Acrylonitrile-methyl Methacrylate Research Articles

Novel approach for optimizing mechanical and damping performance of MABS composites reinforced with basalt fibers: An experimental study

The purpose of this research is to explore how basalt fibers, when compounded in specific proportions, impact the mechanical and damping attributes of methyl methacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (MABS). The fabrication process involved compounding basalt fibers in a twin-screw extruder at four distinct weight percentages: 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, with an MABS matrix. This study uniquely employs a comprehensive suite of characterization techniques including dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile tests, and density measurements to evaluate the composite's performance. The research significantly reveals that the integration of basalt fibers enhances the damping characteristics of MABS composites, as confirmed by DMA. Additionally, micro-CT scans provide unprecedented insights into the uniform distribution of basalt fibers within the MABS matrix, thereby elucidating the underlying mechanisms for the observed improvements. TGA data further bolsters the composite's thermal resilience, revealing its aptitude for high-temperature applications. Our findings establish a novel correlation between the basalt fiber weight percentage and the damping properties, revealing a non-monotonic relationship. This study thus not only augments the understanding of MABS based composites but also opens new avenues for the exploitation of basalt fibers in advanced composite materials, particularly in terms of their damping capabilities.

Carbon microspheres/carbon sheets as efficient electromagnetic wave absorbers

To address the issue of weak absorption intensity and narrow frequency band in pure dielectric electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing materials, this study adopts a simple method to successfully prepare a pure dielectric EMW absorption material by modifying acrylonitrile–methylmethacrylate copolymer carbon microspheres (co-AN-MMA@CS) with capsaicin-like 3,5-dimethylphenol derivative (DMPD). The introduction of DMPD into the carbon microspheres increases the heteroatoms (N, O) in the carbon material, thus resulting in functional groups (-C-N, –NO, and C–O) that enable energy loss through dipole polarization. Additionally, the special morphology of carbon microspheres attached or embedded in carbon sheets derived from DMPD increases the inhomogeneous interfaces, thereby increasing the interface polarization relaxation and further attenuating EMWs. The resulting carbon material with the optimal structure (denoted as CNO-2) exhibits superior EMW absorption properties. At a thickness of 2.50 mm, the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) reaches −63.10 dB at 13.14 GHz, whereas the maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EABmax) reaches 6.81 GHz (8.95–15.76 GHz). CNO-2 has excellent EMW absorption capabilities due to the controllable complex dielectric constant and multiple attenuation mechanisms, including interfacial polarization, dipole polarization, and conduction loss. The CNO absorbers prepared in this study can be used as efficient microwave absorbers for electromagnetic protection applications.

Enhancing vibration damping properties of MABS/VDT blends using SEBS-g-MAH as a compatibilizer

This investigation focuses on the enhancement of the damping properties of Methyl Methacrylate Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (MABS) through the formulation of a specific blend with a styrene-based elastomer referred to as VDT, and with the incorporation of Ethylene Butylene Styrene grafted Maleic Anhydride (SEBS-g-MAH) as a compatibilizer. In contrast to traditional investigations that primarily focus on the mechanical rigidity, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity of materials, this research explores the enhancement of damping properties via the process of melt compounding. Using a twin-screw extruder in a precise melt-mixing process, a multiphase polymer blend is generated by including three different weight ratios (10, 20, and 30 wt.%) of VDT. Furthermore, in order to enhance the compatibility between MABS and VDT, three different weight percentages of SEBS-g-MAH (2, 4, and 6 wt.%) have been used in the blend. Tensile testing, laser confocal microscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), are used to thoroughly assess the compatibility and effectiveness of the blends. The results indicate that the damping performance of the blend increases in direct proportion to the amount of VDT. Conversely, the addition of SEBS-g-MAH has a non-monotonic effect: the inclusion of 4 wt.% SEBS-g-MAH leads to the most substantial improvements in both damping performance and tensile strength, exceeding the results obtained with 2 wt.% and 6 wt.% compatibilizer. The study highlights the need for carefully choosing the right wt.% of compatibilizers when aiming to formulate polymer blends with enhanced vibration dampening properties.

