Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Resins Research Articles

Mechanical Properties and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding of Carbon Composites with Polycarbonate and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Resins.

As environmental pollution becomes a serious concern, considerable effort has been undertaken to develop power devices with minimal production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and exhaust gases. Owing to this effort, interest in technologies related to hybrid and electric products that use fuel cells has been increasing. The risk of human injuries owing to electromagnetic waves generated by electrical and electronic devices has been also rising, prompting the development of mitigating technologies. In addition, antistatic devices for protecting operators from static electricity have also been considered. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the development of thermoplastic carbon composites containing carbon fibers (CFs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Ultimately, materials with improved mechanical properties (e.g., flexural, impact, and tensile strength properties of about +61.09%, +21.44%, +63.56%, respectively), electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding (+70.73 dB), and surface resistivity (nearly zero) can be developed by impregnating CFs and CNTs with polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) resins, respectively. The total average mechanical properties of PC and ABS composites increased by 24.35% compared with that of ABS composites, while that of PC composites increased by 32.86% with that of PC and ABS composites. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop carbon composites, to take advantage of these thermoplastic resins.

Mesoporous Spherical Silica Filler Prepared from Coal Gasification Fine Slag for Styrene Butadiene Rubber Reinforcement and Promoting Vulcanization.

Coal gasification fine slag (CFS) is a solid contaminant produced by an entrained flow gasifier, which pollutes fields and the air in the long term. CFS is a potential polymer reinforcement filler and has been used in polypropylene and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resins. Coal gasification fine slag mesoporous silica (FS-SiO2) was prepared by acid leaching, calcination, and pH adjustment, with a larger specific surface area and less surface hydroxyl compared to the commercial precipitated silica (P-silica). The cure characteristics, crosslink density, mechanical properties, the morphology of the tensile fractures, dynamic mechanics, and rubber processing of the prepared styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) composites filled with P-silica and FS-SiO2 were analyzed, respectively. The results indicated that FS-SiO2 was dispersed more uniformly in the SBR matrix than P-silica owing to its smaller amount of surface hydroxyl and spherical structure, resulting in a better mechanical performance and wet skid resistance. In particular, the SBR composites with a filler pH of 6.3 exhibited the highest crosslink density and tensile strength, being superior to commercial P-silica. Significantly, the curing time decreased with the increase in the pH of FS-SiO2, which caused the rubber processing to be more efficient. This strategy can reduce the cost of rubber composites and the environmental pollution caused by CFS.

Synthesis and Characterization of NBR´s by RAFT Technique and their use as Rubber Precursor in ABS Type Resins

Different rubbers based on polybutadiene were synthesized in solution by the reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT) technique using 4-cyano-4-[(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl)sulfanyl] entanoic acid as RAFT agent and 1,1’-azobiscyclohexanecarbonitrile (Vazo-88) as initiator. The results obtained in the polymerization of polybutadiene and poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile) (NBR) are discussed in terms of molecular weight distribution, composition and microstructure. Composition of polybutadiene in NBR´s was kept constant along the copolymerization, and the vinyl, cis and trans isomers are shown in values of around 12, 26 and 62% in all cases. Resulting rubbers were used to synthesize acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene (ABS) type resins through an in situ bulk polymerization. Dynamic-mechanical properties and the morphology were analyzed in all the different ABS resins. In DMA analyses, the rubber component presented two transitions as well as an increase in the magnitude of the transition located around -75 °C, which is explained by the significant amount of SAN occlusions in the morphology, analyzed by TEM.

A General Surface Swelling‐Induced Electroless Deposition Strategy for Fast Fabrication of Copper Circuits on Various Polymer Substrates

A universal, surface swelling‐induced strategy‐based facile electroless deposition method is developed to prepare copper circuits on various polymer substrates. The circuits are grown on silver catalytic centers written in the form of set patterns, rather than via standard reducing material manufacturing, and can be easily erased and repeatedly deposited three times with only a 15% decrease in conductivity. Polymers with different hardness and flexibility are selected as circuit base boards. In addition to hard acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resins, a flexible polyimide‐based copper circuit yields excellent flexural performance, whereas a stretchable silicon rubber‐based circuit exhibits different response to different ranges of finger motions. These results demonstrate the significant advantages of this new strategy—namely, low cost, simple operation, and versatility, showing its great potential in the field of flexible electronics.

Utilization of poly(methyl methacrylate) rejection blended with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resins and the effect on product properties

PMMA is one of the main raw materials for the injection molding process in the lens industries. Since this process requires extremely careful techniques to obtain lens with the best quality, it leads to a high rate of product rejection. These rejected products do not only pose an issue for the industrial environment and require storage space, their price also falls significantly. Among the solutions to this problem is to reuse the rejected products as substitute materials for the manufacture of another product’s part such as lamp holders. This process reuses rejected PMMA-containing products in the ABS base polymer industries so as to generate PMMA-containing products with better physical properties. In this experiment, 10 to 40 % (w/w) of rejected PMMA was blended with ABS resins. The monomer content in the ABS resins was analyzed by NMR. Moreover, the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of the blended products were also examined. The NMR analysis showed that the resin contained 21.6 % butadiene monomer, in which its value was higher than the value required for materials with high-impact class application. The blend of resins and rejected PMMA (10-30% w/w) could increase the tensile strength value and decrease Izod impact strength and elongation percentage. The morphological analysis showed that this increased PMMA content may also result in widespread brittle areas. Since the blend was designed without compatibilizers, the DSC analysis indicated that the resulting blend in any ratios was not completely miscible. It was revealed that ABS resins containing 10% PMMA was the best blend for the polymer engineering application and this blend still had adequate properties and elastomer content required. Keywords: ABS, blending, properties, PMMA regrind.

