Actual Punishment Research Articles

PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY OF CRIME DETECTION (ZIGMUND FREUD ON CRIME)

Sigmund Freud is recognized worldwide as the original psychoanalyst founded to form theories and concepts surrounding the existence of mental illness and its nature in relation to human behavior. Throughout his psychological and psychoanalytic studies, Freud concluded that behavior can be explained through the investigation of one's experiences and traumas by accounting for the motivation of a person's actions. Interpretation of his findings concluded that a person can adapt his/her behavior from childhood experiences to become part of the hidden state of consciousness He studied unobservable behaviors, parts of personality that are not clearly visible within one's nature and at a basic level, cannot be explained. In 1923, Freud created a psychological idea or theory that the human mind had three elements that conceptually make up the "Psyche". The Id (instincts), Ego (reality), and Superego (morality) are not tangible physical areas within the brain, but rather entities that Freud concluded make up the human personality. What Freud called the "psychic apparatus," three elements of the human personality are now established as the unconscious level that dictates biological desires and instincts. Psychoanalytic criminology is a method of studying crime and criminal behavior that is based on Freudian psychoanalysis. This theory or school of thought examines the personality and psyche (especially the unconscious) for motive in crime. Other areas of interest are fear of crime and the act of punishment. Criminal behavior is attributed to maladjustment and dysfunctional personality. According to Buhagiar, "psychoanalytic criminologists were not against the principle of solitary confinement and often favored increased punishment."

Periodic update rule with Q-learning promotes evolution of cooperation in game transition with punishment mechanism

Cooperative behavior assumes a critical role in resolving conflicts arising between collective and individual interests, while punishment measures serve as a robust deterrent against opportunistic free-riding. Within this context, evolutionary game theory (EGT) emerges as an indispensable paradigm for addressing this multifaceted issue. When it comes to introspection behaviors, reinforcement learning (RL) methods exhibit remarkable capabilities to capture agents’ cognitive processes. Nonetheless, previous research has often focused on a static and time-invariant update rule, neglecting the dynamic nature of real-world scenarios where individuals can flexibly transit between strategies in periodic time-dependent patterns. Here, we propose periodic update rules with Q-learning algorithm and game transition model with a punishment mechanism that grants cooperative agents the autonomy to exercise discretion in deciding whether to initiate punishment actions. The agents display dynamic rules periodically through game model transitions, thus ensuring EGT’s inherent adaptability. By employing Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, we analyze the emergence of cooperation that underscores the substantial enhancement of cooperative behavior through the proposed periodic update rules with Q-learning algorithm and game transitions in the presence of punishment. Our study highlights the indispensable significance of appropriate periodic intervals for updating rules and determining optimal punishment costs in the game transition model as critical elements for fostering the evolution of cooperation in real-world scenarios.

Policy Forum: Using Retributive Justice To Ensure Public Trust in Canada's Tax System

To ensure public trust in the tax system, retributive justice must be present. That is, tax offenders must be held accountable for their unethical behaviour and punished in accordance with tax laws. In this article, the authors first summarize recent academic research about the deterrent effect of knowledge of others' tax-crime punishments. They classify this research into two categories: archival "naming-and-shaming" research and experimental tax ethics research. Next, they report the results of a survey of adult Canadian taxpayers in which they assess the perceived severity of tax-crime punishments. They compare these survey results with aggregate tax-crime punishment data in Canada and show that there is an expectations gap between what Canadians believe constitutes appropriate punishment for tax crimes and actual punishments. Finally, the authors discuss enforcement and other challenges for tax authorities in bringing about retributive justice, and consider other ways in which tax authorities might make tax offenders accountable for their crimes. Their ultimate suggestion is that the Canada Revenue Agency needs to increase its perceived power by increasing the frequency of actual prosecutions for tax evasion. Recent proposals for reform of the general anti-avoidance rule may lead to more prosecutions.

Child Victims and the Punishment of UN Peacekeepers for Sexual Exploitation and Abuse

Abstracts A growing subset of peacekeeping literature focuses on explaining peacekeeper sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) of civilians within postconflict protection. However, what happens after the abuse has received limited attention. Most of the time, peacekeepers do not receive any type of punishment following abuse allegations. What explains why peacekeepers are punished for abuse allegations? I argue that the presence of child victims increases the chances that peacekeepers are punished. Two mechanisms are highlighted through which the presence of child victims increases the chance of punishment: (i) the increased moral and legal obligation of UN member states to protect children and (ii) the increased shaming and media focus on child victims, which heightens public focus. The empirical analyses of UN and Troop-Contributing Country punishment actions between 2007 and 2017 provide robust support for the argument that the presence of child victims increases peacekeeper punishment. This research builds on studies of SEA, peacekeeping dynamics, and victimhood.

