Actinomyces Sp Research Articles

Selected Actinomycetes as Potential Biostimulant of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L) in Mali

Aims: This study aims to formulate at least one efficient biostimulant based on actinomycetes that promotes good eggplant growth in Mali. Study Design: The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with three replications and four treatments randomly distributed. The treatments were three Actinomycete strains (Act, S1 and St1) and a non inoculated control and the mode of application (inoculation or spraying) of these treatments were considered as blocking factor. Place and Duration of Study: The trials were conducted in Bamako, in the Greenhouse of the LaboREM-Biotech situated on the colline of Badalabougou. Methodology: Eggplant seeds inoculated or not with Actinomyces sp. Ts1, Actinomyces sp. S1 and Actinomyces sp. Act; were randomly sown in plastic pots filled with approximately 2.50 kg of air-dried soil. The first block sown with coated seeds and the second with non-inoculated seeds and seedlings from them pulverized. Leaf length, leaf area, leaf diameter, leaf area, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, plant height and root length were determined. Results: Eggplant seed inoculated with all the tested Actinomycetes strains had significantly enhanced leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf area, leaves fresh weight. The highest results were obtained with the strain Act, followed by strain St1. Sprayed treatment improved eggplant leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf area, leaves fresh weight, leaves dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight; compared to the coated treatment Conclusion: Field application of actinomyctes may reduce production cost, by increasing eggplant growth and fruit yield while reducing production cost. The present work showed that Act and Ts1 using spray method were best suited for eggplant. Actinomyces sp. Act produced the highest leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf area, leaves fresh weight. Therefore, Actinomyces sp. Act is suggested as bioinoculant for eggplant.

Exploring the Uncommon: Mandibular Osteomyelitis in Pediatric Patient – A Case Report

Introduction: Osteomyelitis is often found in 60-70% of all body regions, but in the jaw area, it rarely occurs, especially in children, and with the development of antibiotics, the incidence of jaw osteomyelitis is decreasing. Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory bone condition involving the medulla and periosteum, one of the causes of which is bacterial infection. The diagnostic support with the best accuracy in this case is a CT scan, with precise imaging of the lines of the lytic lesion, medullary sclerosis, and bone sequestra. Case: A 4-year-old girl patient complained of swelling on the left cheek and a bluish colour on the chin. The patient complained of losing six primary teeth in the lower region, with greenish discharge and bad breath. CT-Scan results showed destructive lytic lesions in the ramus, angle, corpus, left mandibular symphysis, and hyperostosis. The patient was diagnosed with osteomyelitis of the mandible. Case Management: Sequesterectomy and debridement under general anaesthesia, with anatomical pathology results showing mandibular osteomyelitis due to Actinomyces sp. The patient experienced no complaints and significant healing results from treatment. Conclusion: One of the bacteria that plays a role in mandibular osteomyelitis is Actinomyces sp. Proper diagnostic support and surgical planning can determine maximum postoperative results. Keywords: mandibular osteomyelitis, pediatric, sequester ectomy, Actinomyces sp.

Isolation and Screening of Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria from Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils in Awka, Southeast, Nigeria

Background: Biosurfactants are a variety of groups of active compounds produced by various types of microorganisms. Bacterial surfactants are suitable for a range of applications in the oil industry, food, agriculture, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and bioremediation. Therefore, the search for sustainable alternatives to production of chemical biosurfactant is widely being encouraged.
 Aim: The present study aimed to isolate and screen bacterial species for biosurfactant production.
 Methodology: Two hundred soil samples collected from hydrocarbon contaminated soils in Awka, Nigeria, were cultured on casein starch agar. The isolates were screened for biosurfactant production stability and antimicrobial activity.
 Results: Primary screening on the 87 recovered isolates using drop collapse, oil spreading, haemolysis tests showed that 16 isolates (18.39%) were biosurfactant producers. Secondary screening resulted in 9 isolates with good emulsification index (E24) ranging from 42.18% to 74.07%. The culture supernatant of the isolates containing biosurfactants were stable at varying pH (2 – 12), temperature (4 - 121˚C) and salinity (2 – 20%). Most isolates have antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Based on oil spreading, emulsification index and antimicrobial activity, four of the isolates, ASP, AS1, DS4, DS8, were selected as most efficient in biosurfactant production. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA genes classified ASP as Streptomyces sp, AS1 as Actinomyces sp, DS4 and DS 8 as species of Alcaligenes faecalis.
 Conclusion: All the species investigated were observed to be active biosurfactant producers. The stability of the biosurfactants, and their antimicrobial nature, make them suitable candidates for use in various industrial sectors.

