Action Preparedness Research Articles

Individual differences in working memory capacity and temporal preparation: A secondary reanalysis.

The ability to prepare and maintain an optimal level of preparedness for action, across some unknown duration, is critical for human behavior. Temporal preparation has historically been analyzed in the context of reaction time (RT) experiments where the interval varies between the start of the trial, or foreperiod (FP), and the required response. Two main findings have come out of such paradigms: the variable FP effect (longer RTs to shorter vs. longer FPs) and the sequential FP effect (longer RTs when shorter FPs follow longer FPs). Several theoretical views of these FP effects have been proposed with some suggesting a dissociation while others argue for an implicit process driven by memory traces. One possible method to test these views of FP effects is to examine how individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) moderate such effects. To this end, I reanalyzed data from three studies in which participants completed measures of WMC and a simple RT task with a variable FP. Results suggest that individual differences in WMC were related to the magnitude of the variable FP and the sequential FP effect in two of three individual studies. A "mega-analysis" provided supportive evidence for a relationship between WMC and both forms of FP effects. The present combined experimental-individual differences study provides a novel approach to better understand how and why individuals vary in temporal preparation ability. Through leveraging several large-scale databases unseen in FP research, I provide a new way of understanding FP effects and response timing more generally.

Views of Psychiatrists and Psychiatry Trainees on Climate Change: Distress, Training Needs, and Envisioned Role.

Increasing evidence demonstrates that climate change has effects on mental health. Given the magnitude of climate change's health consequences, mitigation and adaptation will require massive societal changes and the involvement of individuals and professional organizations. The aim of this research was to assess the views of psychiatrists and psychiatrists-in-training about climate change and its effects on health, perceived barriers to discussing climate change in their clinical, teaching, research, and advocacy work, personal preparedness for climate action, and expected roles of their professional organizations. The authors administered an online anonymous survey to members of two mid-Atlantic professional psychiatric organizations. Measures included an adaptation of The International Climate and Health Survey and demographic and career characteristics. Descriptive statistics for categorical variables were conducted. The majority of the 67 participants who completed the survey were White and senior in their career, and almost all were clinicians. Most were concerned about climate change and its mental health effects on patients and supported their organizations' engagement in activities related to this topic. Barriers to engagement in climate change action included lack of time and believing it would not make a difference. These findings demonstrate a desire of psychiatrists involved in teaching, research, and clinical work to address climate change and a need for training. These findings highlight the need for preparedness as newer generations face more disasters related to climate change, and experience psychological distress related to climate change.

Does Disaster Severity Have a Long-Term Effect on Survivors' Disaster Preparedness? A Survey a Decade after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in China.

Disaster experiences have long-term effects on disaster preparedness. This study examined the long-term (10-y) effect of disaster severity of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on survivors' disaster preparedness and the moderating effects of household vulnerability. The data were collected in January 2018 covering 30 counties in Wenchuan earthquake-stricken areas. The dependent variable was survivors' disaster preparedness (including overall, material, knowledge and awareness, and action preparedness) in 2018. Disaster severity included survivors' housing damage and county death rate caused by the earthquake in 2008. Household vulnerability is a set of conditions that negatively affects the ability of people to prepare for and withstand disaster, proxied by households' per-capita income and the highest years of schooling of household members. We performed multivariable linear regression models to answer the research questions. A higher county death rate was associated with better overall preparedness (β = 0.043; P < 0.05) and knowledge and awareness preparedness (β = 0.018; P < 0.05), but housing damage was not significantly associated with disaster preparedness. The positive association of county death rate with overall preparedness (β = -0.065; P < 0.05) becomes weaker when a household has a higher per-capita income. Also, with the household per-capita income increasing, the associations of county death rate with material preparedness (β = -0.037; P < 0.05) and action preparedness (β = -0.034; P < 0.01) become weaker. Disaster severity has positive and long-term effects on survivors' disaster preparedness. Also, the positive and long-term effects are affected by household vulnerability. Specifically, the positive and long-term effects of disaster severity on disaster preparedness are more substantial when a household is more vulnerable.

