Activated Carbon Suspension Research Articles

Significant electrolyte effect on Brønsted basicity of activated carbons

Brønsted basicity of solid particles is commonly evaluated by the pH of their aqueous suspensions, which is a simple and widely used analytical method. Herein, the pH of aqueous suspensions of activated carbons were measured to evaluate their Brønsted basicity. The results show that the pH of activated carbon suspensions varies greatly with residence time in a fast ascending and slowly descending pathway. Moreover, a significant electrolyte effect is found even in an ideal solution electrolyte of <0.01 M. Suspensions of basic porous carbon in 1 M NaCl or 0.5 M Na2SO4 solutions produce tenfold more OH− than those in ultrapure water, indicating much stronger Brønsted basicity. The great variation of pH with time and the significant electrolyte effect on pH can be attributed to the assembly of electric double-layers (EDLs) at the interface with the solid surface. Results on the isomerization of glucose into fructose demonstrate that basic activated carbons in electrolyte solutions have the potential to serve as a solid base. This work reveals a high degree of uncertainty in the pH of aqueous suspensions of carbons and provides new insight into the importance of EDLs at interfaces with solid surfaces with regard to Brønsted basicity of solids.

Relieving Effect of Naringenin on Constipation in Mice and Its Effect on Intestinal Flora in Mice

To look into how naringenin affects mice's intestinal flora and alleviation from constipation. The four groups control, model, positive drug and naringenin, each with ten mice were formed from the forty mice at random. Lactulose aqueous solution (12 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to the positive drug group whereas naringenin aqueous solution (50 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to the naringenin group once day for 37 d. The model and control groups received 0.2 ml of sterile, double-distilled water as a control. The 31st d marked the beginning of the constipation model. A sterile, once-daily aqueous solution containing 10 mg of loperamide hydrochloride was administered to each of the other 3 groups, except the control group, in amounts of 0.2 ml. After modeling, 0.2 ml of active carbon suspension was gavaged to each mouse and the interval between the first black feces passing and that time was noted. The mice were administered loperamide hydrochloride or sterile double distilled water after a 12 h fast and after fasting for 1 h, they were given 0.2 ml activated carbon suspension. After 30 min, all mice were killed. On the 30th d and 36th d, the mice's fresh stools that were voided within 4 h were collected and, their moisture level and short-chain fatty acid content was assessed. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid and interleukin-1 beta high-throughput sequencing were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the relative contents of intestinal flora were measured using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid high-throughput sequencing. There were differences in the levels of various genera and the model group's Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and Shannon index were smaller than those of the control group (p<0.05). Contrary to the model group, the positive drug and naringenin group had greater Shannon indices and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratios (p<0.05). The sample points from the naringenin, positive drug and control groups had larger overlap ratios than those from the other groups. As opposed to the naringenin, positive drug and control groups, the sample points of the naringenin, positive drug and control groups could be differentiated. Naringenin could regulate intestinal flora, improve the efficiency of intestinal functioning and protect the intestinal mucus barrier in constipated mice.

Морфофункціональна характеристика проміжних ділянок великого чепця білих щурів

In a human and a laboratory animal (white rats) the greater omentum has a similar structure and consists of two different tissues: one of which is represented by adipose tissue, and the other, which is the object of our work, is translucent and membranous – poorly vascularized and contains numerous fenestrations of different sizes. Objective. To study the morphofunctional structure of the intermediate areas of the greater omentum of white rats. Materials and methods. The experiment involved 20 white male rats of reproductive age, weighing from 278 to 346 grams. The material was intermediate areas of total preparations of the greater omentum, stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Van Gieson solutions, as well as similar preparations after intraperitoneal injection of activated carbon suspension. Results. During a detailed study of the total preparations of the greater omentum of white rats, it was established that the areas that occupy an intermediate position in the greater omentum between the vascular-fatty arcades are the thinnest, openwork-looking formations, woven from various wide and long looped cords, interlace with each other and limit different apertures. Considering the fact that in the greater omentum, such formations occupy an intermediate position between its vascular-fatty arcades, we consider it justified to assign them the name of serous-reticulate membranes. Each of them can be represented as a finely perforated, thinnest duplication of the peritoneum, in the meshlike structure of which one can distinguish, surrounded by mesothelium, relatively wide looped cords, and narrow, changing in configuration, membranes that transversely connect them. Conclusion. Serous-reticular membranes of the greater omentum perform a number of basic functions. First of all, they have a connecting role between vascular-fatty arcades, they also have contractile properties, and in addition, they are structurally adapted to the drainage of peritoneal fluid.