Illegal privatisation of critical infrastructure facilities: Problematic aspects and ways to solve them

The relevance of the subject of study is due to the practical importance of protecting critical infrastructure facilities in the context of increasing potential threats from criminal encroachments associated with the illegal privatisation of such facilities. The purpose of the study is to analyse the current state of criminal legal protection of critical infrastructure from illegal privatisation, develop separate recommendations on the specifics of organising an investigation into the illegal privatisation of critical infrastructure objects, and provide proposals for improving the national system for protecting critical infrastructure from illegal privatisation. The methodological approach to the study was based on using a diagnostic method, by which privatisation is considered both as a social and legal phenomenon. Methods of analysis, dogmatic, formal-legal, modelling, comparative-legal are also used. The study provided for a comprehensive review and examination of the current state of regulatory regulation of the protection of critical infrastructure facilities from illegal privatisation in the criminal legal dimension. It is established that in Ukraine, it is insufficient and needs to be improved. Proposals on criteria for assigning critical infrastructure objects to privatisation processes, creating legal mechanisms for their alienation into private ownership and ensuring proper state control over their further functioning are substantiated. The study focuses on the specifics of starting a pre-trial investigation of the illegal privatisation of critical infrastructure facilities and organising a pre-trial investigation, considering the forensic classification of criminal offences committed during the privatisation process. It is proposed to supplement Article 233 of the Law of Ukraine on criminal liability with a separate qualification composition, which would establish criminal liability for the illegal privatisation of critical infrastructure facilities, providing for the commission of this socially dangerous act of punishment in the form of imprisonment. The results obtained are of practical importance in the development and substantiation of theoretical provisions, conclusions and recommendations for improving the national system for protecting critical infrastructure from criminal offences

Implementation Chatbot on Discord for Information Assistance and Conflict Prevention

Discord, which was originally created for the gamer community, can now be found used by hobby groups and communities that are used for shared learning purposes. But the downside is the gamer culture that comes with it. Rude and toxic words that are synonymous with the gamer community should be avoided in study group communities. Meanwhile, the facilities for minimizing harsh and toxic words are still limited to word filters that can be tricked so that they can still be sent to the chat room. This can trigger conflict and interfere with learning activities together. This paper proposed an information assistance chatbot that is able to answer question, and conflict prevention with detection toxic sentences using pre-processing from NLP (Natural Language Processing) and text classification so that the chatbot is able to limit toxic sentences a little more accurately than the word filter feature alone. Also, Chatbots are given the ability to determine the value / level of toxic conversations so that they are had been able to determine the punishment action to be carried out by warning, suspending, or even being issued for the most severe cases. In addition, by looking at the frequency of sending messages from several senders, which indicates toxic, it was able to determine when the conflict occurs. The result shows that chatbot can work fine to answer question and detecting toxic include do punishment to toxic sender. With 10% error on detecting conflict and 30% error on answer question. That 30% error false positive on make an answer that should not be answered.

Corporal Punishment in Educational Context: Criminal Law Regulatory Framework


 Teachers may impose sanctions or Corporal Punishment on students for educational purposes. In several cases, the Corporal Punishment action taken by the teacher resulted in the imposition of criminal sanctions on the teacher. This paper describes the perspective of criminal law settlement in Corporal Punishment cases. This paper uses the normative juridical research method, which examines the application of positive legal norms. Hence, this paper interprets the corresponding law in the means of textually. Furthermore, researchers use a conceptual framework to illustrate a teacher’s professional duties and Corporal Punishment. Finally, this research uses qualitative descriptive analysis supported by a case approach. This research found that applying life skill-based and contextual learning methods may prevent the aftermath of teachers’ Corporal Punishment. Teachers, carrying out their professional duties, may avoid criminal charges for Corporal Punishment if these actions do not exceed reasonable limits, which result in student losses, both physically and psychologically. The functionalization of criminal law may be prevented using ultimum remedium in resolving Corporal Punishment cases. This may occur in settlement through restorative justice, which involves various parties in the educational process. Alternatively, criminal law settlement may be used in Corporal Punishment cases. Judges may apply the concept of individualized punishment in imposing sanctions on teachers who are proven guilty of Corporal Punishment. Finally, this paper recommends a psychological intervention to assess educators’ mental capacity. This may take form through periodic assessments to determine the competence of teachers as educators.

