Activated Carbon Media Research Articles

Breakthrough studies for the sorption of methylene blue dye from wastewater samples using activated carbon derived from waste banana peels

In the current study, an activated carbon derived from waste banana peel using H2SO4 was applied for the first time in a packed-bed column for methylene blue (MB) dye removal from wastewater. The pore structure and surface of banana peel activated carbon (BPAC) were investigated using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis to discover the mechanism of MB sorption. The produced BPAC by H2SO4 activation agent has surface area of 361.86 m2/g and exhibits good thermal stability. The extent of MB breakthrough performance was examined by optimizing flow rate, bed mass, and initial concentration at pH 9. The column’s dynamics revealed a strong dependence of breakthrough curves as a function of process conditions. The breakthrough time (tb), volume of liters processed (L), and adsorption exhaustion rate all increased as bed mass increased but decreased as flow rate and initial concentration increased. Applying linear regression to the experimental data, Yoon-Nelson and Thomas’ kinetic model was used to extract column characteristic parameters that could be used in process design. Using environmental water, the waste banana peel activated carbon material demonstrated effectiveness in removing MB to below acceptable levels by processing 1.16 L of water with an initial MB concentration of 40 mg/L using 8 g of sorbent. Nitric acid (3M) was able to regenerate the exhausted bed. Moreover, the sorbent was reused four times with no significant capacity loss. It can be concluded that waste banana peel activated carbon medium is an alternative solution to remediate MB-contaminated wastewater.

Use of Various Filtaritaion Media in Lowering the Level of Water Hardness

Hard water is common in areas with thick topsoil and limestone formations. Because the topography of Kupang City is in the form of limestone, in the rainy season rainwater passes through the limestone soil layer so that the raw water becomes hard or very hard. Identification and analysis of field parameters and levels of raw water hardness before and after treatment to calculate the effectiveness of decreasing hardness of various types of filter media. This research is an experimental study. The object of inspection is raw water from Oenesu springs that have undergone filter media treatment. The filter media consists of activated carbon, silica sand, quartz sand, and zeolite with a residence time of 60 minutes. The results of laboratory tests are displayed in the form of tables and graphs and analyzed. The field parameters tested are smell, taste, color, temperature, turbidity, TDS and pH to meet water quality standards. The level of hardness before and after treatment obtained raw water hardness of 365.33 mg/L, activated carbon media 362.85 mg/L, silica sand media 236.53 mg/L, quartz sand media 239.01 mg/L and zeolite media 296.59 mg/L. The field parameters tested meet water quality standards according to Permenkes 32 of 2017. The level of water hardness treated by the filtration process with quartz sand media is more effective in reducing the level of raw water hardness, with a decrease efficiency of 35.26%.

The effect of operational conditions on the performance of granular ozone removal media: Statistical experimental design and kinetic modeling

Ozone, a strong oxidizer, and a hazardous air pollutant can adversely affect human health and the environment; therefore, its concentration must be kept within a specific limit. Several ozone removal technologies are available for this purpose, which may be used under different operational conditions. Despite the selection flexibility that these technologies bring about, they raise the need to better understand the feasibility of each technique for various applications. Such broad perspective however is currently lacking due mainly to the cost and resources required for comprehensive studies. Using a statistical design approach, this study aims to address this important gap. The fractional factorial method, as a reliable statistical technique, was used to study the effect of ozone concentration, humidity level, airflow rate, and media volume on the ozone removal performance of common granular materials including different types of activated carbon (CL-A: coal-based, CS-B: coconut shell-based, IM-l-A: coal-based impregnated with KOH) and a catalyst (CAT-E). The role of individual parameters and their interactions were studied. The results show that depending on the physicochemical properties of the material, humidity could substantially improve or deteriorate its performance. Among the materials tested across all operational conditions, on average, CL-A showed the poorest performance (mean efficiency = 62%, standard deviation = 0.31), CS-B was highly sensitive to operational conditions (efficiency was varied from 25% to 100% at different humidity levels), IM-l-A showed the highest efficiency robustness among activated carbon media (mean efficiency = 77.6%, standard deviation = 0.20), and CAT-E featured the best performance (mean efficiency = 86.5%, standard deviation = 0.16). Additionally, the data were fitted into a packed bed kinetic model that elucidated physicochemical mechanisms underlying distinctive behaviours of each tested material.