Flow Electrode Capacitive Deionization System with Simultaneous Desalting of Na+ and Gathering of Na+

Oceans contain many freshwater resources and metal elements that people need, so the rational development of marine resources can solve the two major problems of shortage of freshwater resources and metal elements for people. To solve these two challenges, a system was designed to obtain freshwater resources and metallic elements simultaneously. An ion enrichment module was added to the conventional flow capacitor deionization system to collect metal elements while the seawater was deionized. A flowing electrode allows the metal elements to enter the flowing electrode through the desalination ability. It transports the metal elements to the enrichment module through the fluidity of the fluid while reducing the ion concentration at the flowing electrode, thus reducing the effect caused by the rejection of the same ion and collecting and enriching the metal elements. We purchased activated carbon to test the feasibility of the system with different mass fractions of activated carbon suspensions. The results showed that the elemental enrichment capacity of the system increased from 12.291 to 14.795 mg, and the enrichment rate increased from 13.536 to 16.294 mg cm-2 h-1 as the mass fraction of activated carbon increased. Thus, the system accomplished the goals of desalination and metal collection simultaneously.

Incorporation of Urea Fertilizer and Activated Carbon in Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Bioplastics

The high mobility of urea as a nitrogen nutrient in the soil leads to inefficient absorption by plants. Hence efforts to design a slow-release fertilizer (SRF) are significant. This paper reports the incorporation of urea fertilizer with carbon or zeolite in a bioplastic made of carboxymethyl cellulose as the matrix. The bioplastics were made by mixing the zeolite or activated carbon suspensions into a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) gel. Glycerol was then added as a plasticizer. Six variations of bioplastics were prepared, namely CMC-urea 0.5 and 1.0, CMC-urea-zeolite, CMC-urea-zeolite-glycerol, CMC-urea-activated carbon, and CMC-urea-activated carbon-glycerol. The weight ratio of CMC and urea fertilizer was kept constant at 2:1 since the resulted bioplastics showed higher texture transparency and homogeneity than those of bioplastics with a weight ratio of CMC to urea 1:1. The addition of zeolite increased the tensile strength of the bioplastics by about two times. While, the glycerol addition improved the elongation at break. The release of urea from the bioplastics was slower for bioplastics with zeolite than with activated carbon. The composite bioplastics may serve as a slow-release urea for agriculture.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПРОЦЕССА ОЧИСТКИ ВОДЫ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ ФЛОКУЛЯНТА «АММИАЧНЫЙ» НА ПРИМЕРЕ МОДЕЛЬНЫХ СИСТЕМ СТОЧНЫХ ВОД

