its organic properties known for high porosity and adsorption capacity. This research aims to investigate the feasibility of utilizing Cassia fistula-derived activated carbon (GSAC) for isoniazid removal from water. The study encompasses a two-step activation process—chemical and physical—with varying parameters to optimize surface area and porosity. The carbonization process involves hydrothermal and pyrolysis techniques with controlled conditions. The temperature used in this study is based on the TGA analysis to examine its thermal stability. Batch experiments examine the adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of isoniazid onto GSAC samples, revealing high adsorption capacity and rapid equilibrium attainment by GSAC 1:1 (700°C). The study culminates in the identification of a strong chemical bond between GSAC and isoniazid, implying efficient adsorption potential as confirmed by FTIR and SEM analysis before and after adsorption. The adsorption characteristic is examined with an isotherm and kinetic model. The highest predicted GSAC capacity reaches 219,807 mg/g, emphasizing its promising adsorption capabilities. This work underscores Cassia fistula-based activated carbon as a viable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly adsorbent for isoniazid removal, with implications for diverse applications. The synthesis process parameters, activation methods, and insights into the adsorption mechanism contribute to the understanding of effective adsorbent production and enhance the potential of activated carbon for various industrial contexts.

Sequentially optimized process towards sustainable synthesis of activated carbon from wild thornbush for 4-nitrophenol and industrial effluent treatment.

Environmental nuisance thornbush Prosopis juliflora was utilized as an inexpensive and renewable biomass raw material for the sustainable production of activated carbon. Previously, the sequential muffle furnace-microwave arrangement was effective with acid activation for activated carbon synthesis. However, the intermediate synthesis steps were not optimized. In this work, we have optimized the intermediate steps, viz. chemical impregnation, carbonization, and microwave activation. Sequential optimization for base activation was developed and compared with acid activation. The base-activated carbon (BAC) exhibited a more crystalline nature and faster uptake kinetics than AAC. BAC demonstrated an adsorption capacity of 576mg/g for 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) surpassing that of optimized acid-activated carbon (AAC) by 45%. The optimal base activation required 1.85 times lower microwave energy than that of the acid activation. BAC exhibited significantly higher BET surface area (1319 m2/g) and micropore volume (0.524 cm3/g) which were about 28% and 26% higher than those of AAC. When compared to biochar obtained from the same thornbush, the BAC exhibited an 11-fold increase in adsorption capacity. The adsorbents could be easily regenerated with ethanol and used up to five cycles. Adsorption using BAC also could achieve 80% COD removal for industrial wastewater, while AAC led to 61% removal. Continuous packed column with BAC revealed a breakthrough time of 3.5h for industrial effluent while for 500mg/L 4-nitrophenol, it was 25h. Prosopis juliflora thornbush, an environmental nuisance, could be converted into a high-capacity adsorbent for environmental remediation after careful sequencing and optimization of the intermediate synthesis steps.

Sustainable Green Route for Activated Carbon Synthesis from Biomass Waste for High-Performance Supercapacitors.

Supercapacitors are high-power energy storage devices due to their charge storage capability and long cyclic stability. These devices rely on highly porous materials for electrodes providing a substantial surface area per mass, such as highly porous carbon. Developing high-performance porous carbon from biomass wastes such as waste-activated sludge and spent coffee is a sustainable way to reduce adverse environmental effects, contributing toward a carbon circular economy. In this study, hierarchically porous carbon with a high surface area of 1198 ± 60 m2 g-1 was synthesized through a green route. Sodium acetate was utilized as an environmentally friendly electrolyte. The long-term stability test at a high current density was conducted, providing valuable insights into the viability of sodium acetate as a robust electrolyte in supercapacitor application. The supercapacitor demonstrated an excellent cycle stability of 98.4% after 20,000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g-1 in sodium acetate. Further assessment revealed dominant fast surface kinetics. Moreover, a maximum energy density of 15.9 Wh kg-1 at 0.2 A g-1 was achieved. By utilizing highly porous carbon in conjunction with a water-based binder, a substantial improvement of 76% in capacity with respect to a nonaqueous-based binder was demonstrated.