Medical Treatment of Criminals in Premodern China Based on Qing Era Local Archives: Focusing on the Case of Ba County in the late 18th Century.

This study aimed to confirm what kind of medical treatment was given to criminals by the local governments in Qing China and the role of the government doctors in charge of the criminals' medical care. Using local administrative and historical materials, I explore the procedures and methods of medical treatment and explain the treatment processes for criminals. The findings demonstrate that, although different from modern ideals, in premodern China under the emperor's rule, there were provisions for ailing criminals to receive medical treatment. In the Qing era, the execution of actual punishments worked as a keynote of judicial policy, and the number of criminals managed by local government offices was larger than before. The government doctors took charge of the criminals' medical treatment, but it seems that their position in the Qing era was not popular due to low salaries and psychological resistance to treating guilty criminals. Moreover, the government doctors dispatched to treat criminals were required to play an additional role. They had to testify that there were no other causes of death other than disease, which demonstrates that the government doctor played a role in determining whether the death was a crime. However, their treatment practices for criminals demonstrate the use of traditional medicine from the Tang and Song era onwards. There are two reasons for this. First, unlike the private market, there was no economic incentives for doctors to use new medicines and prescriptions. Second, because of the fear of being reprimanded for the death of the criminal, using classical prescriptions was a way for doctors to defend the adequacy of their medical practice. From an institutional perspective, medical care for criminals through government doctors was guaranteed during the Qing era. However, government doctors were not selected for their medical competence, nor were they provided with adequate incentives to practice good medical care. Even some government doctors devoted themselves to medical care, the quality of care was not systematically guaranteed. This provides evidence of the poor medical environment surrounding criminals in premodern China.

Prediction Machine Learning Models on Propensity Convicts to Criminal Recidivism

Increasing internal state security requires an understanding of the factors that influence the commission of repetitive crimes (recidivism) since the crime is not caused by public danger but by the criminal person. Against the background of informatization of the information activities of law enforcement agencies, there is no doubt about the expediency of using artificial intelligence algorithms and blockchain technology to predict and prevent crimes. The prediction machine-learning models for identifying significant factors (individual characteristics of convicts), which affect the propensity to commit criminal recidivism, were applied in this article. For predicting the probability of propensity for criminal recidivism of customers of Ukrainian penitentiary institutions, a Decision Tree model was built to suggest the probability of repeated criminal offenses by convicts. It was established that the number of convictions to the actual punishment and suspended convictions is the main factors that determine the propensity of customers of penitentiary institutions to commit criminal recidivism in the future. Decision Tree models for the classification of convicts prone or not prone to recidivism were built. They can be used to predict new cases for decision-making support in criminal justice. In our further research, the possibility of using the technology of distributed registers/blockchain in predictive criminology will be analyzed.