Temporal distortion for angry faces: Testing visual attention and action preparation accounts.

When asked to judge the duration of a face people typically overestimate the duration of angry compared with neutral faces. A novel feature of the current research was the inclusion of secondary manipulations designed to distort timing performance namely the effects of visual cues (Experiment 1) and action preparedness (Experiment 2). Furthermore, to establish whether the effects are multiplicative with duration, the effects were examined across two duration ranges (200-800 and 400-1,600 ms). Visual cues and instructions to prepare to act increased the tendency to judge faces as lasting longer. Experiment 1 revealed an unexpected underestimation effect for angry faces presented for short durations (200-800 ms). However, the effect was not replicated in Experiment 2 where the results were generally consistent with either an increase the speed of a pacemaker mechanism that resides within an internal clock or the widening of an attentional gate-the temporal overestimation effect for angry faces grew in magnitude from the short to long duration. Experiment 2 also showed that the temporal overestimation for angry faces was reduced in magnitude when participants were asked to prepare to either push or pull a joystick.

A network of empirical ethics teams embedded in research programmes across multiple sites: opportunities and challenges in contributing to COVID-19 research and responses.

Covid-19 continues to teach the global community important lessons about preparedness for research and effective action to respond to emerging health threats. We share the COVID-19 experiences of a pre-existing cross-site ethics network-the Global Health Bioethics Network-which brings together researchers and practitioners from Africa, Europe, and Southeast Asia. We describe the network and its members and activities, and the work-related opportunities and challenges we faced over a one-year period during the pandemic. We highlight the value of having strong and long-term empirical ethics networks embedded across diverse research institutions to be able to: 1) identify and share relevant ethics challenges and research questions and ways of 'doing research'; 2) work with key stakeholders to identify appropriate ways to contribute to the emerging health issue response - e.g., through ethics oversight, community engagement, and advisory roles at different levels; and 3) learn from each other and from diverse contexts to advocate for positive change at multiple levels. It is our view that being embedded and long term offers opportunities in terms of deep institutional and contextual knowledge, existing relationships and access to a wide range of stakeholders. Being networked offers opportunities to draw upon a wide range of expertise and perspectives, and to bring together internal and external insights (i.e.drawing on different positionalities). Long term funding means that the people and resources are in place and ready to respond in a timely way. However, many tensions and challenges remain, including difficulties in negotiating power and politics in the roles that researchers and research institutions can and should play in an emergency, and the position of empirical ethics within research programmes. We discuss some of these tensions and challenges and consider the implications for our own and similar networks in future.

Social and Humanitarian Support for the Professional Development of an Employee of the Internal Affairs Bodies

The object of research in the article is the process of professional development of an employee of the internal affairs bodies in the system of higher professional education. The subject of the study is the social and humanitarian support of the process of professional development of an employee of the internal affairs bodies. Social and humanitarian support is understood as the process of creating psychological and pedagogical conditions for optimizing the interaction of psychological and pedagogical support for self-actualization of the student's personality as a necessary condition for an in-depth understanding of modern problems of social and humanitarian knowledge and the existential orientation of the teacher's personality. The axiological component of this interaction is the creation of specific situations in the educational activities of the future employee of the internal affairs bodies, which requires him to psychologically move away from the state of learned helplessness, imitation of the understanding of the lack of subjectivity. The novelty of the research lies in the combination of problem-based learning and the student's psychological preparedness for action in extreme situations. This combination is achieved by combining modern psychological knowledge and practices with the social construction of the reality of the educational environment. The interaction of educational psychologists, professional psychologists, consultants and teachers of social and humanitarian disciplines is based on a departure from the existing reality that deforms the personality of the educational environment of higher education institutions of the power profile. The main method here is a philosophical dialogue between the student, the teacher-psychologist and the teacher of social and humanitarian disciplines. The main goal of this dialogue is the creation of groups-meetings aimed at creating a facilitative (helping) environment for self-actualization of the student's self, as a necessary psychological and pedagogical component of his professional maturity.