Experimental evaluation of poly methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene transmission welding using mold-integrated simultaneous laser welding technology

Automotive lamps have not only functional roles but also highly esthetic purposes in the design of a car. As such, they use complex three-dimensional shapes to implement various designs. The main manufacturing challenge comes from the plastic bonding process of the complex components, which currently is done by thermal bonding, ultrasonic bonding, and laser welding. Laser welding processes with a narrow joint area are preferred since they require minimal joint area and produce no burr. In this study, an optimization study for simultaneous bonding of lamps is carried out using multiple light sources generated by connecting specially manufactured bundle optical fibers with a diode laser source. The diode laser beams with a wavelength of 915 nm and a power of 80 W, each, were simultaneously delivered through a 30-optical fibers bundle. The fibers were integrated within the mold that holds the lamp achieving transmission welding through the overlapped upper transparent polymer PMMA (IF850) and the lower nontransparent polymer ABS (HL121H). The process parameters investigated were the laser power, duration time, waveguide gap, and clamping pressure. We present optimized process parameters that achieved no pores and relatively uniform melting. In the shear test, the average load was approximately 1300 N, and the base sheet fractures along the welding joints were observed.

Miscibility, thermal degradation and rheological analysis of epoxy/MABS blends.

The effect of the addition of the methyl methacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (MABS) copolymer on the miscibility, thermal degradation and rheological properties of epoxy systems is described. Epoxy resin/MABS blends containing 5, 10, 15 and 20 phr MABS were prepared using the solution mixing technique. Homogenous blends obtained using this technique have undergone a polymerization reaction induced phase separation process by the introduction of the curing agent 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS). The isothermal rheology at four different temperatures, 150, 160, 170 and 180 °C, was used to examine the effect of MABS on the gelation and vitrification time. The evolution of storage modulus, loss modulus and tan delta was found to be closely related to the evolution of complex phase separation. The increase in the complex viscosity during curing was determined by in situ rheometry and theoretically analysed by fitting with the Williams-Landell-Ferry equation. An exponential increase in complex viscosity was observed, which was induced by cross-linking. The variation of Tg before and after curing was studied using DSC analysis and dynamic kinetic modeling of the curing process was carried out by utilizing dynamic DSC scans. Thermal stability studies of completely cured epoxy/MABS blends using thermogravimetric analysis revealed that all the blends and neat epoxy exhibited single step degradation. Thermal degradation kinetics was calculated using the Coats Redfern equation.

Enhancement of viscoelastic property of MABS processed by melt compounding and injection molding

AbstractThis work is focused on developing a new type of polymer blend to improve the viscoelastic property of methyl methacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (MABS). A multi‐phase binary polymer blend was prepared by melt mixing in a twin screw extruder with three different weight ratios (10, 20, and 30 wt%) with a dynamically vulcanized alloy consisting mostly of fully cured ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) particles encapsulated in a polypropylene (PP) matrix trade name Santoprene and an engineered styrene based thermoplastic elastomer trade name VDT to enhance the viscoelastic property of the blends. The compatibility and performance of the binary blend were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), laser microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and tensile analysis. The DMA analysis of the samples revealed that the damping performance was significantly increased with the incorporation of the elastomeric phase into the MABS matrix. In addition, the morphological analysis revealed that VDT is more compatible with MABS compared to Santoprene. The NMR and FT‐IR analysis further supported the reason for higher compatibility of VDT and MABS blend. The improvement of the damping properties has been observed with the increased wt % of the VDT and Santoprene in the blends.

Improving the Heat and Ablation Resistance of Silicone Rubber Composites by Incorporating Hollow Microspheres.

For thermal protection materials (TPMs) which are used to protect space vehicles from extreme thermomechanical environments, the thermal conductivity of the original material and the char layer that has formed during ablation plays a significant role in determining the ablation performance. In order to investigate this, in this study, we introduced glass hollow microspheres (GHMs), phenolic hollow microspheres (PHMs), and acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate copolymer hollow microspheres (AMHMs) into silicone rubber (SR), and the ablation performance of these composites was systematically studied. The thermogravimetric results showed that the residue yield of the SR composites was increased with the incorporation of the hollow microspheres. Compared to the SR composites without the hollow microspheres, the residue weight values under 800 °C (R800) of the SR composites with the 30 parts of fumed silica per hundred of the SR (phr) addition of GHMs, PHMs, and AMHMs were increased from 10.11% to 21.70%, 18.31%, and 20.83%, respectively. The ablation tests showed that the addition of the AMHMs enhanced the ablation performance of the SR composites because the linear ablation rates and the backplane temperature were clearly decreased when compared to the SR composites without the hollow microspheres. This work provides an effective and potential method for preparing thermal protection materials with an improved ablation performance.