The presented material shows the results of studies on the use of polyacrylamide flocculant «Ammonia» for flocculation treatment of model wastewater solutions. The role of the physico-chemical method of industrial wastewater treatment with the use of high-molecular flocculants is shown. The values of the effectiveness of the described research method are given. A brief description of flocculants is presented, the features of the use of components for various industries, such as chemical and petrochemical, are considered. The class of polyacrylamide flocculants of the AK-631 type used as an object of research is briefly characterized. In the course of the work, examples of various types of model systems (activated carbon, calcium carbonate, kaolin, quartz sand) are given. The parameters characterizing the flocculation process are described. The basic equations for calculating the characteristics of the process are given. In the course of the work, the particle sizes of the dispersed phase were determined, and the optimal concentration of polyelectrolyte was calculated. Graphical dependences confirming the experimental values of the quantities are considered. The influence of the nature and concentration of (poly)electrolyte on the flocculation rate of activated carbon suspensions of BAU and quartz sand is investigated. The values of turbidity, chromaticity and activity of the polyelectrolyte under consideration are calculated. Graphical dependences of the activity value on the volume of the injected reagent are given. Similar values were determined for polyacrylamide flocculants of the AK-631 type (A-930 and A-1510). The effect of the concentration of the substance introduced into the system on the activity of the component is described. The given values are presented in the form of graphical dependencies, a comparative analysis is carried out. The rates of clarification of suspensions in the presence of polyelectrolyte are investigated. Kinetic clarification curves of the suspensions under consideration are given. The values of the initial deposition rates of particles of dispersed phases for all considered polyacrylamide flocculants are calculated. The effect of the initial particle deposition rate on the flocculation activity of polyacrylamide flocculants with an increase in their concentration is described. The process of purification of the model system from zinc ions for the components under consideration is considered. Graphical dependences of the efficiency value on the volume of the injected substance are presented. A comparative analysis of the use of the component with polyacrylamide flocculants of the AK-631 type (A-930 and A-1510) was carried out.

Effect of electroacupuncture on gastrointestinal motility in rats with slow transit constipation based on GDNF methylation modification

To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) of "Tianshu"(ST25) and "Dachangshu"(BL25) on the intestinal transit function， expression level of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and methylation level of GDNF gene promoter region in colon tissue of rats with slow transit constipation (STC)， so as to explore its mechanisms underlying improvement of STC. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomized into control， saline， model and EA groups (n=16 in each group). The STC model was replicated by gavage of compound diphenoxylate suspension (10 mL· kg-1· d-1) for 28 days. Rats of the saline group received the same dose of normal saline via gavage. EA (2 Hz/15 Hz， 0.1-1 mA) was applied to bila-teral ST25 and BL25 for 15 min， once daily for 14 days. The intestinal transmission function (the intestinal propulsion rate) was assessed by recording the first black grain stool discharge time and the number and weight of the discharged stool grains in 30 min after gavage of the activated carbon suspension (1 mL/100 g， 150 g/L). The score of fecal trait and the weight of stool within 24 h were recorded. The ultrastructural changes of Cajal interstitial cells in the colon tissue were observed by transmission electron microscope. The expression levels of GDNF protein and mRNA in the colon tissue were detected by using Western blot and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR， separately， and changes of methylation level in the promoter region of GDNF gene detected by using Bisulfite sequencing method. Compared with the control group， the time of the 1st black stool grain discharging was obviously prolonged， and the number and weight of the discharged black stool grains were significantly decreased in the mo-del group (P<0.05)， suggesting a success of STC. The weight and trait score of stool in 24 h， intestinal propulsive rate， and the expression levels of GDNF protein and mRNA were significantly lower in the model group than in the control group (P<0.01， P<0.05). After EA， the weight and trait score of stool within 24 h， intestinal propulsive rate，and the expression levels of GDNF protein and mRNA were significantly increased in the EA group in contrast to the model group (P<0.01，P<0.05). The total CpGs methylation level of GDNF gene in colon tissue was considerably higher in the model group than in the control group (P<0.05)， and markedly lower in the EA group than in the model group (P<0.05). No significant differences were found between the control and saline groups in all the above-mentioned indexes (P>0.05). EA of back-shu and front-mu acupoints can effectively improve symptoms of constipation and intestinal transport function in STC rats， which may be related to its function in up-regulating the expression of GDNF and down-regulating the methylation level in the promoter region of GDNF gene in colon tissue.