Study of synthesis and characterization of raw bagasse, its char and activated carbon prepared using chemical additive

This paper reports the use of naturally available raw material as sugarcane bagasse (SB) to prepare cost-effective activated carbon. Activated carbon preparation from SB by using ZnCl2 was carried out by chemical activation method. The raw bagasse, its char and activated carbon were characterized on the basis of iodine number, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area to check their effectiveness. During activated carbon synthesis, the impregnation ratio of SB and ZnCl2 was maintained at 1:1-1:3 and activation temperature was in the range of 600-900 °C for 1 h. From the characterization study, the highest iodine adsorption of activated carbon was found to be 1140.69 mg/g with a 1:2 ratio at 900 °C whereas char gives an iodine number of 529.63 mg/g at the same temperature. The BET surface area of raw bagasse, its char and activated carbon (SB-Zn2-900) obtained was 4.30, 514.27 and 1386.58 m2/g, respectively, which shows charrification and chemical activation improves surface area. The optimum ratio of impregnation and activation temperature was found to be 1:2 at 900 °C. In this work, activated carbon was successfully prepared and obtained product has better characteristics than previously reported studies.

Single step in situ activation process for activated carbon synthesis from coconut shells

Single step in situ activation process for activated carbon synthesis from coconut shells

Electrochemical performance of aqueous electrolytes in porous carbon derived cassava peel electrode material-based for sustainable symmetrical supercapacitor

Electrolytes have been generally recognized as one of the most important components in enhancing the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. On the other hand, aqueous electrolytes are considered prime candidates for the development of the next generation of symmetric supercapacitors due to their low-cost, environmentally friendly, high ionic conductivity, fine ionic size, and high capacitance. Herein, the symmetrical supercapacitor of the sustainable porous carbon-based electrode material was confirmed through various aqueous electrolytes consisting of neutral, basic, and acidic Na2SO4, KOH, and H2SO4. Activated carbon is obtained from high potential biomass sources of cassava peel waste. Activated carbon synthesis was performed with a comprehensive approach in order to obtain abundant pore structure, high porosity, and improved wettability through a combination of high-temperature chemical and physical activation. in addition, the electrode material is designed to resemble a solid disc without the addition of a synthetic binder. The evaluation of the disc dimensions showed high porosity in the obtained activated carbon. Furthermore, the symmetrical supercapacitor of the optimized electrode material exhibit excellent specific capacitances of 112, 150, and 183 F g-1 at 1 mV s-1 in the electrolytes Na2SO4, KOH, and H2SO4, respectively. In addition, the highest rate capability of 70% was confirmed in the H2SO4 acid electrolyte. Moreover, their coulombic efficiency can be maintained around 89% with low equivalent series resistance 0.21-0.42 ?. Therefore, the activated carbon-based supercapacitor symmetric cell device from cassava peel shows high performance for developing high-performance supercapacitor applications with guaranteed stability in aqueous electrolytes.

Efficient adsorption of carbon dioxide and methane on activated carbon prepared from glycerol with potassium acetate

In the context of global warming and the energy crisis, emissions to the atmosphere of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) should be reduced, and biomethane from landfill biogas should be recycled. For this, there is a need for affordable technologies to capture carbon dioxide, such as adsorption of biogas on activated carbon produced from industrial wastes. Here we converted glycerol, a largely available by-product from biodiesel production, into activated carbon with the first use of potassium acetate as an activating agent. We studied adsorption of CO2 and CH4 on activated carbon. The results show that activated carbon adsorb CO2 up to 20% activated carbon weight at 250 kPa, and 9% at atmospheric pressure. This is explained by high specific surface areas up to 1115 m2g−1. Moreover, selectivity values up to 10.6 are observed for the separation of CO2/CH4. We also found that the equivalent CO2 emissions from activated carbon synthesis are easily neutralized by their use, even in a small biogas production unit.