Indian society of organ transplantation: New Era

Dear Esteemed colleagues, I am writing this column after taking over as ISOT president being supported by the proactive executive committee. Former president Prof. Sunil Shroff had provided new initiatives in 2021–2022, which have gone above and beyond in leading by example with regard to team working, cross-specialty collaboration, and raising awareness of how the social determinants of health such as organ donation drive affect and save many lives. I congratulate his leadership for these endless efforts. Prof. Manisha Sahay editor-in-chief of the Indian Journal of Transplantation has commendably published every edition suitably representing the broad spectrum of scientific literature. As she demits editorship, I say a big thank you, as she hands over the reins of the journal to Prof. Narayan Prasad. As we are all aware of the lacunae in transplantation immunology, transplant-related infections, and appropriate transplant-related multiple organ biopsy interpretation, I convened a zoom meeting of Prof. Dolly Daniel (Immunologist), Prof. Priscilla Rupoli (Infectious disease), and Prof. Seethalakshmi (Pathologist) with Prof. Vivek Kute last week to form subcommittees. These three will work 24 × 7 through the website to give timely support to all transplant facilities across India. I express my thanks for their commitment. Having been the organizing chairman for ISOT 1997 and 2015 in Chennai, I understand how pressurized is our transplantation landscape. I request our trainee nephrologists, urologists, Pathologists, infectious disease people, other multi-organ transplant physicians, and surgeons to join the society to strengthen our society and be beneficiaries. The collaborative efforts undertaken by ISOT, the British Transplant Society, and the European Society of Transplantation on a mutually respectable platform will accelerate our efforts in terms of the exchange of knowledge. Short-term and long-term fellowship programs and other exchanges should be utilized to the best of our efforts. Our young members in the executive and membership are exemplary value to the society. They are an absolutely vital part of our commitment to encourage upcoming youngsters to develop an active role in future issues that matter to them in our influencing work. The pandemic greatly disrupted our work. Nevertheless, Prof. Vivek Kute and other colleagues put in extraordinary efforts to show the transplant community across the world of our challenges and solutions through publications. They deserve special appreciation. Although we lost some patients during the first and second waves, we gained much-desired experience in the management of our patients. As the misinformation and paucity of information and unnecessary hype created by some media demoralized our eminent doctors and uncalled punishment action by certain government authorities falling prey to misinformed advice, we have to stand together as a responsible body to take and deal with these challenges effectively. The discussion highlighting legal issues by Prof. Sanjay Agarwal along with ISN and facing the media in a previous incident was highly educative. We require a strong legal cell to protect our doctors. I also look forward to bidding for a future WCT in India. I take this opportunity to congratulate the three Indians Prof. Manikkam Suthanthiran, Dr. Gomathy Narasimhan, and Prof. Vivek Kute for receiving prestigious awards by TTS at the WCT in Buenos Aires, Argentina. They are the face of India. I wish you all a Happy New Year. Figure 1 is the picture of Prof. Krishna Menon, President BTS; Gabriel Oniscu, President ESOT; and myself.Figure 1: Gabriel Oniscu, Georgi Abraham, Krishnan Menon

The UN voluntary compact and peacekeeping abuse: assessing a soft law solution for sexual exploitation and abuse

ABSTRACT In 2017, to address the increasingly visible and prevalent occurrence of peacekeeper sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) of civilians under their protection, the UN Secretary-General created a Voluntary Compact on state behaviour. As of 2020, 103 states signed the agreement. Building on the robust literatures of human rights law, sexual abuse, and conflict, I examine whether signing the Voluntary Compact has any relationship with the levels of reported abuse, punishing accused SEA perpetrators, and funding victim relief efforts. Through quantitative analysis of annual reports of reports of SEA and punishment actions from the UN Conduct in Field Missions unit 2007–2019, I find that Troop Contributing Countries that signed were more likely to issue national-level punishments in cases of severe abuse and to contribute to victim funding. However, there is not a clear finding of any reduction of reported abuse following signature. I conclude by discussing the Voluntary Compact as a mixed-success story for soft international law so far. Given its lack of teeth, this finding is important as the UN and other international organisations continue to prevent and punish peacekeeper SEA and use nonbinding international law.

The cognitive foundations of tacit commitments: A virtual bargaining model of dynamic interactions

People often make, and are held to account for, purely tacit commitments in interactions with other people: commitments that have never been explicitly articulated or agreed. Moreover, unspoken, tacit commitments are often perceived as binding: people often stick to, and are expected to stick to, these commitments, even where it might seem against their interests to do so. If they do not stick to these commitments, they may be punished, and expect to be punished, by others as a result, even if the act of punishment is itself costly for the punisher. These commitments have been widely seen as a crucial underpinning for human collaboration and cooperation. Yet how do such commitments arise, and are they compatible with human rationality? This paper provides a formal, reasoning-based account of tacit commitments based on “virtual bargaining”—a mode of reasoning that joins elements of individualistic and collaborative reasoning. We complement existing accounts by showing that even purely self-interested individuals can, under certain conditions, tacitly commit to punishing counterparts who violate an unenforceable agreement, or to cooperating in dynamic games, including the Centipede game and the finitely repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma game.

Law Enforcement Against Bribery Perpetrators and Grantors of Lobster Seed Export Permits at the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries

Corruption becomes an extraordinary act of punishment so that it is necessary to impose the heaviest sentence. The bribery of lobster seeds at the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries is very sad when viewed from the glasses of the Law. This research uses normative legal analysis by analysing and reviewing both primary and secondary legal materials to obtain legal materials relevant to legal issues that have been formulated in the study. The results of this study are charged with imprisonment for life or imprisonment of at least 4 (four) years and a maximum of 20 (twenty) years, and a fine of at least two hundred million rupiahs and at most one billion rupiahs. The conclusion of this study is the application of criminal enforcement for bribery perpetrators and export licensees according to the provisions of the Corruption Act for state organisers is considered not yet maximal because the minimum illegal conviction period is five years.