Transport behavior of nanoplastics in activated carbon column.

Nanoplastics can be produced directly from some artificial products, such as cosmetics, or indirectly from the breakup of large pieces of plastic waste. They have a small particle size, large specific surface area, and stable structure and can concentrate toxic compounds in water. The discharge of nanoplastics into the water environment through urban piping systems or surface runoff may lead to the contamination of surface water resources, which poses a great threat to the safety of drinking water. As a common adsorbent, granular activated carbon (GAC) is widely used in the advanced treatment of drinking water. However, most of the studies focused on the transport ability of nanoplastics in quartz sand, and there is a lack of research on the migration behavior of nanoplastics in activated carbon media. In this study, the stability and pore characteristics of GAC were studied, and its regeneration efficiency was investigated. The transport curves of PSNPs, which have a particle size of 98 ± 9nm and specific surface area of about 67 m2/g, were compared under different ionic strengths, ionic species, flow rates, pH, and humic acid (HA) concentrations. And DLVO theory was used to analyze the transport behavior of nanoplastics in activated carbon column. All experiments were performed at room temperature to make the results generalizable. The results showed that GAC had stable pore structure and excellent adsorption capacity. The surface area and pore volume of GAC are 759 m2/g and 0.357 cm3/g, respectively. And the regeneration rate of GAC can reach 90% and 83.3% after the first two regeneration cycles. On the other hand, at high ionic strength and low pH, the repulsive barrier between PSNPs and activated carbon gradually disappeared; then, more PSNPs were deposited in the activated carbon media, and the concentration of PSNPs in the effluent water was lower. Both the flow rate and HA promoted the transport of PSNPs, but the breakthrough curves of PSNPs did not change significantly when the HA concentration was further increased. At the same ion concentration, PSNPs tend to deposit on the surface of activated carbon in the background solution of Ca2+ compared with Na+. This study reveals the migration mechanism of PSNPs in the activated carbon filter column, which is of great importance to ensure the safety of drinking water and human health.

Preparation of Activated Carbon Derived from Jordanian Olive Cake and Functionalized with Cu/Cu2O/CuO for Adsorption of Phenolic Compounds from Olive Mill Wastewater.

Olive oil production generates solid and liquid wastes that cause various environmental problems due to their high phenols and polyphenols load. Although many treatment methods were investigated to manage these wastes, more research is still needed to identify simple and cost-effective approaches. In this study, activated carbon (AC) was prepared from olive cake waste and functionalized with Cu/Cu2O/CuO for efficient and selective removal of phenolic content from olive mill wastewater (OMW). AC media were characterized by scanning electron/dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The optimum adsorption parameters were investigated, and the adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics, and kinetics were determined. The adsorption of phenols onto copper oxide AC was best described by the Langmuir adsorption with maximum adsorption capacity of 13.9, 12.7, and 9.9 mg/g at 311, 302, and 293 K, respectively. The adsorption reaction was found to be spontaneous and endothermic where ∆H° and ∆G° were found to be 30.104 kJ/mol and −1.765, −2.839, and −3.723 (kJ/mol) at 311, 302, and 293 K, respectively. In addition, the kinetics data were perfectly fit by the pseudo-second-order model. The activated product derived from recyclable olive cake and enriched with inorganic functionality can offer a cost-effective treatment solution for OMW; thus, reducing both the liquid and solid waste generated from the olive mill industry.