Analysis of Activated Carbon from Bituminous Coal as the Primary Battery Cathode Potential Using Fluoric Acid

Activated carbon can generally be made from carbon-containing materials such as coal. The activation in activated carbon synthesis has different activation mechanisms and characteristics. The objective of this study was to analyze the quality and characterization of activated carbon in bituminous coal using a fluoride (HF) activator. The research method was carried out starting from the sample preparation stage, the chemical and physical activation carbonization stage, and the stage of testing the quality of coal-activated carbon. The results showed that each test obtained a moisture content ranging from 0.7% -1.61%. Ash content has a range of values ranging from 17.51% -25.74%, while volatile matter content ranges from 20.96% - 33.97%. The bound carbon content has a range of values ranging from 20.96% -33.97%, iodine numbers range from 3995.4455-4302, 0456 mg/g (all parameters follow SNI 06-3730-1995); and the degree of crystallinity obtained from the concentrations of 3.5 M and 5 M (duplo) has a degree of crystallinity of 26.6218 and 26.6014, respectively. Bituminous coal-activated carbon activated using Hydrogen Flouride (HF) with a temperature of 800 °C has optimal characteristics at a concentration of 5 M with a moisture content of 0.84. The volatile matter content is 18.60, while the iodine absorption capacity is 4.137.0704. The short carbon chain in degrees of crystallization is at an angle of 26.6014 2θ with two diffraction peaks forming a solid crystalline pattern. The surface morphology of activated carbon produces round, neat, and slightly impurities pore with a diameter of 8.81μm.

Activated carbon synthesis and methylene blue adsorption from pepper stem using microwave assisted impregnation method: Isotherm and kinetics

BackgroundAdsorption is a potent technique used to separate hazardous compounds due to its practical, affordable, and ecologically benign uses. Activated carbons are often employed for better results in adsorption processes. Agricultural by-products and wastes have recently been used in the development of large-pored adsorbents. These adsorbents are gaining popularity as an alternative to commercial activated carbons. MethodsThis study integrated the known carbonization method with a microwave device, and waste pepper stalks (locally known as isot) activated with phosphoric acid were carbonized at 650 °C for 30 min. The activated carbon (BSAC) obtained was utilized in the adsorption of dyestuff (methylene blue MtB). The adsorption was investigated according to pH, concentration, and kinetic model. ResultsThe monolayer adsorption capacity (qmax) was 178.4121 mg g−1 based on Langmuir isotherm, which was the most appropriate match. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to examine the removal of MtB. The central composite method was used in RSM. In experimental design, solution initial concentration (75–150 ppm), adsorption time (120–240 min) and activated carbon amount (50–100 mg) were selected and adsorption capacity (qe) was chosen as response parameter. The adsorption capacity was 75.0072 mg g−1 under optimum conditions (88 ppm solution initial concentration, 191 min, adsorption time and 95 mg activated carbon). ConclusionThe activated carbon obtained from pepper (isot) stems with microwave impregnation process integrated into the traditional method are a cheap and environmentally friendly adsorbent for MtB removal.

Novel applications of vacuum distillation for heavy metals removal from wastewater, copper nitrate hydroxide recovery, and copper sulfide impregnated activated carbon synthesis for gaseous mercury adsorption

Hydrometallurgical processing of electronic waste produces copper (Cu)-containing wastewater. Recycling of Cu is thus crucial, as it reduces the Cu impact on the environment, and increases Cu sustainability in industry. Vacuum distillation provides excellent performance in both metals removal from aqueous solution, metal recovery, and metal impregnation to porous material. Thus, this work aimed to both utilize a vacuum distillation to remove heavy metals (Cu, Na, Ni, Zn and Fe) and recover copper nitrate hydroxide (Cu2NO3(OH)3) from Cu-containing wastewater in industrial applications (e.g., mordant agent in dyeing and pigment for glass), as well as prepare copper sulfide (CuS) impregnated activated carbon for mercury (Hg0) adsorption.The experimental results indicated a vacuum distillation metals removal efficiency of over 99.99 % at 60 °C and −72 cm Hg. Additionally, the copper nitrate hydroxide (Cu2NO3(OH)3) crystalline solid derived from the vacuum distillation process achieved 77 % purity, and the copper sulfide impregnated activated carbon (CuSAC) adsorbents were prepared by adding activated carbon (AC) during the vacuum distillation process. In adsorption tests, 50 % CuSAC exhibited the greatest gaseous mercury (Hg0) adsorption performance, and it was noted that a high adsorption temperature of 175 °C negatively impacted Hg0 adsorption of 50 % CuSAC due to mercury sulfide (HgS) decomposition. Furthermore, in a simulated flue gas (SFG) environment, Hg0 capture by CuSAC was shown to be slightly obstructed. In addition, mercury temperature-programmed desorption (Hg-TPD) identified that HgS was the dominant species among adsorbed Hg species of Hg-laden 50 % CuSAC, indicating that Hg0 capture of CuSAC was mainly facilitated by sulfur active sites.As such, the vacuum distillation technique proved to efficiently remove metals and leads to successful preparation of adsorbent for Hg. Therefore, the process is an effective treatment method for Cu-containing wastewater, and can be practically applied to capture or recycle Cu in the industry in the future.