Orthodox Christianity and War

The subject of this article is the Orthodox Christianity’s approach to war. Christians of other denomination have developed an elaborate theory of war, so-called “Just War Theory” (JWT), which has also been accepted by non-Christians and even secular thinkers regarding the nature and justification of war. A vast literature has been produced in a dire attempt to render perfect the world by insisting on the claim that war is the act of punishment for breaking the law. The result is an epistemological ease from which everything seems evident in advance including who is right and who at fault, who is and who is not favored by God. By removing from war an essential feature – that it is a form of conflict – JWT takes away the concept of reciprocity and introduces an in advance declared inequality which enables removal of uncertainty about the war’s outcome. In Orthodox Christianity, the situation is different. With still live debate whether to persevere or abandon original Christian pacifism, for Orthodox Christianity, war is always a combination of cataclysm and temptation and far less Manichean than anything present in JWT. The aim of war is peace; but, however necessary, justice is an insufficient condition for justification. The difference between “justness” and “justification” is preserved through the uncertainty whom God, at war’s end, loves more, because both victors and vanquished remain and continue to be in His grace. Losing a war, as such, does not turn the vanquished into criminals, nor does victory give the vanquisher the right of revenge for defending oneself. The latter approach to war has significant potentialities: preserving the distinction of ius ad bellum and ius in bello, preserving reciprocity, mutual respect and trust, impossibility of incrimination of war per se, the possibility of honorable defeat, etc.

Eco-evolutionary dynamics of cooperation in the presence of policing

Ecology and evolution are inherently linked, and studying a mathematical model that considers both holds promise of insightful discoveries related to the dynamics of cooperation. In the present article, we use the prisoner’s dilemma (PD) game as a basis for long-term apprehension of the essential social dilemma related to cooperation among unrelated individuals. We upgrade the contemporary PD game with an inclusion of evolution-induced act of punishment as a third competing strategy in addition to the traditional cooperators and defectors. In a population structure, the abundance of ecologically-viable free space often regulates the reproductive opportunities of the constituents. Hence, additionally, we consider the availability of free space as an ecological footprint, thus arriving at a simple eco-evolutionary model, which displays fascinating complex dynamics. As possible outcomes, we report the individual dominance of cooperators and defectors as well as a plethora of mixed states, where different strategies coexist followed by maintaining the diversity in a socio-ecological framework. These states can either be steady or oscillating, whereby oscillations are sustained by cyclic dominance among different combinations of cooperators, defectors, and punishers. We also observe a novel route to cyclic dominance where cooperators, punishers, and defectors enter a coexistence via an inverse Hopf bifurcation that is followed by an inverse period doubling route.

ЛИЧНОСТНЫЕ ПРОЕКЦИИ ЖИТЕЛЕЙ АРКТИЧЕСКОГО СЕВЕРА В ОЦЕНКЕ ПРЕДЕЛОВ ГУМАНИЗАЦИИ УГОЛОВНЫХ НАКАЗАНИЙ

The article presents the results of the study of personal projections in assessing the limits of punishment humanization in the practice of criminal justice. The topic relevance is determined by the discussions held in various social institutions in recent years. Public opinion is a particularly important component of such discussions (We understand public opinion as the opinion of citizens who are the direct subjects of determining the measure of punishment). It is necessary to note the degree of scientific novelty of the proposed study. The problems of psychological justification of the norms, measures and limits of criminal punishment, the perception of its mechanisms, forms of influence and subjective meanings are poorly studied both in the framework of general and legal psychology. The authors attempt to study the personal characteristics of respondents who assess the limits of punishment humanization in criminal proceedings, depending on the characteristics of regional living conditions. For the study the authors have chosen the areas of the Arctic North, these areas are of particular interest for research owing to its climatic, ethno-cultural, socio-economic identity, reflected in the formation and implementation (projections) of personal characteristics. The study involved respondents from the Arctic North: Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, KhantyMansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra. The study sample was represented by four groups of respondents, divided by age and gender. The study covers three projections of personality, emotional, intellectual and intuitive. For this, a well-adapted and sufficiently verified methodological toolkit was selected. In accordance with the purpose of the study, we determined the subjective assessment of the respondents about the degree of criminal punishment for various types of crimes. The range of assessment was in the range of values "humanization - dehumanization". The result of the study was the conclusion that the personal projection in assessing the limits of criminal punishment humanization for the inhabitants of the Arctic North has a number of specific features. For example, respondents with an intellectual projection of personality reject the idea of humanizing criminal punishment. Subjective assessments of actual punishment are perceived by them as underestimated, not meeting their expectations. The assessments of respondents with emotional personality projection are considered to be the most underestimated in the field of environmental crimes. The group of respondents with an intuitive personal projection determines the most smoothed multidirectional subjective assessments. The possibility of humanizing criminal punishment is currently rejected by all respondents in the sample under study. Respondents of all groups with different personal projections (male and female samples) assess the existing level of criminal punishment as insufficiently effective, as not meeting their personal expectations.