HYBRID ANAEROBIC BAFFLED REACTOR FOR REMOVAL OF BOD AND PHOSPHATE CONCENTRATION IN DOMESTIC WASTEWATER

Hybrid Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (HABR) is a development technology from the Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR), which was already known as a technology that is successful in treating domestic waste. Aims: The objectives of these studies were to investigate the efficiency of reducing BOD and phosphate levels in HABR with zeolite (ZE) and activated carbon (AC) media. Methodology and Results: HABR reactor made of acrylic material with a size of 90 cm x 20 cm x 30 cm. The reactor designed has 7 compartments, with details the first 5 compartments are suspended growth microorganism reactors and the next 2 compartments are attached growth microorganism reactors. Conclusion, significance, and impact of study: The result of the research showed that the efficiency of reducing BOD concentration in the reactor with ZE and AC media were 59.30% and 65.12%, respectively. The final BOD concentration in the AC reactor is 30 mg/L, this value meets the domestic wastewater quality standard required by East Java Governor Regulation Number 72 of 2013 concerning Wastewater Quality Standards for Industry and/or Other Business Activities. The final BOD concentration in the ZE reactor exceeded the required quality standard with a value of 35 mg/L. The final phosphate levels of the two reactors meet the wastewater quality standards for business and/or laundry activities with a maximum phosphate concentration of 10 mg/L. The final phosphate levels in the ZE and AC reactors were 3.74 mg/L and 8.79 mg/L, respectively. The efficiency of phosphate removal in ZE and AC reactors were 70.58% and 30.87%, respectively.

PENURUNAN KADAR CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) DAN FOSFAT PADA LIMBAH LAUNDRY DENGAN METODE ADSORPSI

The large number of laundry in big cities also results in a lot of environmental pollution produced by these laundry services. Pollution from laundry services contains a lot of contaminants such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), phosphate and so on. This study aims to examine how much the effectiveness of the type of media and the height of the media in removing COD and phosphate levels in laundry wastewater. The method applied is an adsorption system using activated carbon and zeolite media which is arranged in a series of laboratory scale reactors with media heights of 40 cm and 60 cm. The research reactor consisted of 4 reactors containing activated carbon and zeolite media. The results showed that the efficiency of COD levels using activated carbon media in reactor 1 was 72.48%. The highest efficiency for COD levels using zeolite media in reactor 3 is 64.55%. Meanwhile, for the phosphate content with activated carbon media, the reduction efficiency in reactor 2 was 92.09%, while the zeolite media with the highest efficiency was found in reactor 4, which was 96.44%. The media that was most effective in reducing COD levels was activated carbon media, while zeolite media was used to reduce phosphate levels. Moreover the height of the medium that was effective in reducing COD levels was activated carbon with a height of 40 cm, while lowering the levels of phosphate was a zeolite with a height of 60 cm.

CARBON TECHNOLOGY ACTIVE COCONUT SHELL ON AIR FILTER MEDIA FOR DOMESTIC WASTE AIR WASTE

Clean availability air used when coming from wells (air land) for the needs of everyday residents, air conditions are very murky, yellow, sour and post-idanan from the pollution of domestic waste air from waste air laundry, bathroom, toilet waste and the rest of the rice field irrigation system, although currently Kp. Sendal Kopo, Panenjoan Village has a unit of clean air water is the top thing to treat the surrounding residents Community-Based Sanitation (Sanimas) from the central government is limited only dipoman air waste household results to irrigate rice fields, not for air needs One way in processing ground air by designing air filters from PVC pipes using activated carbon media from coconut shells and additional media foam filter, injury, zeolite stone, activated carbon and sand silica for air to make the air good air. Simple air filter everywhere in Kp.Sendal Kopo, Panenjoan Village, Carenang District, Serang District, Banten Province. Any activity there provides favours throughout the community Kp. Sendal Kopo, Village Panenjoan RT / RW: 004/01 involved in the workshop of making simple air filters and counselling will maintain and manage clean air so that with the village Of Panenjoan will be murky and political air into air that has standard air through clean air design intalasi air

Pseudo wastewater treatment by combining adsorption and phytoaccumulation on the Acrostichum aureum Linn. plant/activated carbon system