Morphology and blowing agent encapsulation efficiency of vinylidene chloride copolymer microspheres synthesized by suspension polymerization in the presence of a blowing agent

ABSTRACTPolymer microspheres were synthesized by the suspension copolymerization of vinylidene chloride (VDC), acrylonitrile (AN), and/or methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of a paraffin blowing agent. The effects of the monomer composition, crosslinking agent content, blowing agent type, and content on the morphology and blowing agent encapsulation efficiency of the microspheres were investigated. The porous and non‐core–shell structure microspheres with a low encapsulation efficiency of blowing agent were formed when VDC was copolymerized with individual AN or MMA, whereas microspheres with a good core–shell structure and a high encapsulation efficiency of blowing agent were formed when the feeding monomer mass ratios of VDC–AN–MMA were 50/20/30, 60/20/20, and 70/20/10. The addition of 0.2–0.4 wt % divinyl benzene crosslinking agent (on the basis of monomer mass) was favorable to the formation of core–shell structure microspheres with a high encapsulation efficiency of blowing agent. Microspheres with wrinkled surfaces and a pronounced internal topography were formed as the carbon atom number of paraffin increased from 5 to 7. The encapsulation efficiency of blowing agent increased as the carbon atom number and content of paraffin blowing agent increased. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44376.

Kinetics of water vapor diffusion in resins

The water vapor sorption and desorption kinetics were monitored in methyl methacrylate–acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer (MABS), bromobutyl, ethylene–propylene–butadiene monomer (EPDM) rubber, and butyl rubber at various temperatures by gravimetric method. Modified thermogravimetric analysis system was built and used. The geometry of the samples was approximating that of the infinite two-sided plane sheet of certain thickness. The coefficients of water vapor diffusion in polymers were deduced by comparing the experimentally monitored kinetics and kinetics computed using diffusion coefficients as adjustable parameters. The activation energies of water vapor diffusion in these polymers were deduced in the temperature range from 30 to 75 °C. The activation energy of diffusion was 45.9 kJ mol−1 in bromobutyl rubber, 46.4 kJ mol−1 in butyl rubber, 60.3 kJ mol−1 in EPDM rubber, and 43.5 kJ mol−1 in MABS. Compensation effect was observed for water vapor diffusion in this series of polymers. Compensation effect parameters were determined to be, a = −23.9/ln(cm2 s−1) and b = 0.49/(mol kJ−1) × ln(cm2 s−1), in fair agreement with published data for water diffusion in polymers.

New bio-hybrid materials for bioremoval of crude oil spills from marine waters

We report, for the first time, on the successful use of the new type of bio-hybrid materials (BHM) on the basis of polymeric nonwoven material made from methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile (MA) which is an efficient oil-absorbent. The biomass and biomass-derived cell-structured support materials of duckweed plants (Wolffia arrhiza, Lemna minuscula) were incorporated into polymeric fibers and association of oil-degrading bacteria was immobilized. The bacteria immobilized on BHM with duckweeds structures (BHM + AD) degraded 93–97% of n-alkanes in artificial sea water after 25 days of incubation and removed the adsorbed oil from the polymer fibers almost completely whereas the oil-degrading efficiency of the bacteria immobilized on the additive-free MA was ca. twice lower. It is suggested that, in oligotrophic sea water, the plant-derived structures might furnish biogenic elements for the immobilized microorganisms increasing their oil degrading activity. The possibilities of the use of the new type of BHM for bioremoval of crude oil spills from marine waters are discussed.

Effect of Glycerol Carbonate as Plasticizer on P(AN-MMA) Polymer Electrolyte

A kind of new plasticizer glycerol carbonate (GC) was synthesized. The poly (acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate) (P(AN-MMA)) was prepared by bulk polymerization. During the polymerization, glycerol carbonate with 1M lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) was added to (P(AN-MMA)) to form the gel electrolyte. The effect of the plasticizer on the conductivity of the copolymer electrolyte was studied. The ionic conductivity was found to be 3.3 × 10-4 S·cm-1 at room temperature via AC impedance measurement.

Poly(methyl methacrylate–acrylonitrile–ethyl acrylate) terpolymer based gel electrolyte for LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode of high voltage lithium ion battery

A novel gel polymer electrolyte (GPE), based on poly(methyl methacrylate–acrylonitrile–ethyl acrylate) (P(MMA–AN–EA)) terpolymer, is designed to match LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode of 5 V lithium ion battery. The performances of the synthesized P(MMA–AN–EA) terpolymer and the corresponding membrane and GPE are investigated by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, thermogravimetric analyzer, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear sweep voltammetry, and charge/discharge test. It is found that the pore structure of P(MMA–AN–EA) membrane is affected by the dose of pore forming agent, polyethylene glycol (PEG400). The membrane with 3 wt% PEG400 presents the best pore structure, in which pores are dispersed uniformly and interconnected, and exhibits the largest electrolyte uptake, resulting in the highest ionic conductivity of 3.82 × 10−3 S cm−1 for the corresponding GPE at room temperature. The GPE has improved compatibility with lithium anode and is electrochemically stable up to 5.2 V (vs. Li/Li+). The high voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode using the resulting GPE exhibits excellent cyclic stability, maintaining 97.9% of its initial discharge capacity after 100 cycles compared to that of 79.7% for the liquid electrolyte at 0.5 C.