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from Lantana camara

:The carbon substance known as "activated carbon" has a very porous, amorphous structure. They can adsorb organic pollutants and heavy metals thanks to its active surface. In the current study, Lantana camara was impregnated with orthophosphoric acid using a 1:1 impregnation ratio to produce activated carbon utilizing a chemical activation approach. With an activation time of one hour, the activation temperatures employed were 500 °C, 550 °C, 600 °C, 650 °C, and 700 °C.This study shows that, while the adsorption capacity of activated carbon increases with increased activation temperature, activated carbon synthesis decreases as activation temperature rises. According to this study, the highest amount of iodine adsorption occurs when activated carbon is formed at an activation temperature of 700 °C.

A facile approach in activated carbon synthesis from wild sugarcane for carbon dioxide capture and recovery: isotherm and kinetic studies

A facile approach in activated carbon synthesis from wild sugarcane for carbon dioxide capture and recovery: isotherm and kinetic studies

A review on activated carbon modifications for the treatment of wastewater containing anionic dyes

Polluted water resources, particularly those polluted with industrial effluents' dyes, are carcinogenic and hence pose a severe threat to sustainable and longstanding worldwide development. Meanwhile, adsorption is a promising process for polluted/wastewater treatment. In particular, activated carbon (AC) is popular among various wastewater treatment adsorbents, especially in the organic contaminants' remediation in wastewater. Hence, the AC's synthesis from degradable and non-degradable resources, the carbon activation involved in the AC synthesis, and the AC's modification to cutting-edge and effective materials have been modern-research targets in recent years. Likewise, the main research focuses worldwide have been the salient AC characteristics, such as its surface chemistry, porosity, and enhanced surface area. Notably, various modified-AC synthesis methods have been employed to enhance the AC's potential for improved contaminants-removal. Hence, we critically analyze the different modified ACs (with enhanced (surface) functional groups and textural properties) of their capacity to remove different-natured anionic dyes in wastewater. We also discuss the corresponding AC modification techniques, the factors affecting the AC properties, and the modifying agents' influence on the AC's morphological/adsorptive properties. Finally, the AC research of future interest has been proposed by identifying the current AC research gaps, especially related to the AC's application in wastewater treatment.

The insights of pet cokes/palm kernel shell activated carbon as CO2 adsorbent: equilibrium, kinetics, thermodynamics, and regeneration performance

AbstractBACKGROUNDOver the years, activated carbon has been widely used for environmental applications, including liquid or gas phase applications. However, there are many hurdles for researchers in the activated carbon field to overcome when it comes to non‐renewable materials, the utilization of individual precursors, and the complex multistep procedures of activated carbon synthesis. Therefore, in this study, the facile mechanochemical potassium carbonate (K2CO3) activation of blended precursors — palm kernel shell and petroleum coke — was investigated in terms of the activated carbon yield and carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption capacity.RESULTSThe optimum configuration of the activated carbon production was found at temperature of 680°C, holding time of 60 min, and impregnation ratio of 1.75:1. The CO2 adsorption data at 25–120°C was best represented by the Sips model with R2 > 0.9999, where maximum CO2 adsorption capacity (qmax) was within the range of 2.24–4.32 mmol/g. The kinetic analysis was well‐represented by the pseudo‐second order model due to the high R2 and low sum of square of errors (ERRSQ) value. In terms of thermodynamic analysis, it showed that the CO2 adsorption process was physical, exothermic, and spontaneous at lower temperature.CONCLUSIONOverall, the integration of agricultural and industrial waste to value‐added activated carbon was feasible not only in reducing waste disposal problems but also in facilitating CO2 mitigation. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

A Review on Synthesis and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Natural Fibers for Supercapacitor Application