PHAs production by facultative anaerobic bacteria Bacillus cereus FM5 through submerged and solid-state fermentation under anoxic condition.

PHAs (polyhydroxyalkanoates) are the bio-polyester synthesized by different aerobic and anaerobic bacteria as energy storage granule. However, its synthesis by anaerobes or facultative anaerobes is an imperative part of their physiology via assimilating broad range of substrates than aerobes. Thus, three Gram positive facultative anaerobic PHAs producers viz., Enterococcus sp. FM3, Actinomyces sp. CM4 and Bacillus sp. FM5 were selected. Among them, Bacillus sp. FM5 showed higher cell biomass production in MSM (mineral salt medium) comprised of glucose & peptone as carbon & nitrogen source at pH 9, temperature 37°C, inoculum 10% and incubation period 72h. Under optimized condition, Bacillus sp. FM5 produced 0.89 and 1.5gl-1 of PHAs through submerged and solid-state fermentation in anoxic condition. In-silico analysis confirmed the facultative anaerobic PHAs producing bacteria as Bacillus cereus FM5. IR spectra of PHAs illustrated a strong absorption peak at 1718.50cm-1 representing carbonyl ester (C=O) functional group of PHB (polyhydroxybutyrate), belonging to the family PHAs. It is the first report demonstrating PHAs production by Bacillus cereus FM5 in anoxic condition through different bioprocess technology, which may pave the way in the arena of further biopolymer research.

Molecular detection of some Vancomycin Pathogenic bacteria in Basrah Governorate

The current study aimed to study the resistance of some species Bacterial resistance to the antibiotic vancomycin. 121 samples were collected and grown on Chocolate Agar medium for isolating pathogenic bacteria. and then It was grown on Nutrient Agar medium for pure colonies. These bacteria were diagnosed using phenotypic methods, biochemical tests, and 16SrRNA gene. The results reported that 40 (33.3%) resistant strains appeared, of which 13 were males with a percentage of (32.5%), while the number of female samples was 27 with a percentage (67.5%) and the rest were sensitive to this antibiotic. done during the study The current study obtained four types of bacteria resistant to vancomycin: 24 strains (60%) belonging to Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, 11 strains (27.5%) belonging to Proteus mirabilis bacteria, 4 strains (10%) of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, and one strain (2.5%) for Actinomyces sp. As for the presence of resistance genes, Vancomycin, where the current study recorded the presence of 17 bacterial strains containing both VanA and VanB genes (42.5%), while the VanA gene was present in 8 strains (20%), and the VanB gene was present in 6 strains (15%), and 9 appeared Strains (22.5%) do not possess either of the two genes (VanA and VanB), although they were resistant to vancomycin, and this may be due to their possession of other resistance genes or other mechanisms of resistance to this antibiotic.

Association of Tumor Microbiome and Hypoxia Expression Signatures in Different Anatomic Subsites of Head and Neck Cancer

<h3>Purpose/Objective(s)</h3> Tumor response to radiation is dependent on the presence of oxygen with hypoxic tumors requiring a two to three-fold higher dose of radiation to achieve clinical equipoise. Head and neck squamous cell cancers (HNSCC) are the most hypoxic among various cancers, as observed in the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset of 10,700 samples. Potentially related to this, tumor microenvironment (TME) in specific subsites has more anaerobes compared to the normal oral mucosa. The purpose of our study was to analyze the relationship between tumor subsite, hypoxia, and the local tumor microbiome in HNSCC using data from TCGA. <h3>Materials/Methods</h3> Tumor RNAseq samples from TCGA were processed through the exoTIC (exogenous sequencing in tumors and immune cells) pipeline to identify and count exogenous sequences, filter contaminants, and normalize expression values. The software ‘tmesig' was used to calculate gene expression signatures of the TME, including the Buffa hypoxia (BH) score, a validated gene signature that uses 52 hypoxia-regulated genes. Microbe relative abundances were modeled as the response variable with primary tumor location and a high vs low tertile BH score as predictor variables using a gamma-distributed generalized linear regression via the "stats'' package in R. Adjusted p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 357 patients were included [Oral cavity (OC) = 226, Oropharynx (OPx) = 53 and Larynx/Hypopharynx (LHPx) = 78] out of which HPV was present in 12.8%, 71.7% and 10.3% patients respectively in OC, OPx and LHPx tumors. The mean (SD) BH scores were 2.38 (18.17), -3.38 (20.45) and -4.97 (16.74) in OC, OPx and LHPx tumors, respectively, with higher values indicating greater hypoxia. The hypoxia signature was significantly higher for OC tumors compared to OPx (p= 0.044) and LHPx (p = 0.002), but was not statistically different between OPx and LHPx tumors (p= 0.625). Patients with upper tertile of BH scores had 395 microbes significantly enriched in tumors vs 307 microbes in patients with lower tertile of BH. The hypoxia expression signature was significantly associated with 413, 206 and 130 microbes in the OC, OPx and LHPx, respectively. Different strains of microbes were significantly associated with hypoxia depending on the tumor location, specifically, <i>Pseudomonas sp</i> in OC, <i>Actinomyces sp</i> and <i>Sulfurimonas sp</i> in OPx, and <i>Filifactor sp</i> in LHPx. In OPx cancer, there were no microbes significantly associated with hypoxia conditional in the presence of HPV. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Oral cavity tumors were associated with the greatest degree of hypoxia among HNSCC subsites, suggesting a potential mechanism for radiation resistance. In this study, we were able to identify an association between specific anaerobic microbes and relative hypoxia in different tumor subsites. Further investigation is required to determine if this is a causal relationship and whether modification of the microbiome in the TME can lead to reduced hypoxia and improved radiosensitivity and outcomes.