Comparison of two suspension injection tracers of nano activated carbon and methylene blue in mapping and tracing of sentinel lymph nodes of patients with endometrial cancer

Objectives:To analyze the application efficiency of two tracers for sentinel lymph node mapping in patients with endometrial cancer.Methods:The records of endometrial cancer patients treated in our hospital from July 2019 to July 2021 were selected. Among them, 29 patients received methylene blue suspension injection and 33 patients received nano activated carbon suspension injection. The staining of sentinel lymph nodes was recorded and the application efficiency of two different tracers were analyzed.Results:Total detection rate, average number of sentinel lymph nodes and bilateral detection rate of nano activated carbon suspension injection were significantly higher than those of methylene blue suspension injection (P<0.05). Detection accuracy, positive predictive value and sensitivity of nano activated carbon suspension injection were significantly higher than those of methylene blue suspension injection (P<0.05). Incidence of complications was the same in the two groups (P>0.05). Tracing time of nano activated carbon suspension injection was significantly lower than that of methylene blue suspension injection, and the total duration was significantly higher than that of methylene blue suspension injection (P<0.05).Conclusion:Nano activated carbon can obtain good detection effect in sentinel lymph node recognition in endometrial cancer patients, with shorter tracing time and higher total duration than methylene blue suspension.

High Performance Aqueous Li-Ion Flow Capacitor Realized Through Microstructure Design of Suspension Electrode.

Suspension electrode is the core of flowable electrochemical energy storage systems, which are considered suitable for large-scale energy storage. Nevertheless, obtaining suspension electrodes with both low viscosity and high conductivity is still a big challenge. In present work, spinel LiMn2O4 was chosen as an example to make suspension with low viscosity and high conductivity through microstructure morphology control of solid particles and the contact mode between active materials and conductive additives in suspension electrode. By coating a thin layer of polyaniline on the surface of spherical spinel LiMn2O4, the resulting suspension showed much higher electronic conductivity (about 10 times) and lower viscosity (about 4.5 times) as compared to irregular and bare spinel LiMn2O4-based suspension counterpart. As a result, the Li-ion flow capacitor based on LiMn2O4 and activated carbon suspensions exhibited a record energy density of 27.4 W h L−1 at a power density of 22.5 W L−1 under static condition to date, and can be smoothly work under an intermittent-flow mode. The strategy reported in this work is an effective way for obtaining suspension electrodes with low viscosity and high electronic conductivity simultaneously. It can not only be used in the flow capacitors, but also can be extended to other flowable electrochemical energy storage systems.

Decoration of Zinc Oxide Nanorods into the Surface of Activated Carbon Obtained from Agricultural Waste for Effective Removal of Methylene Blue Dye.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods incorporated activated carbon (AC) composite photocatalyst was synthesized using a hydrothermal process. The AC was prepared from lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris) seed stone, an agricultural waste product, found in Nepal by the chemical activation method. An aqueous suspension of AC with ZnO precursor was subjected to the hydrothermal treatment at 140 °C for 2 h to decorate ZnO rods into the surface of AC. As-obtained ZnO nanorods decorated activated carbon (ZnO/AC) photocatalyst was characterized by various techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Results showed that highly crystalline hexagonal ZnO nanorods were effectively grown on the surface of porous AC. The photocatalytic property of the as-prepared ZnO/AC composite was studied by degrading methylene blue (MB) dye under UV-light irradiation. The ZnO/AC composite showed better photocatalytic property than that of the pristine ZnO nanorods. The enhanced photocatalytic performance in the case of the ZnO/AC composite is attributed to the combined effects of ZnO nanorods and AC.