Supercapacitors have gained much attention in recent years due to their promising characteristics, such as high specific capacitance, high power density, long cycle life, and environment-friendly nature. Usage of natural sources for activated carbon synthesis is a major focus by many researchers worldwide for discovering a replacement of existing supercapacitors. This review summarizes the methods used to synthesize activated carbon (AC) from various natural fiber, their physical and electrochemical characteristics, and the improvement of supercapacitor electrode performance. Previous research studies indicate the practicability of activated carbon derived from various natural fibers with superior electrochemical properties. The effect of activating reagents and temperature on the electrochemical performance for supercapacitor applications are also highlighted in this paper. Since the nature of activated carbon from fibers and its synthesizing methods would result in different properties, the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) study is also thoroughly discussed on the specific capacitance together with charge/discharge test to observe the capacitance retention after several cycles. Finally, a detailed approach of converting biowaste materials to activated carbon for energy storage applications with environmental concerns is explored.

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon derived from the bovine bone doped urea as an electrode material

Activated carbon was prepared as an electrode by utilizing available bovine bone waste. This material is an alternative to graphene, which still has a high price value. The aims of this study were to characterize and analyze the effect of urea on the manufacture of activated carbon as an electrode, and to analyze the performance of ultracapacitors from modified electrodes combined with several electrolytes. Urea is formulated because it has a nitrogen group in the activated carbon synthesis process. Treatment of bovine bone carbon started from size reduction and carbonization, activation with KOH. While the carbon modification process added urea (1:1, 1:2, 1:3) and continued with washing and neutralization. Activated carbon powder has hydroxyapatite, CaO, and CaOH, which maintains its macroscopic structure during combustion. On the carbon surface there are active groups such as hydroxyl, amine derivatives, phosphates. Carbon with a large surface area has nanometer-sized porosity and pore volume so that it can be used to provide space for energy storage. The results showed that the carbon added with urea (1:2) had the best characterization. The performance of the ultracapacitor was measured by its capacitance of 292 F/g and 0.1 A/g in the organic electrolyte liquid TEABF4.

Development of Predictive Models for Activated Carbon Synthesis from Different Biomass for CO2 Adsorption Using Artificial Neural Networks

Development of Predictive Models for Activated Carbon Synthesis from Different Biomass for CO₂ Adsorption Using Artificial Neural Networks

The Analysis of Pore Development and Formation of Surface Functional Groups in Bamboo-Based Activated Carbon during CO2 Activation.

Pore development and the formation of oxygen functional groups were studied for activated carbon prepared from bamboo (Bambusa bambos) using a two-step activation with CO2, as functions of carbonization temperature and activation conditions (time and temperature). Results show that activated carbon produced from bamboo contains mostly micropores in the pore size range of 0.65 to 1.4 nm. All porous properties of activated carbons increased with the increase in the activation temperature over the range from 850 to 950 °C, but decreased in the temperature range of 950 to 1000 °C, due principally to the merging of neighboring pores. The increase in the activation time also increased the porous properties linearly from 60 to 90 min, which then dropped from 90 to 120 min. It was found that the carbonization temperature played an important role in determining the number and distribution of active sites for CO2 gasification during the activation process. Empirical equations were proposed to conveniently predict all important porous properties of the prepared activated carbons in terms of carbonization temperature and activation conditions. Oxygen functional groups formed during the carbonization and activation steps of activated carbon synthesis and their contents were dependent on the preparation conditions employed. Using Boehm’s titration technique, only phenolic and carboxylic groups were detected for the acid functional groups in both the chars and activated carbons in varying amounts. Empirical correlations were also developed to estimate the total contents of the acid and basic groups in activated carbons in terms of the carbonization temperature, activation time and temperature.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Properties of Highly Microporous Structured Activated Carbon

The aim of this study is to synthesize activated carbon with high surface area from peach kernel shells which is an agricultural waste. In this study, activated carbon synthesis was carried out by using CO2 at 2 different temperatures (800 and 900 °C) with physical activation from products carbonized at 4 different temperatures (300, 400, 500, and 600 °C) and 2 different N2 gas flow rates (100 and 500 mL/min). After carbonization, solid, liquid, and gas yields of the materials were calculated. The surface area of activated carbons synthesized was calculated by BET analysis and the differences in the surface area were shown by changing the synthesis conditions. Surface areas vary between 340.15 and 686.74 m2/g. In samples pores formed were examined by DFT plus. It was found that most of these pores consist of micropores. Also, the structures of the samples were examined with SEM and XRD analyses. Methylene blue removal of the synthesized samples was studied and the results were compared.