Forecasting vegetation condition with a Bayesian auto-regressive distributed lags (BARDL) model

Abstract. Droughts form a large part of climate- or weather-related disasters reported globally. In Africa, pastoralists living in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) are the worse affected. Prolonged dry spells that cause vegetation stress in these regions have resulted in the loss of income and livelihoods. To curb this, global initiatives like the Paris Agreement and the United Nations recognised the need to establish early warning systems (EWSs) to save lives and livelihoods. Existing EWSs use a combination of satellite earth observation (EO)-based biophysical indicators like the vegetation condition index (VCI) and socio-economic factors to measure and monitor droughts. Most of these EWSs rely on expert knowledge in estimating upcoming drought conditions without using forecast models. Recent research has shown that the use of robust algorithms like auto-regression, Gaussian processes, and artificial neural networks can provide very skilled models for forecasting vegetation condition at short- to medium-range lead times. However, to enable preparedness for early action, forecasts with a longer lead time are needed. In a previous paper, a Gaussian process model and an auto-regression model were used to forecast VCI in pastoral communities in Kenya. The objective of this research was to build on this work by developing an improved model that forecasts vegetation conditions at longer lead times. The premise of this research was that vegetation condition is controlled by factors like precipitation and soil moisture; thus, we used a Bayesian auto-regressive distributed lag (BARDL) modelling approach, which enabled us to include the effects of lagged information from precipitation and soil moisture to improve VCI forecasting. The results showed a ∼2-week gain in the forecast range compared to the univariate auto-regression model used as a baseline. The R2 scores for the Bayesian ARDL model were 0.94, 0.85, and 0.74, compared to the auto-regression model's R2 of 0.88, 0.77, and 0.65 for 6-, 8-, and 10-week lead time, respectively.

Hotspots in the immediate aftermath of trauma – Mental imagery of worst moments highlighting time, space and motion

Intrusive memories of trauma (memories that enter consciousness involuntarily) highjack cognitive processing, cause emotional distress, and represent a core symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder. Intrusive memories often contain the worst moment/s (‘hotspots’) of the trauma memory. Little is known about hotspots shortly after they are formed, i.e., in the first hours after trauma. We investigated the features of hotspots in trauma-exposed individuals (n = 21) within 72 h post-trauma, using linguistic analysis and qualitative coding. On average, participants reported three hotspots per traumatic event (M = 7.8 words/hotspot). Hotspots primarily contained words related to time, space, motion, and sensory processing. Most hotspots contained sensory features (97%) and motion (59%). Few cognitions and no emotion words were identified. Results indicate that hotspots collected shortly post-trauma are expressed as motion-rich sensory-perceptual experiences (mental imagery) with little detail about emotion/cognition. Findings are discussed in terms of the function of hotspots (e.g., preparedness for action) and clinical implications.

A network of empirical ethics teams embedded in research programmes across multiple sites: opportunities and challenges in contributing to COVID-19 research and responses

Covid-19 continues to teach the global community important lessons about preparedness for research and effective action to respond to emerging health threats. We share the COVID-19 experiences of a pre-existing cross-site ethics network-the Global Health Bioethics Network-which brings together researchers and practitioners from Africa, Europe, and South east Asia. We describe the network and its members and activities, and the work-related opportunities and challenges we faced over a one-year period during the pandemic. We highlight the value of having strong and long-term empirical ethics networks embedded across diverse research institutions to be able to: 1) identify and share relevant ethics challenges and research questions and ways of ’doing research’; 2) work with key stakeholders to identify appropriate ways to contribute to the emerging health issue response – e.g. through ethics oversight, community engagement, and advisory roles at different levels; and 3) learn from each other and from diverse contexts to advocate for positive change at multiple levels. It is our view that being both embedded and long term offers particular opportunities in terms of deep institutional and contextual knowledge and relationships with and access to a wide range of stakeholders in place. Being networked offers opportunities to draw upon a wide range of expertise and perspectives operating at multiple levels, and to bring together internal and external perspectives (i.e. different positionalities). Long term funding means that the people and resources are in place and ready to respond in a timely way. However, many tensions and challenges remain, including difficulties in negotiating power and politics regarding roles that researchers and research institutions play in an emergency, and the position of empirical ethics activities in programmes of research more specifically. We discuss some of these tensions and challenges, and consider the implications for our own and similar networks in future.