"Parirás com Dor": a violência obstétrica revisitada

Diante de um contexto social em que predominam os partos instrumentais, via cirurgia cesariana, nos hospitais particulares, e a “cascata de intervenções” nos partos vaginais dos hospitais públicos brasileiros, o movimento de mulheres marcou o início do século XXI com a nomeação da “violência obstétrica”. A compreensão da violência obstétrica abarca desde agressões físicas, psicológicas, verbais, simbólicas, sexuais até negligências nas assistências, discriminação, medicalização excessiva e inapropriada, adesão a práticas obstétricas desaconselhadas, dolorosas, prejudiciais e sem embasamento em evidências científicas,vividas no momento da gestação, parto, nascimento e pós-parto. Os aspectos dessa violência – com imposição de dor, sofrimentos e mortes evitáveis – se encontram legitimados pela ciência obstétrica eautorizados pelo Estado como assistência à saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Argumentamos que a violência obstétrica é um ato misógino de punição às mulheres, resultado de séculos de negação de sua sexualidade e capacidade de decidir. A proposta do artigo é refletir sobre como se deu tal autorização política para violentar os corpos de mulheres, assim como sua naturalização e invisibilização justificadas pela ciência e porcertas práticas obstétricas. Sendo parte de uma pesquisa mais ampla, foram privilegiadas, aqui, análises históricas de cunho feministas cujo acervo de conhecimentos permitiu rastrear o processo de elaboração doconceito e mostrar como as relações intrínsecas entre parto e políticas de Estado, via diferentes assistências – pública e privada –, coordenam a disciplina sobre os corpos expropriados das mulheres.

Curbing Cyberloafing: Studying General and Specific Deterrence Effect with Field Evidence

Although the General Deterrence Theory has frequently been employed to study the prevention of misconduct associated with computer use, the common reliance on survey data makes it difficult to measure the general and specific deterrence effects. We use one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experiment based on data from a monitoring system covering 230 employees for nine months to study general and specific effects of two interventions: the reminder about possible punishment of cyberloafers and the actual punishment. The interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) with ARIMA modelling employed to study the longitudinal effects of the interventions allowed to deliver novel findings. Punishing the violators of organizational policy affected both the punished and unpunished employees (decrease in cyberloafing by 41% and 24%, respectively). The effect was maintained for three months, that is until the end of our dataset. The punishment had a stronger effect on unpunished employees located closer in the organizational structure to the punished ones than on the remaining unpunished employees. Moreover, we show that reminder about the possibility of punishment brought no statistically significant effect, likely due to the earlier experience of punishment avoidance. We discuss implications for theory and designing organizational policies intended to curb cyberloafing.

Curbing cyberloafing: studying general and specific deterrence effects with field evidence

ABSTRACT Although the General Deterrence Theory has frequently been employed to study the prevention of misconduct associated with computer use, the common reliance on survey data makes it difficult to measure the general and specific deterrence effects. We use one-group pre-test-post-test quasi-experiment based on data from a monitoring system covering 230 employees for nine months to study general and specific effects of two interventions: the reminder about possible punishment and the actual punishment. The interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) with ARIMA modelling employed to study the longitudinal effects of the interventions allowed to deliver novel findings. Punishing the violators of organisational policy affected both the punished and unpunished employees (decrease in cyberloafing by 41% and 24%, respectively). The effect was maintained for three months, that is until the end of our dataset. The punishment had a stronger effect on unpunished employees located closer in the organisational structure to the punished ones than on the remaining unpunished employees. Moreover, we show that reminder about the possibility of punishment brought no statistically significant effect, likely due to the earlier experience of punishment avoidance. We discuss implications for theory and designing organisational policies intended to curb cyberloafing.

Genesis 1–11: A Narrative-Theological Commentary

Genesis 1–11: A Narrative-Theological Commentary