In this study, the pseudo wastewater containing Zn, Fe, Cu ions was clean-up by a combination of physical adsorption onto activated carbon medium and phytoaccumulation using Acrostichum aureum Linn. plants. The adsorption capability of the activated carbon for the Fe, Cu, and Zn ions was 3.05, 3.72, and 2.85 mg·g − 1, respectively, at the saturation. The phytoaccumulation performance was proved by analyzing the individual residual ash collected after pyrolysis up to 1000 °C of the leaf, stem, and root of the plants. Thermal analyses of thermogravimetry data showed that the weight of the residual ash of the phytoremediated leaf, stem, and root of the plants was 37.0, 19.0, and 65.7 wt.%, respectively. Energy-dispersive X − ray spectroscopy determined the amount of Fe element in the residual ash of phytoremediated root is 7.05 wt.%, while that of the initial root is 1.18 wt.%. Conclusively, it can be proved that combining physical and biological processes is feasible to treat wastewater containing metal ions.

Chemical-Free Greywater Treatment Using Aeration, Sedimentation, Followed by Granular Activated Carbon Filter (GAC) -A Case Study of Baghdad city household

Greywater is a possible water source that can be improved for meeting the quality required for irrigation. Treatment of greywater can range from uncomplicated coarse filtration to advanced biological treatment. This article presents a simple design of a small scale greywater treatment plant, which is a series of physical and natural processes including screening, aeration, sedimentation, and filtration using granular activated carbon filter and differentiates its performance with sand filter. The performance of these units with the dual filter media of (activated carbon with sand) in treatment of greywater from Iraqi house in Baghdad city during 2019 and that collected from several points including washbasins, kitchen sink, bathrooms, and laundry, was recorded in terms of removal efficiency of particular pollutants like Turbidity 94%, chemical oxygen demand (COD) 93%, and oil 91%. Dual filter was the most effective filter for decreasing these pollutants, while sand indicates the lowest removal efficiency. In general, granular activated carbon media seemed to be the most proper medium to improve greywater quality for reaching the quality of irrigation within the terms of organic matter decrease. Accordingly, this technology may be reliable for greywater treatment in a residential area.

Efficient removal of manganese from aquatic solutions by amphistegina filter

Mono-media filtration vessels of amphistegina and conventional granular activated carbon filters in an assembled semi-pilot filtration unit had been carried out to represent the efficient removal of manganese ions from hydrous solution in a comparison study. Amphistegina tests surfaces have been characterized for the first time in compared to conventional granular activated carbon media by X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis. Also, the surface morphology of granular activated carbon and amphistegina media with manganese chloride adsorption was observed by Atomic Force Microscopy analysis. The filtration unit had been operated at different working conditions such as; flow rates (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 l/min), operating temperatures (293, 303 and 313 k), initial manganese(II) concentrations (15–105 mg/l), constant pH (7.5) and calculated adsorbent mass for granular activated carbon (34.1 g/l) and amphistegina media (115 g/l). The maximum adsorption capacities of manganese ions by amphistegina (1.17 mg/g) and granular activated carbon (3.36 mg/g) filters had been produced at a temperature of 313 k and at a higher flow rate (60 l/min); while at a lower flow rate (20 l/min), the maximum adsorption capacities were 2.83 mg/g for granular activated carbon filter and 3.42 mg/g for amphistegina filter. The adsorption performance was verified by Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms.

A review: organic matter and ammonia removal by biological activated carbon filtration for water and wastewater treatment