Bioactive secondary metabolites from marine Actinomyces sp. AW6 with an evaluation of ADME-related physicochemical properties

This study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic potentials of the marine actinomycetes spp. isolated from the Red Sea water, Hurghada, Egypt. Out of 80 actinomycetes isolates, one isolate AW6 was selected based on its antioxidant activity (IC50 about 5.24 µg/mL which scavenged 91% of formed DPPH free radicals) and antimicrobial potential against E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis, and P. aeruginosa, A. niger, and C. albicans. The strain was identified based on phenotypic and genotypic analysis, and deposited in the GenBank with accession number OK090864.1. Cultivation of the selected strain on rice, chromatographic purification, and structural elucidation led to the isolation of two compounds C1: umbelliferone, and C2: 1-methoxy-3-methyl-8-hydroxy-anthraquinone. The antimicrobial activity of the obtained compounds showed that C1 and C2 have low antibacterial activity toward S. aureus and E. coli with no pronounced activity toward P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, and A. niger. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of C1 and C2 revealed that C2 has a good antioxidant activity, with DPPH scavenging activity reaching (55.25%), followed by C1 (30.20%). Moreover, both compounds displayed anti-Gyr-B enzyme activity with IC50 value of (3.79 ± 0.21 µM) for C1, and (IC50 = 13 ± 0.71 µM) for C2. The ADME-related physicochemical properties of the obtained compound were predicted using SwissADME web tools and the ProToxii webserver was used to estimate in silico toxicity.

Insights from shotgun metagenomics into bacterial species and metabolic pathways associated with NAFLD in obese youth.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of liver disease and is often the precursor for more serious liver conditions such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Although the gut microbiome has been implicated in the development of NAFLD, the strong association of obesity with NAFLD and its effect on microbiome structure has made interpreting study outcomes difficult. In the present study, we examined the taxonomic and functional differences between the microbiomes of youth with obesity and with and without NAFLD. Shotgun metagenome sequencing was performed to profile the microbiomes of 36 subjects, half of whom were diagnosed with NAFLD using abdominal magnetic resonance imaging. Beta diversity analysis showed community‐wide differences between the groups (p = 0.002). Specific taxonomic differences included increased relative abundances of the species Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans (p = 0.042), Romboutsia ilealis (p = 0.046), and Actinomyces sp. ICM47 (p = 0.0009), and a decrease of Bacteroides thetaiotamicron (p = 0.0002), in the NAFLD group as compared with the non‐NAFLD group. At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes (p < 0.0001) was decreased in the NAFLD group. Functionally, branched‐chain amino acid (p = 0.01343) and aromatic amino acid (p = 0.01343) synthesis pathways had increased relative abundances in the NAFLD group along with numerous energy use pathways, including pyruvate fermentation to acetate (p = 0.01318). Conclusion: Community‐wide differences were noted based on NAFLD status, and individual bacterial species along with specific metabolic pathways were identified as potential drivers of these differences. The results of the present study support the idea that the NAFLD phenotype displays a differentiated microbial and functional signature from the obesity phenotype.