Political Participation and Request for Change: The Role of Education

The article tests the hypothesis, based on the concept of post-industrial society that people with higher education will be more politically active, especially in the manifestation of the demand for change. For this purpose, the materials of the All-Russian poll, organized in March 2021 by the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, are used to analyze the sociopolitical characteristics associated with political activism and the formation of a demand for change among different educational groups of Russians. The conclusion is made that, first, education in modern Russia does directly affect an individual's preparedness for political action: more educated Russians are more interested in the political life of the country and are more aware of their ability to influence the "rules of the game". Second, education does directly affect actual involvement in social and political activism. However, concerning conscious political participation, this effect relates not so much to everyday, regular, as to its extreme protest forms. Third, the education of Russians has no discernible correlation with the presence/absence of a liberal demand for change. In terms of meeting the minimum requirements for political participation, Russian educational groups currently correspond to the Western political science mainstream theory and the practices of developed countries. Nevertheless, the highlighted features of the political characteristics of Russians with higher and post-higher education (not all of the examined indicators are stable in dynamics, not all differences between educational groups are clearly expressed, and, in general, the participation of highly educated Russians in the political life of the country is rather formal) lead to the need for a more careful study of the findings not only of the Western scientific mainstream but also of alternative concepts of Third World researchers. In addition, it has been suggested that the emancipation of a group of highly educated Russians from the state is incomplete. Consequently, they are aware of their objectively central place and leading role in political life.

Kesiapan Pekerja Dalam Protokol Kesehatan di Tatanan Baru Era Pandemi Covid-19 Di Hotel XX

n protecting workers from the corona virus: COVID-19, the employment preparedness for preventive action must be carried out in accordance with health protocol. Preventive efforts are best practices to reduce the impact of COVID-19 at XX Hotels. Hotel XX has conducted a feasibility evaluation of the health protocol for the employment preparedness. This protocol aims to handle the prevention of Covid-19, especially for workers, guests and stakeholders. While the vaccine has not been given to the public/workers, the prevention of positive cases of Covid-19 expects all parties to implement the health protocol. The health protocol assessment results in XX Hotel show that the assessment achievement was 97% above the minimum 90%. Therefore, workers can be feasible to work according to the implementation of the health protocol and work with WFO (work from the office) in a new normal and get a certificate of eligibility for the health protocol.

Suspended sediment transport map for disaster mitigation in the upper course of Jangkok River

Jangkok River, a very important river for irrigation purposes in Lombok Island Indonesia is experiencing a rapid change in the land use of its watershed. The conversion of trees into seasonal crops in the watershed causes a decrease in the carrying capacity of the watershed and reduces its ability to prevent soil erosion. Environmental damages such as erosion and sedimentation along the river are becoming increasingly difficult to control. This paper proposed an idea to identify river conditions based on suspended sediment concentration. A series of field measurements of suspended sediment concentrations and river flow discharges were carried out to obtain the relationship between these two parameters. A resulting watershed map contains information on the rate of suspended sediment transport in the form of a suspended sediment-flow discharge rating curve is designed as a sediment conservation health indicator of the watershed. The map allows the authority to observe the condition of each river order in the upper course of the Jangkok River since the nearby tributaries are most likely to have their pattern of suspended sediment transport rate. The finding from this preliminary study can facilitate the drafting and implementation of the right policy in watershed conservation management planning which leads to preventive action and better preparedness in disaster mitigation.