Biological activated carbon filters provide solutions to remove organic matter from drinking water and municipal wastewater, mainly biodegradable organic compounds not easily removed in conventional treatments based on physical–chemical processes. These biodegradable organic compounds may be responsible for bacterial regrowth in water distribution systems and also for increasing the formation of by-products during disinfection processes due to their capacity to react with disinfectants such as chlorine. Simultaneously to organic matter removal, biological activated carbon filtration can potentially remove the nutrient nitrogen commonly present in contaminated water resources and municipal wastewater, especially under the form of ammonia which is very harmful when discharged into the environment and toxic to living organisms. Thus, the potential of biological activated carbon filters in removing organic matter and ammonia for the treatment of drinking water and wastewater was reviewed. Operating parameters, such as contact time, backwashing regime and filtration rate, adopted for the filter operation and the biofilm growth in the activated carbon media were also discussed, as they may influence the treatment performance. Various scientific studies point out the remarkable ability of activated carbons to adsorb organic matter when compared to their performance for organic matter biodegradation. However, strategies to enhance the biological activity, and consequently biodegradation efficiency should be considered. These strategies, for instance, can include operational changes in contact times or in backwashing regimes. Investigations related to organic matter removal in biological activated carbon filters are more explored when compared to ammonia removal; however, high efficiencies of ammonia removal have been reported.

Transport of Enterococcus faecalis in granular activated carbon column: Potential energy, migration, and release

An increasing number of water purification plants use granular activated carbon filtration as an advanced treatment technology. One of the main constraints of carbon filtration is bacterial leakage, which can impact public drinking water safety. In this study, Enterococcus faecalis, commonly detected in natural water, was employed as the target bacteria for investigating the mechanism of deposition and migration of bacteria in granular activated carbon medium. The repulsive barrier, secondary potential well and potential energy change curve under various conditions were depicted by DLVO theory. Moreover, the influence, including ionic strength, ionic charge and flow rate, on bacterial transport was comprehensively discussed. The Enterococcus faecalis penetration curve was in accordance with the van der Waals force and electrostatic repulsion force under different conditions. Finally, 8%–11% of Enterococcus faecalis was released into the effluent when ionic strength declined.

Perbedaan Penggunaan Jenis Media Filtrasi Pasir dengan Karbon Aktif terhadap Penurunan Fe (Besi) Air Sumur Gali di Dusun Sidomulyo, Trimulyo, Sleman

Water is the most essential need for people to fulfill their daily needs. Residents in SidomulyoHamlet, of Trimulyo Village, in Sleman District, use dug wells as the primary source of clean water supply. However, the water quality gained is low because of high iron content in it. The studywas aimed to determine the differences between sand and activated carbon as filtration mediafor decreasing Fe concentration, by conducting a “pre-test post-test with control group” designedexperiment with five replications. The study results showed that sand media was able reduce theFe in average of 1.18 mg/l, while with activated carbon media it was 1.27 mg/l, and in the controlgroup it was 0.4 mg/l. The analysis of one way anova test at 95 % confidence level obtained pvalue <0,001, which means that the differences is significant. To conclude, to decrease the Fecontent in Sidomulyo Hamlet, the well water can be processed by filtration, either with sand oractivated carbon. Nonetheless, activated carbon media is proved more effective.

Remediation of nitrate-contaminated groundwater by PRB-Electrokinetic integrated process

Activated carbon is used as a reactive media in Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) for the removal of inorganic contaminants such as nitrate from groundwater. Since removal rate by this media decreases by time and due to the high costs of excavation and replacement of new media, the usage of activated carbon as an adsorbent in PRB is limited. The present study aimed to solve this defect by integrating electrokinetic process and PRB, using in-situ regeneration of activated carbon. This research was carried out on a laboratory scale using synthetically contaminated water and modified activated carbon as a reactive media in PRB. The effects of pH, nitrate concentration, carbon to sand ratio, and also electric gradient on the performance of the process were evaluated, and optimal conditions were determined, to increase the system longevity. According to the results, by applying an electric gradient of 1.25 V cm−1 to the PRB alone process in optimum operating condition (135 mg L−1 initial nitrate concentration, flow rate of 2.3 L min−1, pH = 6.8, and carbon to sand ratios of 1:1) the adsorbent capacity increased by 90%. Under these conditions, the integrated process could keep nitrate concentration in the effluent below the standard limit for about 111 h, while the PRB alone process could do the same job for about 59 h. Also, SEM analysis showed that by applying electrokinetic process, activated carbon was regenerated. Integration of electrokinetic process and PRB was also caused nitrate to transfer from activated carbon media into the soil layer above the system. This nitrate-rich soil has the potential for reuse in agricultural activities.