Structure evolution and mechanism of polyacrylonitrile and related copolymers during the stabilization

The structure evolution and thermal behaviors of polyacrylonitrile homopolymer (PAN) and terpolymer [P(AN–MMA–IA)] containing about 4.19 wt% methyl methacrylate (MMA), 0.98 wt% itaconic acid (IA) and 94.83 wt% acrylonitrile (AN) during heat treatments were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry. It was found that the presence of IA comonomer in PAN promoted the cyclization reactions significantly though initiating the cyclization reactions at lower temperature and proceeding at a faster rate than these of PAN homopolymer. Moreover, it was found that the dehydrogenation was based on the formation of cyclized structures. From the results of FTIR analysis, we found the MMA comonomer blocked the cyclization reactions to some extent. Extent of cyclization reactions at different temperatures was calculated through the data of FTIR. The sequence of reactions happened during the stabilization was oxidation > cyclization > dehydrogenation. The higher rate constant k implied that the ionic mechanism actually showed a kinetic advantage at low temperature over the free radical mechanism, even though the MMA comonomer inhibited cyclization reactions to some extent.

Preparation of Mesoporous Carbons from Acrylonitrile-methyl Methacrylate Copolymer/Silica Nanocomposites Synthesized by in-situ Emulsion Polymerization

Acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate (AN-MMA) copolymer/silica nanocomposites were synthesized by in-situ emulsion polymerization initiated by 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride absorbed onto colloidal silica particles, and the mesoporous carbon materials were prepared through carbonization of the obtained AN-MMA copolymer/silica nanocomposites, followed by HF etching. Thermogravimetric analysis of AN-MMA copolymer/silica nanocomposites showed that the carbon yield of copolymer was slightly decreased as silica particle incorporated. N2 adsorption-desorption, scan electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the structure and morphology of the mesoporous carbon materials. Both SEM and TEM results showed that disordered mesopores were formed in the obtained carbon material mainly through templating effect of silica nanoparticles. The diameter of mesopores was mainly distributed in the range from 5 nm to 15 nm. The mean pore diameter and total pore volume of the material increased as the mass fraction of silica in the nanocomposites increased from 0 to 24.93%. The significant increase of the mean pore diameter and the decrease of surface area for the carbon material prepared from the nanocomposite with 24.93% silica were caused by partial aggregation of silica nanoparticles in the polymer matrix.

Anti-thermal shrinkage nanoparticles/polymer and ionic liquid based gel polymer electrolyte for lithium ion battery

A new gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) system for lithium ion battery was developed by using anti-thermal shrinkagable nanoparticles/polymer incorporating with ionic liquid. Polyethylene-supported SiO2/poly(methyl methacrylate–acrylonitrile–vinyl acetate) (P(MMA–AN–VAc)) and Al2O3/P(MMA–AN–VAc) separators were prepared and the corresponding GPEs, SiO2/P(MMA–AN–VAc)+LiTFSI+PYR14TFSI/VC and Al2O3/P(MMA–AN–VAc)+LiTFSI+PYR14TFSI/VC, were obtained by immersing the separators in an ionic liquid electrolyte of 0.5molkg−1 LiTFSI in PYR14TFSI/VC. The structure and performance of the separators and corresponding GPEs were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), air permeability, scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge–discharge test. It is found that the nanoparticles/polymer separators have good dimensional stability and the corresponding GPEs have good ionic conductivity and excellent compatibility with the electrodes of lithium ion battery. SiO2/P(MMA–AN–VAc) and Al2O3/P(MMA–AN–VAc) separators are stable up to 310°C and have a Gurley value of 8s. SiO2/P(MMA–AN–VAc) based GPE has an ionic conductivity of 1.2×10−3Scm−1 at room temperature and an oxidative decomposition potential of 5.3V (vs. Li/Li+). The interfacial resistance between anode lithium and GPE is changed from 47Ωcm2 on the first day to 118Ωcm2 after the 25 days. The battery Li/GPE/LiFePO4 shows good rate and cyclic performance.

Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes prepared by in situ polymerization on the surface of nanoparticles for lithium-ion polymer batteries

A kind of nanocomposite polymer based on poly(acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate) [P(AN-MMA)] copolymer was prepared by in situ polymerization of monomers on the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles, which come from the hydrolysis of Ti(OC4H9)4. Analysis of Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectra indicated that the acrylonitrile (AN) monomers copolymerized with the methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomers by breaking their own double bonds. The dependence of ionic conductivity on temperature for the resulting nanocomposite polymer electrolyte (NCPE) followed the Arrhenius equation. The ionic conductivity of the NCPE was 1.12 × 10–3 S cm–1 at room temperature when the nanocomposite polymer membrane (NPM) contained 10.8 % of mass fraction of TiO2 nanoparticles.

Self-supported poly(methyl methacrylate–acrylonitrile–vinyl acetate)-based gel electrolyte for lithium ion battery

Self-supported gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) was prepared based on copolymer, poly(methyl methacrylate–acrylonitrile–vinyl acetate) (P(MMA–AN–VAc)). The copolymer P(MMA–AN–VAc) was synthesized by emulsion polymerization and the copolymer membrane was prepared through phase inversion. The structure and the performance of the copolymer, the membrane and the GPE were characterized by FTIR, NMR, SEM, XRD, DSC/TG, LSV, CA, and EIS. It is found that the copolymer was formed through the breaking of double bond C C in each monomer. The membrane has low crystallinity and has low glass transition temperature, 39.1 °C, its thermal stability is as high as 310 °C, and its mechanical strength is improved compared with P(MMA–AN). The GPE is electrochemically stable up to 5.6 V (vs. Li/Li +) and its conductivity is 3.48 × 10 −3 S cm −1 at ambient temperature. The lithium ion transference number in the GPE is 0.51 and the conductivity model of the GPE is found to obey the Vogel–Tamman–Fulcher (VTF) equation.

불화 알루미늄을 포함하는 표면 개질된 분리막으로부터 제조되는 리튬이온폴리머전지의 싸이클 특성에 관한 연구

Rechargeable lithium-ion polymer batteries have been considered to be next-generation power sources for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles. In this work, we tried to improve the cycling performances of lithium-ion polymer cells by coating aluminum fluoride and acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate copolymer to the polyethylene separator. It was found that the addition of aluminum fluoride to the surface-modified separator reduced the interfacial resistances and thus the cell exhibited a less capacity fading and better high rate performance. The cell showed an initial discharge capacity of 150 mAh/g and good capacity retention at 0.5 C rate.

Preparation and performances of porous polyacrylonitrile–methyl methacrylate membrane for lithium-ion batteries

A copolymer, polyacrylonitrile–methyl methacrylate P(AN–MMA), was synthesized by suspension polymerization with acrylonitrile (AN) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as monomers. With this copolymer, polymer membrane was prepared by phase inversion. The performances of the polymer were characterized by FTIR, SEM, DSC/TG, EIS and LSV. The copolymer contains CH 2, CN and CO bonds, and shows its thermal stability up to 300 °C. The polymer membrane has a porous structure with an average pore diameter of 0.5 μm. The conductivity of the polymer electrolyte is 1.25 mS cm −1 at room temperature, and it is electrochemically stable up to 5 V (vs. Li). Using the polymer electrolyte as the gel polymer electrolyte (GPE), the cell Li/GPE/LiCoO 2 shows its cyclic stability as good as the cell with liquid electrolyte.

Preparation of P(AN-MMA) gel electrolyte for Li-ion batteries

Phase inversion technique was used to prepare poly(acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate) [P(AN-MMA)]-based microporous gel electrolyte with addition of SiO2 via in-situ composition for Li-ion batteries. The P(AN-MMA) was synthesized by emulsion polymerization and was dissolved into N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to form a uniform solution, while tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was added into the solution and was hydrolyzed by catalysis of alkali ammonia solution to form SiO2. Then the solution was cast onto a glass plate using a doctor blade and exposed to humidified atmosphere produced by ultrasonic humidifier, followed by washing, rinsing, and drying, successively. The gel electrolyte was obtained by putting the P(AN-MMA) microporous membrane in a liquid electrolyte. The gelled microporous membrane sucked with 755 wt% of liquid electrolyte vs the dried membrane. It had a porosity of 70%, about 1∼5 μm of pores, and presented an ionic conductivity of 0.94 × 10−3 S/cm at room temperature. Electrochemical stability window of the porous gel polymer electrolyte was determined by running a linear sweep voltammetry. The decomposition voltage of the polymer electrolyte exceeds 4.5 V vs Li. The coin test cell with the microporous gel electrolyte showed a good cycling performance. The discharge capacity retention was above 87% at 0.1 C for 45 cycles.