Business Continuity in Relation to the Security of Organizations Against Threats Arising from the Declaration of a State of Epidemiological Emergency

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to determine how the development of business continuity plans will affect organizations' security in difficult to foresee crises. The study will be prepared on the example of the on-going pandemic caused by COVID-19. Design/Methodology/Approach: In the research process, theoretical research methods were widely used, i.e., bibliographic query, critical analysis of the subject literature and statistical data, selection, and evaluation of source and empirical materials. Analysis and synthesis, gradual abstraction, comparison, and generalization made it possible to begin the phase of inference in the context of global changes in the economy's functioning and, in particular, organizations comprising that economy. Findings: The research conducted made it possible to identify and describe the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and measures taken by organizations in the context of implementing and maintaining business continuity plans. Practical Implications: The research's contribution is to show the general interrelationships between business continuity about the security of organizations against threats arising from the declaration of a state of epidemiological emergency. Originality/Value: The uniqueness of the current situation is so important, interesting, and dynamic that it is worthwhile to pay attention to it and study it thoroughly. The paper constitutes a new contribution to research on crisis prevention, preparedness for action, response to a crisis, recovery of unavoidable consequences, and, most of all, ensuring the continued operation of organizations and improving their security.

Texas and World War I by Gregory W. Ball, and: North Carolina’s Experience during the First World War ed. by Shepherd W. McKinley, Steven Sabol, and: The American South and the Great War, 1914–1924 ed. by Matthew L. Downs, M. Ryan Floyd

Reviewed by: Texas and World War I by Gregory W. Ball, and: North Carolina’s Experience during the First World War ed. by Shepherd W. McKinley, Steven Sabol, and: The American South and the Great War, 1914–1924 ed. by Matthew L. Downs, M. Ryan Floyd Petra DeWitt Texas and World War I. By Gregory W. Ball. (Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 2019. Pp. [viii], 156. Paper, $20.00, ISBN 978-1-62511-050-3.) North Carolina’s Experience during the First World War. Edited by Shepherd W. McKinley and Steven Sabol. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2018. Pp. xx, 347. $50.00, ISBN 978-1-62190-414-4.) The American South and the Great War, 1914–1924. Edited by Matthew L. Downs and M. Ryan Floyd. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2018. Pp. viii, 248. $47.00, ISBN 978-0-8071-6937-7.) The centennial of World War I has contributed to new published studies about the conflict and its impact. The three works under review focus on the [End Page 202] home front in southern states and battlefront encounters by southern men. Together they offer new insight into regional experiences during a national emergency and thus fit well with the growing number of local studies about American involvement in the First World War. Individually, they demonstrate that, although the need to produce foodstuffs and weaponry hastened the transition of the agricultural economy of the South into a more modern and industrialized one, social and political traditions changed at a much slower pace despite new challenges brought on by the war. Texas and World War I by Gregory W. Ball is a concise study that evaluates the many changes the war caused in Texas. The author expertly places the arrival of World War I into the context of Texas’s heightened sense of preparedness for military action owing to the unrest along its border with revolutionary Mexico. Texans, like so many Americans, greeted the declaration of war with public assertions of patriotism, formed home guard companies in several communities to counter any potential threats from Mexico, joined American Red Cross chapters, and purchased more Liberty Bonds than required. The state’s Council of Defense created hundreds of county and community councils to coordinate the war effort at the local level. Despite drought conditions, Texas increased food and livestock production. Women in Texas, as they did throughout the nation, conserved food, served as nurses, and worked in factories. Although strained racial tensions contributed to the Houston riot in 1917, African Americans nevertheless held patriotic meetings, supported the war effort, and sent their men to war. Texans were also suspicious of foreigners, especially German immigrants who were not naturalized citizens. Newspapers fanned growing anti-German sentiment by publishing rumors of German spy activities and the arrests of suspected saboteurs. Ball, however, does not evaluate just how many of the accused actually received convictions under the Espionage Act (1917) and whether any of the existing German-language newspapers suffered as a result of the Trading with the Enemy Act (1917). Such analysis could have measured the depth of anti-German sentiment in the state. The remaining chapters focus on military aspects, especially the implementation of the Selective Service Act in Texas (1917), the turning of men into soldiers at several training camps in the state, and their experiences on the western front in Europe. The author effectively illustrates that the appeal to the volunteer spirit to enlarge the ranks of the Texas National Guard and the drafting of men into the regular army was quite successful because the state was already prepared for military action due to unrest along the Texas-Mexico border. Ball concludes that the war also had a political impact on the home front because younger politicians, such as Sam Rayburn, replaced the older ones and guided the nation into a new political direction by asking what power the national government had over its citizens. Ball has read numerous Texas and out-of-state newspapers and letters to learn about the battlefield encounters of Texas soldiers assigned to the Thirty-sixth and Ninetieth Army divisions. These primary accounts are the best aspect of this well-structured study. The...