Simulation of Hydrodynamic Behaviour andMixing Pattern in Tubular MFC Reactor

ABSTRACT:Cost efficient and economical treatment methods are the need of the hour in waste water treatment industry. Both the criteria can be met by the effective treatment method of “Microbial fuel cells” which is capable of converting the biomass substrate into electricity. In this paper, effort was taken to select reactor configuration which is essential for the single chambered membrane less MFC to perform efficiently. Two reactors of tubular configurations were selected in this project, one with activated carbon media and another one without media. The flow pattern and mixing behaviour in the reactor are analysed by conducting the tracer test using sodium chloride and KMnO4 as tracers. NaCl is measured in terms of electrical conductivity and KMnO4 for estimating the flow rate to be adopted for the tracer test. KMnO4 tracer test was conducted to identify the presence of dead zones inside the reactors. Result of the NaCl tracer test is obtained by plotting the RTD curves between electrical conductivity and time. Regression values and Peclet number are obtained from the graph to decide the pattern between PFR (plug flow reactor) or CSTR flow regime.

Trickling Filters Foul Air Characteristics and Treatment with Activated Carbon Media

Trickling Filters Foul Air Characteristics and Treatment with Activated Carbon Media

Firewater Storage, Treatment, Recycling and Management: New Perspectives Based on Experiences from the United Kingdom

Smart firewater management and recycling helps reduce water use and protect the environment from pollution. However, contamination of recycled water may pose a health risk to fire fighters. This review assesses international literature to identify best practices, and to recommend new technologies and methods on firewater management and recycling. The literature assessment indicates that this is a new research area where insufficient findings have been published in Web of Science-referenced journals. Therefore, informally published materials (a.k.a. grey literature) were also assessed. Findings indicate the need for practical decision support tools to estimate consumption rates, predict “bottlenecks” and bund capacity, assess water quality and determine pump requirements. This article recommends that cost-efficient and rapid on-site treatment methods, such as compact and mobile filtration units for firewater recycling should be researched in the future. The filters should be based on compartments with different media. The empty pore space should decrease from inflow to outflow. A light plastic media should be positioned near the inflow to retain large particles, such as a grid. Activated carbon media could be placed near the outlet to remove fine suspended solids and dissolved contaminants. This should address concerns by fire fighters dealing with contaminated water, spray and foam.

Development of Ceramic Filters for Household Water Treatment in Nigeria

Ceramic water filtration is the process that makes use of a porous ceramic (fired clay) medium to filter microbes or other contaminants from water. Ceramic water filtration has been greatly improved upon such that it takes care of most microbial contamination in water. However, the ceramic filter is not known to treat chemical contaminants in water. Therefore this project was aimed at developing a ceramic filter that could treat certain chemical contamination in water at the household level. Porous ceramic bodies were formulated and constituted from various materials such as kaolin, laterite, bonechar and charcoal. Bone char was added as a defluoridation agent while the charcoal doubled as the porecreating combustible material and as an Activated Carbon media in the ceramic body for the adsorption of metals from water. The formulated ceramic bodies were shaped into filters (pot) using the slip casting technique and fired bisque (850?C - 900?C). The developed filter samples were subjected to physical properties tests, while analysis on the microbial and physio-chemical parameters of the filter-treated water samples were compared vis-a-vis the raw water samples. The results indicate that the developed filters were effective in the treatment of chemical contaminants detected in the raw water samples; with significant reductions in fluoride, lead, and sulphate levels amongst others. The resulting filter samples also showed viability in physical handling strength and flow rate; while the availability of the raw materials and the processing technique used, makes a good economic case for the production of the developed filters.

Performance and Economic Improvement in Vapor Adsorbers Using Structured Activated Carbon Media

Performance and Economic Improvement in Vapor Adsorbers Using Structured Activated Carbon Media