Effect of application of herbal medicine paste to "Tianshu" (ST25)on intestinal mobility and expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide and substance P in colonic myenteric plexus in rats with functional constipation

To observe the effect of acupoint application at bilateral "Tianshu" (ST25) on intestinal mobility and immunoactivity of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) in colonic myenteric plexus of rats with functional constipation (FC), so as to analyze its mechanisms underlying improving FC. Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, namely normal control, model, acupoint application and medication, with 10 rats in each group. The FC model was established by gavage of Loperamide Hydrochloride suspension fluid (0.5 mg/mL, 3 mg·kg-1·d-1) for 7 days. Herbal medicine paste (composed of Rheum Officinale, Sodium Sulfate, Mangnolia Officinalis, etc.) was applied to bilateral ST25 for 6 h, once daily for 4 weeks. Rats of the medication group were treated by gavage of Mosapride suspension fluid (0.15 mg/mL, 1.58 mg·kg-1·d-1) for 4 weeks. After the treatment, the rats were deprived of water for 12 hours, and then treated by gavage of 2 mL of activated carbon suspension, followed by recording the first black defecation time and the number of fecal particles and water content of feces within 6 h so as to assess the intestinal mobility. The immunoactivity and average surface density of VIP and SP positive granules in the colonic myenteric plexus were detected by immunohistochemistry. Compared with the normal control group, the first black defecation time was significantly prolonged, and the number and water content of fecal particles within 6 h, and the expression and the average surface density of VIP and SP were significantly reduced in the model group (P<0.01). After the treatment and compared with the model group, the first black defecation time was shortened, and the fecal water content and fecal particle number within 6 h, as well as the expression and the average surface density of VIP and SP were considerably increased in both acupoint application and medication groups (P<0.01). There were no significant differences between the acupoint application and medication groups in all the indexes mentioned above after the interventions (P>0.05). Acupoint application may improve the intestinal motility in FC rats, which may be asso-ciated with its effects in up-regulating the immunoactivity of VIP and SP in colonic myenteric plexus of the large intestine.

Ultrahigh Desalinization Performance of Asymmetric Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization Device with an Improved Operation Voltage of 1.8 V

Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is an emerging desalinization technology for high-concentration saline water treatment. However, in practical cases the operation voltage of FCDI is usually limited by the decomposition potential of water (1.23 V), which does harm the desalinization performance of FCDI. To address this issue, here for the first time we propose a novel asymmetric FCDI (AFCDI) device by using an activated carbon (AC)/MnO2 suspension as the positive electrode and AC suspension as the negative electrode. In AFCDI, the operation voltage can be improved to be 1.8 V, and a high salt removal efficiency of 78% is achieved in 0.1 M NaCl solution within 2 h, much higher than that for conventional FCDI (59%). To the best of knowledge, this value is also much higher than those for other FCDI devices reported previously. The present work may provide a promising high-performance desalinization device for high-concentration saline water treatment.

Composite manganese oxide percolating networks as a suspension electrode for an asymmetric flow capacitor.

In this study, we examine the use of a percolating network of metal oxide (MnO2) as the active material in a suspension electrode as a way to increase the capacitance and energy density of an electrochemical flow capacitor. Amorphous manganese oxide was synthesized via a low-temperature hydrothermal approach and combined with carbon black to form composite flowable electrodes of different compositions. All suspension electrodes were tested in static configurations and consisted of an active solid material (MnO2 or activated carbon) immersed in aqueous neutral electrolyte (1 M Na2SO4). Increasing concentrations of carbon black led to better rate performance but at the cost of capacitance and viscosity. Furthermore, it was shown that an expanded voltage window of 1.6 V could be achieved when combining a composite MnO2-carbon black (cathode) and an activated carbon suspension (anode) in a charge balanced asymmetric device. The expansion of the voltage window led to a significant increase in the energy density to ∼11 Wh kg(-1) at a power density of ∼50 W kg(-1). These values are ∼3.5 times and ∼2 times better than a symmetric suspension electrode based on activated carbon.