Social Dimensions of Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems

Resilience is generally considered the capacity to tolerate, absorb, cope with, and adjust to changing social or environmental conditions while retaining key elements of structure, function, and identity. The social dimensions of resilience are vital to understanding the impacts of environmental changes, such as climate change, on social-ecological systems. In this Primer, we introduce key social factors that provide resilience in linked social-ecological systems, including (1) assets, (2) flexibility, (3) social organization, (4) learning, (5) socio-cognitive constructs, and (6) agency. Emerging frontiers of resilience include applying social-ecological network approaches, investigating power relations, and exploring how transformative versus adaptive changes can promote resilience. A further understanding of the social dimensions of social-ecological systems can provide valuable information on how these systems may respond to change and equip us with the knowledge to support or build resilience in vulnerable systems.

Birth Preparedness among Women Who Gave Birth in the Last Twelve Months in Jardega Jarte District, Western Ethiopia.

Background Lack of preparedness for rapid action in the event of obstetric complications was the major problem contributing for delay in receiving skilled obstetric care. This study aimed to assess birth preparedness and factors associated with it among women who gave birth in the last 12 months preceding the survey in Jardega Jarte district, Western Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to February 2016. A total of 581 women who gave birth recently were randomly selected for an interview. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Binary logistic regression was performed to identify predictive factors. Statistical significance was declared at p<0.05. Results From 581 questionnaires distributed, 570 were completed making the response rate 98%. The mean age was 28 with a standard deviation of 5 years. Ninety percent of the respondents were rural in residency. The average family size was 6 with a range of 13. Majority of the respondents were grand multipara, 261(45.6%). Despite the majority (69.3%) of the respondents reported as they made arrangement for birth, only 27.5% of them were well-prepared for birth and its complication management. Urban residency (AOR=3.4, 95% CI: 1.7-6.9), primipara (AOR=5.12, 95% CI: 2.4-10.8), history of obstetric complication (AOR=4.05, 95% CI: 2.4-7.75), and attending antenatal care (AOR=2.9, 95% CI: 1.67-5.16) were independently associated with preparation for birth and its complication. Conclusion This study revealed that only about a quarter of pregnant women were well-prepared for delivery and complication management. Urban residencies, history of past obstetric complications, availing antenatal care, primipara, and absence of an under-five child in the household during recent delivery were predictors of birth preparedness. On the other hand, availing health service to such rural areas, giving more attention to the grand multiparous mothers with large family size will be important interventions to prevent pregnancy-related complications. Such efforts would benefit from accessing antenatal care and family planning services.

Decoding network patterns for urban disaster prevention by comparing Neihu district of Taipei and Sumida district of Tokyo

In this study, we performed routes network transport and emergency shelters capacity rate analyses to determine the accessibility and efficacy of urban patterns, and established a quantitative method for supplying priorities for actions of "Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030". By comparing two case studies, we used Space Syntax to develop two important indicators, Rn and CR, to present geographic information and hazard risk in a physical environment. This research also found potential function of Rn and decoded some patterns for urban planners or decision makers as follows：The most efficient configuration of the road network was not in the old areas of these two case studies because the several turns decreased the connectivity of the networks. And the CR indicator shown other findings about the quality of public facilities and services as follows：The service capacity of the emergency shelters was surveyed to indicate a higher correlation of residents population and preparedness security for disaster management. Therefore, with finding some risks that had not been encountered before, we addressed this proposed method is feasible and reliable to enhance the disaster preparedness for action regarding the 4th priority of “Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030”.