The bacteriome of the oral cavity in healthy dogs and dogs with periodontal disease.

To compare the bacteriome of the oral cavity in healthy dogs and dogs with various stages of periodontal disease. Dogs without periodontal disease (n = 12) or with mild (10), moderate (19), or severe (10) periodontal disease. The maxillary arcade of each dog was sampled with a sterile swab, and swabs were submitted for next-generation DNA sequencing targeting the V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene. 714 bacterial species from 177 families were identified. The 3 most frequently found bacterial species were Actinomyces sp (48/51 samples), Porphyromonas cangingivalis (47/51 samples), and a Campylobacter sp (48/51 samples). The most abundant species were P cangingivalis, Porphyromonas gulae, and an undefined Porphyromonas sp. Porphyromonas cangingivalis and Campylobacter sp were part of the core microbiome shared among the 4 groups, and P gulae, which was significantly enriched in dogs with severe periodontal disease, was part of the core microbiome shared between all groups except dogs without periodontal disease. Christensenellaceae sp, Bacteroidales sp, Family XIII sp, Methanobrevibacter oralis, Peptostreptococcus canis, and Tannerella sp formed a unique core microbiome in dogs with severe periodontal disease. Results highlighted that in dogs, potential pathogens can be common members of the oral cavity bacteriome in the absence of disease, and changes in the relative abundance of certain members of the bacteriome can be associated with severity of periodontal disease. Future studies may aim to determine whether these changes are the cause or result of periodontal disease or the host immune response.

Perfil microbiano de los conductos radiculares de dientes con infección pulpar en ghaneses

Introduction: Pulpal and periapical infections are initiated by microorganisms when they gain access to the dental pulp. The success of root canal treatment principally depends on the eradication of the micro-organisms in the root canal system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the viable microbial profile of root canals with various stages of infection in Ghanaians. Material and Methods: Forty-four consecutive patients with sixty teeth referred to the Restorative Dentistry Clinic requiring root canal treatment were recruited. Root canal samples were collected from the teeth with sterile paper points. The samples were processed and subjected to microbial analysis and identification using Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). Results: A total of 259 isolates were recovered from the 60 infected root canals, belonging to twenty different microbial genera. Out of the 259 microbial species isolated, only two were Candida albicans, a fungi; 257 (99.2%) were bacterial isolates belonging to 19 genera. The 19 genera encompassed 53 bacterial species, out of which 26 (49.1%) were identified as facultative anaerobes, 15 (28.3 %.) as obligate anaerobes and 12 (22.6%) were aerobes. Streptococcus species (Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus constellatus) were the most predominant isolates, followed by Prevotella sp, Actinomyces sp, Enterococcus faecalis and Rothia sp respectively. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that infected root canals are polymicrobial in nature. The determination of the microbial profile aids in understanding the pathogenesis of pulpal and periradicular infections and helps in choosing effective antimicrobial irrigation and medicament for root canal treatment.

Complete Genome Sequence of Human Oral Actinomyces sp. HMT897 Strain ORNL0104, a Host of the Saccharibacterium (TM7) HMT351.

Actinomyces sp. HMT897 strain ORNL0104 was isolated from a human saliva sample and can serve as a host for the ectobiont Saccharibacteria (TM7) HMT351. Its 3.3-Mb chromosome was completely sequenced using PacBio long reads, and it encodes 2,407 proteins and 63 RNAs.

Intermicrobial Hitchhiking: How Nonmotile Microbes Leverage Communal Motility.

Motility allows many microbes to traverse their environment to find nutrient sources or escape unfavorable environments. However, some microbes are nonmotile and are restricted to their immediate conditions. Intriguingly, sporadic reports have demonstrated that many nonmotile microbes can utilize the motility machinery of other microbes in their vicinity. This form of transportation, called hitchhiking, has been observed with both prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes. Importantly, many hitchhiking microbes are pathogenic to humans or plants. Here, we discuss reports of intermicrobial hitchhiking to generate a comprehensive view of hitchhiking mechanisms and how such interactions may influence human and plant health. We hypothesize that microbial hitchhiking is ubiquitous in nature and may become the subject of an independent subfield of research in microbiology.

Complete Genome Sequence of Strain BB001, a Novel Epibiont Bacterium from the Candidate Phylum Saccharibacteria (TM7).

Strain BB001 is cultivated from the human oral cavity on its basibiont bacterial host Actinomyces sp. It is an ultrasmall bacterium with a reduced genome that grows obligately on its bacterial host. BB001 is the first member of human microbiome taxon 957.

DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES OF ORAL LESIONS IN A PATIENT AFTER HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION

Oncohematologic patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are at risk of developing opportunistic oral infections and malignant neoplasms. The objective of this report is to describe 3 diagnostic challenges of oral lesions that affected the same posttransplant patient: an atypical herpes simplex virus lesion in ventral tongue, a gingival actinomycosis infection, and later a leukemic infiltration on the soft palate. A 57-year-old female patient first complained of a progressive and painful sublingual nodule for 3 days at D+35 of HSCT by extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, and final diagnoses were atypical herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 infection. Two months later, ulcerated lesions in the vestibular and palatal gingival margin of the left upper molars were noted, with final diagnosis of Actinomyces sp infection. Fifteen days later, an erythematous lesion with necrotic center was observed in the soft palate, and the diagnosis was palatal infiltration by extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma.

Isolation and identification of Endophytic Fungus Fusarium sp from Agarwood (Aquilaria sp) population originated from the forest of Aceh Tamiang district, Indonesia

Aquilaria sp is one of higher plant types that can produce agarwood. Agarwood is commonly stimulated by the biological response of endophytic fungal infection of Fusarium sp. This research aims to isolate and identify endophytic fungus Fusarium sp from Aquilaria sp populations originated from the forest of Aceh Tamiang District. The pure isolates of Fusarium sp derived from Aquilaria sp that reinfected on Aquilaria sp populations to stimulate agarwood formation. The endophytic fungal isolates of Fusarium sp were growth on a selective media of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) containing antibiotics Streptomycin 10 µg/dl and Chloramphenicol 25µg/dl. Ten percent of infected Aquilaria sp from the population was taken aseptically. Isolation and identification of endophytic fungus Fusarium sp were conducted from June to August 2016. The results showed that within 10 infected Aquilaria sp, several microbe species were found such as three Fusarium sp, six Aspergillus sp, two Rhizopus sp, two Penicillium sp, one Bacillus sp, one Actinomyces sp and one Streptomyces sp species. The result of identification towards three species of endophytic fungus Fusarium sp that has been purified were srongly suspected to be Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium monyliformae.

Comparison of floor bacterial load in different types of rabbit cages

Rabbits are housed on various types of cages including single tier, multi- tier cages etc. The effect of housing system on the floor bacterial load is variable, and its effect on animal production is limited. An attempt has been made to evaluate and compare the floor bacterial load between single-tier and multi-tier caging system in rabbitary. The study was carried out in rabbitary which housed broiler rabbits. The samples were taken in sterile cotton tipped swabs. The floor bacterial load was determined by dilution method where serial dilutions were done with sterile normal saline. An aliquot of 1 ml was taken from dilution and poured in sterile petri plates in triplicate and mixed with liquefied sterilized plate count agar. Following incubation, the bacterial colonies were counted. The bacterial load in the single-tier was comparatively lower than the multi-tier cage even before washing of cages. There was significant difference (P&lt;0.01) in the floor bacterial load before (1.73x1012±0.30) and after water wash (1.35x1011±0.29) and between single (1.50x109±0.30) and multi-tier cages (1.35x1011±0.29). The bacteria up to genes level found using Hi-Media bacterial kit were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Flavobacterium sp, Micrococcus sp, Proteus sp, Mannheimia sp, Klebsiella sp, Bordetella sp, Bacillus sp, Actinomyces sp, Cornybacterium sp and Pseudomonas sp. This study concluded that reduced bacterial load found in single tier may be due to good aeration and better handling facilities. In single tier cage the dung and urine gets settled at the floor which facilities easy washing which slows down the bacterial growth.

Breast cancer in postmenopausal women is associated with an altered gut metagenome

BackgroundIncreasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota play a role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. The composition and functional capacity of gut microbiota associated with breast cancer have not been studied systematically.MethodsWe performed a comprehensive shotgun metagenomic analysis of 18 premenopausal breast cancer patients, 25 premenopausal healthy controls, 44 postmenopausal breast cancer patients, and 46 postmenopausal healthy controls.ResultsMicrobial diversity was higher in breast cancer patients than in controls. Relative species abundance in gut microbiota did not differ significantly between premenopausal breast cancer patients and premenopausal controls. In contrast, relative abundance of 45 species differed significantly between postmenopausal patients and postmenopausal controls: 38 species were enriched in postmenopausal patients, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp_1_1_55, Prevotella amnii, Enterococcus gallinarum, Actinomyces sp. HPA0247, Shewanella putrefaciens, and Erwinia amylovora, and 7 species were less abundant in postmenopausal patients, including Eubacterium eligens and Lactobacillus vaginalis. Acinetobacter radioresistens and Enterococcus gallinarum were positively but weakly associated with expression of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; Shewanella putrefaciens and Erwinia amylovora were positively but weakly associated with estradiol levels. Actinomyces sp. HPA0247 negatively but weakly correlated with CD3+CD8+ T cell numbers. Further characterization of metagenome functional capacity indicated that the gut metagenomes of postmenopausal breast cancer patients were enriched in genes encoding lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, iron complex transport system, PTS system, secretion system, and beta-oxidation.ConclusionThe composition and functions of the gut microbial community differ between postmenopausal breast cancer patients and healthy controls. The gut microbiota may regulate or respond to host immunity and metabolic balance. Thus, while cause and effect cannot be determined, there is a reproducible change in the microbiota of treatment-naive patients relative to matched controls.

Genomic Analysis of Actinomyces sp. Strain CtC72, a Novel Fibrolytic Anaerobic Bacterium Isolated from Cattle Rumen

A xylanolytic and cellulolytic anaerobic bacterium strain CtC72 was isolated from cattle rumen liquor. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain CtC72 shared only 97.78% homology with its nearest phylogenetic affiliate Actinomyces ruminicola, showing its novelty. The strain could grow on medium containing xylan, carboxymethyl cellulose and avicel producing CO2, acetate, and ethanol as major fermentation products. The whole genome analysis of the strain CtC72 exhibited a broad range of carbohydrate-active enzymes required for the breakdown and utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. Genes related to the production of ethanol and stress tolerance were also detected. Further there were several unique genes in CtC72 for chitin degradation, pectin utilization, sugar utilization, and stress response in comparison with Actinomyces ruminicola. The results show that the strain CtC72, a putative novel bacterium can be used for lignocellulosic biomass based biotechnological applications.

Osteomyelitis of the maxilla caused by Actinomyces sp.

Osteomyelitis of the maxilla caused by Actinomyces sp.

The oral bacterial microbiome of occlusal surfaces in children and its association with diet and caries.

Dental caries is the most prevalent disease in humans globally. Efforts to control it have been invigorated by an increasing knowledge of the oral microbiome composition. This study aimed to evaluate the bacterial diversity in occlusal biofilms and its relationship with clinical surface diagnosis and dietary habits. Anamneses were recorded from thirteen 12-year-old children. Biofilm samples collected from occlusal surfaces of 46 permanent second molars were analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing combined with the BLASTN-based search algorithm for species identification. The overall mean decayed, missing and filled surfaces modified index [DMFSm Index, including active white spot lesions (AWSL)] value was 8.77±7.47. Biofilm communities were highly polymicrobial collectively, representing 10 bacterial phyla, 25 classes, 29 orders, 58 families, 107 genera, 723 species. Streptococcus sp_Oral_Taxon_065, Corynebacterium matruchotii, Actinomyces viscosus, Actinomyces sp_Oral_Taxon_175, Actinomyces sp_Oral_Taxon_178, Actinomyces sp_Oral_Taxon_877, Prevotella nigrescens, Dialister micraerophilus, Eubacterium_XI G 1 infirmum were more abundant among surfaces with AWSL, and Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus sp._Oral_Taxon_058, Enterobacter sp._str._638 Streptococcus australis, Yersinia mollaretii, Enterobacter cloacae, Streptococcus sp._Oral_Taxon_71, Streptococcus sp._Oral_Taxon_F11, Centipeda sp._Oral_Taxon_D18 were more abundant among sound surfaces. Streptococcus mutans was detected on all surfaces in all patients, while Streptococcus sobrinus was detected only in three patients (mean relative abundances 7.1% and 0.6%, respectively). Neither species differentiated healthy from diseased sites. Diets of nine of the subjects were scored as high in fermentable carbohydrates (≧2X/day between meals). A direct association between relative abundances of bacteria and carbohydrate consumption was observed among 18 species. High consumption of fermentable carbohydrates and sound surfaces were associated with a reduction in bacterial diversity. PCoA plots displayed differences in bacterial community profiles between sound and diseased surfaces. Our study showed that, in addition to mutans streptococci, other species may be associated with the initiation of dental caries on occlusal surfaces, and that biofilm diversity of tooth surfaces is influenced by carbohydrate consumption and a surface’s health status.