Evaluation of active carbon fibers used in cell biocompatibility and rat cystitis treatment

Escherichia coli is the predominant pathogen in catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) and cystitis. CAUTI treated with prophylactic antibiotics induces antibiotic resistance in hospitals and nursing homes. Therefore, we developed a physical method to treat cystitis by using activated carbon (AC) fibers to remove lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the bladder. An in vitro assay showed that AC had remarkable LPS adsorption capability (20.24EU per mg AC for 60min) and good biocompatibility, as revealed by morphological observation through field-emission scanning electron microscopy and MTS assay in SV-HUC-1 cell line. In an in vivo assay in rats, 3 groups were formed: control (pyrogen-free saline), LPS, and AC (n=10, each group). The LPS and AC groups were pretreated with protamine sulfate (10mg/mL), and E. coli LPS (5mg/kg) was administered to induce cystitis. Subsequently, the AC group received 0.4mg/kg AC suspension. After 24h, histologic analysis revealed increased urinary bladder weight (edema) and marked increase in vascular congestion and hemorrhage in the LPS group. In contrast, the AC group showed significant reduction in degree of edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, and hemorrhage (p<0.05). Thus, AC has the potential to act as an auxiliary agent for cystitis amelioration.

Photoinduced reactions occurring on activated carbons. A combined photooxidation and ESR study

This work demonstrates the ability of ash-free activated carbons to interact with UV light to promote the photooxidation of phenol in solution through the formation of radical species. Our results show that in the absence of inorganic impurities or semiconductor additives, the photodegradation efficiency of the studied activated carbons has to be ascribed to the carbon matrix itself. Hydroxyl radicals have been detected by spin trapping electron spin resonance spectroscopy upon UV irradiation of the activated carbon suspensions in aqueous solution. Although the ability to photogenerate radicals upon irradiation is well known in inorganic semiconductors (such as titanium dioxide) or carbon/semiconductor composites, we herein demonstrate the capacity of the carbon matrix alone to interact with UV light, generating reactive species that would be responsible for the observed photoinduced reaction using carbons alone in the absence of semiconductor additives. Thus, the conventional interpretation of the enhanced photodegradation efficiency of carbon/semiconductor photocatalysts -so far attributed to synergistic and confinement effects, and minimized surface recombination of the charge carriers- should be reconsidered to account for the radicals photogenerated when the carbons are exposed to UV light.

Partial characterization and flocculating behavior of an exopolysaccharide produced in nutrient-poor medium by a facultative oligotroph Klebsiella sp. PB12

A facultative oligotrophic strain from the water sample of River Mahananda, Siliguri India was selected for its property to produce exopolysaccharide (EPS) in nutrient-poor (oligotrophic) medium. Viability assay of the strain was performed in sterile liquid LB, R2A, river water and diluted (10(-3)) LB at 30°C and pH 7 to understand oligotrophy. The selected strain was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and designated as Klebsiella sp. PB12. Phylogenetic analysis showed its closest relationship with Klebsiella variicola ATCC BAA-830(T). Purification of EPS was performed by ethanol precipitation, dialysis and freeze-drying. Chemical analysis revealed that purified EPS was mainly composed of 72.32% (w/w) neutral sugar and 14.12% (w/w) uronic acids. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy indicated the presence of hydroxyl, carboxylic and methoxyl functional groups. The optimal dosages for flocculation of activated carbon suspension were 17 mg/l EPS and 4 mM CaCl(2). EPS showed flocculating rate of above 80% over a wide range of pH (pH 3-10) whereas, more than 90% rate was noted in the temperature range (10-50°C) tested in presence of CaCl(2). Moreover, EPS showed characteristic emulsifying activity with toluene (66.6%), n-hexadecane (65%), olive oil (63.3%) and kerosene (50%). The apparent molecular weight of the EPS was ~2 × 10(5) Da.