Erratum.

Physiological ReportsVolume 5, Issue 6 e13230 ErratumOpen Access Erratum This article corrects the following: Startle evoked movement is delayed in older adults: implications for brainstem processing in the elderly Ursina A. Tresch, Eric J. Perreault, Claire F. Honeycutt, Volume 2Issue 6Physiological Reports First Published online: June 11, 2014 First published: 22 March 2017 https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13230AboutSections ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat doi: 10.14814/phy2.12025 In (Tresch et al. 2014), the following error was published in the Mechanism driving startReact delay subsection. The Marinovic citation is presented in the final version as: Marinovic and Tresilian 2014 This is incorrect and should instead be: Marinovic et al. 2014 The same citation is also left out in the References list. We apologize for the error. References Marinovic, W., J. R. Tresilian, A. de Rugy, S. Sidhu, and S. Riek. 2014. Corticospinal modulation induced by sounds depends on action preparedness. J. Physiol. 592: 153– 169. Tresch, U. A., E. J. Perreault, and C. F. Honeycutt. 2014. Startle evoked movement is delayed in older adults: implications for brainstem processing in the elderly. Physiol. Rep. 2: e12025. Volume5, Issue6March 2017e13230 ReferencesRelatedInformation

The phenomenology of protest atmosphere: A demonstrator perspective

AbstractThis paper aims to improve our understanding of demonstrators' atmosphere perceptions, that is, demonstrators' affective state, which is induced by the protest environment. We examined how demonstrators perceive protest atmosphere, why they do so, and whether atmosphere perceptions influence demonstrators' future collective action preparedness. We hypothesized that demonstrators' atmosphere perceptions diverge on a dimension of pleasure, and relate to their grievance (i.e., perceived societal intolerance), group identification, empowerment, and perceived police aggression. A pleasant atmosphere perception was expected to stimulate a demonstrator's future action preparedness. We tested these hypotheses with a mixed‐methods dataset of two Dutch protests, staged by Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, and Transgenders and anti‐monarchists. Our analyses revealed that demonstrators' atmosphere perceptions diverge on a dimension of pleasure, and relate to group identification, empowerment, and, for anti‐monarchists, perceived societal intolerance. A pleasant atmosphere perception deters a demonstrator's future action preparedness and also stimulates his or her group identification and empowerment, which, then, stimulate his or her action preparedness. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Negative emotions facilitate isometric force through activation of prefrontal cortex and periaqueductal gray

Emotions are considered to modulate action readiness. Previous studies have demonstrated increased force production following exposure to emotionally arousing visual stimuli; however the neural mechanisms underlying how precise force output is controlled within varying emotional contexts remain poorly understood. To identify the neural correlates of emotion-modulated motor behaviour, twenty-two participants produced a submaximal isometric precision-grip contraction while viewing pleasant, unpleasant, neutral or blank images (without visual feedback of force output). Force magnitude was continuously recorded together with change in brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Viewing unpleasant images resulted in reduced force decay during force maintenance as compared with pleasant, neutral and blank images. Subjective valence and arousal ratings significantly predicted force production during maintenance. Neuroimaging revealed that negative valence and its interaction with force output correlated with increased activity in right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), while arousal was associated with amygdala and periaqueductal gray (PAG) activation. Force maintenance alone was correlated with cerebellar activity. These data demonstrate a valence-driven modulation of force output, mediated by a cortico-subcortical network involving rIFG and PAG. These findings are consistent with engagement of motor pathways associated with aversive motivation, eliciting defensive behaviour and action preparedness in response to negative emotional signals.