Fast removal of organic dyes from aqueous solutions by AC/ferrospinel composite

In this work, a novel activated carbon(AC)/ferrospinel composite adsorbent was prepared by a low-temperature refluxing method in the presence of AC suspension. Adsorption characteristics of the as-synthesized composite were examined by using methyl orange (MO) and basic fuchsin (BF) as adsorbates. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate kinetics and isotherms of dye adsorption onto the composite. Adsorption equilibrium studies showed that adsorption of MO and BF followed the Langmuir model. The monolayer adsorption capacities were 95.8 and 101.0 mg g − 1 for MO and BF, respectively. The adsorption kinetics was best described by the pseudo-second-order model. The results indicated that the as-synthesized composite could be considered a promising adsorbent for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions.

One-step Electrophoretic Deposition of Ni-Decorated Activated-Carbon Film as an Electrode Material for Supercapacitors

Ni-decorated activated-carbon film is deposited directly onto the stainless steel substrate by using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) in the activated-carbon suspension containing nickel nitrate additive. The adsorption of nickel ions on the external surface and interior pores of activated carbons considerably increases the measured zeta potential and consequently favors the dispersion and EPD of activated carbons. More importantly, when an activated carbon arrives at the substrate in the EPD process, nickel ions adsorbed on the activated carbon are reduced electrochemically to a form metallic nickel layer. The deposited nickel layer plays an important role in improving the adhesion, wettability, and electrochemical reaction of the Ni-decorated activated-carbon film. Therefore, the Ni-decorated activated-carbon film exhibits an excellent capacitive behavior compared with the bare activated-carbon film.

Intralymphatic chemotherapy with adriamycin-adsorbing nanometric activated carbon:pharmacokinetic experiment with dogs

To observe the pharmacokinetics of adriamycin-adsorbing nanometric activated carbon in intralymphatic chemotherapy. Two ml of suspension of activated carbon with the diameter of 21 nm was mixed with adriamycin 5 mg. Eighteen dogs were randomly divided into 6 equal groups. The above mentioned mixture was injected subserosally to the anterior wall of gastric antrum of the dogs. Thirty minutes, 1 h, 2 h, 1 day, and 3 days after the injection the gastroepiploic lymph nodes of the Groups 1 - 5 were obtained. And Group 6 underwent extraction of venous blood samples 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes after the injection and extraction of thoracic duct fluid 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 360 minutes after the injection. The adriamycin concentrations at different time points were determined by mass spectrometer. The lymphatic vessels and nodes at the gastric wall were observed by the naked eyes. Black tiny lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes were visualized around the injection areas immediately after the injection. Adriamycin content could be detected 30 min after the injection and lasted for 72 h at high levels with the peak content of (84.6 +/- 2.0) microg per gram tissue at 60 min in the perilymph node of gastroepiploic artery. The adriamycin concentration in the lymph fluid of thoracic duct reached the top level of 162.5 ng/ml 30 min after the injection, and then decreased slowly. Adriamycin could be still detected in lymph fluid 6 h after injection. No trace of adriamycin was found in the blood at any time points. The content of adriamycin can keep high and last long in the drainage of lymph node and lymph fluid in the treatment of intralymphatic chemotherapy using adriamycin-adsorbing nanometric activated carbon.

Catalytic effects of activated carbon on hydrolysis reactions of chlorinated organic compounds: Part 1. γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane

Dehydrochlorination of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH or lindane) in aqueous solution in the presence of activated carbon (AC) was studied. Hydrolysis of lindane is accelerated in the presence of AC at moderate pH values, which is ascribed to a catalytic effect of the AC in the dehydrochlorination reaction. A novel reaction pathway leading to dichlorobenzenes was found in the presence of AC, whereas the hydrolysis in homogeneous solution stops at the stage of trichlorobenzenes. The contribution of the novel pathway to the overall reaction depends on the pH value. Indications for a slow neutral hydrolysis reaction were found. Conducting the hydrolysis in AC suspension with D 2O/NaOD, no deuterium was found in the DCB formed, which implies that all hydrogen in the DCB originates from the parent molecule lindane. A hypothesis for the reaction mechanism is proposed.