Development of a MPPC-based prototype gantry for future MRI-PET scanners

We have developed a high spatial resolution, compact Positron Emission Tomography (PET) module designed for small animals and intended for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems. This module consists of large-area, 4 × 4 ch MPPC arrays (S11830-3344MF; Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.) optically coupled with Ce-doped (Lu,Y)2(SiO4)O (Ce:LYSO) scintillators fabricated into 16 × 16 matrices of 0.5 × 0.5 mm2 pixels. We set the temperature sensor (LM73CIMK-0; National Semiconductor Corp.) at the rear of the MPPC acceptance surface, andapply optimum voltage to maintain the gain. The eight MPPC-based PET modules and coincidence circuits were assembled into a gantry arranged in a ring 90 mm in diameter to form the MPPC-based PET system. We have developed two types PET gantry: one made of non-magnetic metal and the other made of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) resins. The PET gantry was positioned around the RF coil of the 4.7 T MRI system. We took an image of a point }22Na source under fast spin echo (FSE) and gradient echo (GE), in order to measure the interference between the MPPC-based PET and MRI. The spatial resolution of PET imaging in a transaxial plane of about 1 mm (FWHM) was achieved in all cases. Operating with PET made of ABS has no effect on MR images, while operating with PET made of non-magnetic metal has a significant detrimental effect on MR images. This paper describes our quantitative evaluations of PET images and MR images, and presents a more advanced version of the gantry for future MRI/DOI-PET systems.

Impact behavior and fracture morphology of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene resins toughened by linear random styrene–isoprene–butadiene rubber

AbstractA novel toughening modifier, styrene–isoprene–butadiene rubber (SIBR), was used to improve the impact resistance and toughness of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) resin via bulk polymerization. For comparison, two kinds of ABS samples were prepared: ABS‐1 was toughened by a conventional modifier (a low‐cis polybutadiene rubber/styrene–butadiene block copolymer), and ABS‐2 was toughened by SIBR. The mechanical properties, microstructures of the as‐prepared materials, and fracture surface morphology of the specimens after impact were studied by instrumented notched Izod impact tests and tensile tests, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The mechanical test results show that ABS‐2 had a much higher impact strength and elongation at break than ABS‐1. The microscopic results suggested that fracture resistance of ABS‐1 only depended on voids, shear yielding, and few crazing, which resulted in less ductile fracture behavior. Compared with ABS‐1, ABS toughened by linear random SIBR (ABS‐2) displayed the synergistic toughening effect of crazing and shear yielding, which could absorb and dissipate massive energy, and presented high ductile fracture behavior. These results were also confirmed by instrumented impact tests. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

High Impact Value of CFRP/ABS/CFRP Sandwich Structural Composite Homogeneously Irradiated with Low Voltage Electron Beam

Homogeneous low voltage electron beam irradiation (HLEBI) improves the Charpy impact value (auc) of sandwich structural composite (CFRP/ABS/CFRP) of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) resins cores (2 mm thickness) covered with carbon fiber reinforced epoxy polymers (CFRP) with 250 mm thickness at both side surfaces. The auc values of CFRP/ABS/CFRP at low (0.06) and mid (0.50) fracture probability (Pf ) after irradiation at 0.30 MGy (kJg � 1 ) were 35.9 and 53.0 kJm � 2 , which were approximately 20.3 and 25.2% higher than those (28.6 and 39.7 kJm � 2 ) before treatment, respectively. Although the maximum auc value at mid Pf (0.50) after 0.30 MGy irradiation for the CFRP/ABS/CFRP is approximately equal to that for CFRP, it is also about 21.4% higher than that (41.7 kJm � 2 ) of these CFRP before treatment. Although the use of ABS resin as the core reduced other mechanical properties of tensile and bending, the price of CFRP was apparently higher than that of ABS polymer. Thus, it is possible that the sandwich structural composites of CFRP/ABS/CFRP could be used for daily articles. Since the irradiated depth estimated is about 119 � 23 mm at their both sides surface, the irradiation effects mostly was acted within the CFRP sheet. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2010187]

CFRP シートにより樹脂を被覆したサンドイッチ複合材料の衝撃値に関する研究

Impact values of sandwich structural composites (CFRP/ABS/CFRP and CFRP/PMMA/CFRP) of both acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) resins cores covered with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets at both side surfaces were obtained. The impact value of CFRP/ABS/CFRP, which approximately corresponded to that of CFRP composite, was more than two times higher than that of CFRP/PMMA/CFRP. Both the Weibull coefficient (n) exhibiting reproducibly and the lowest impact value (as) for safety design were determined as indicators of reliability. Both values of CFRP/ABS/CFRP and CFRP were higher than those of the CFRP/PMMA/CFRP. Thus, the use of ABS resin as the core enhanced the reproducibly and design safety. In addition, since the price of CFRP was higher than that of ABS resin, the sandwich structural composites of CFRP/ABS/CFRP could be used for articles of daily.

Response of human cord blood cells to styrene exposure: evaluation of its effects on apoptosis and gene expression by genomic technology

Styrene is one of the most important monomers produced worldwide, and it finds major use in the production of polystyrene, acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene resins and unsaturated polystyrene resins. Epidemiological studies on styrene showed that the malignancies observed most frequently in humans after exposure are related to the lymphatic and haemopoietic system. IARC classified styrene a possible carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). In this study, we evaluated the effect of styrene on gene expression profiles of human cord blood cells, as well as its activity on the apoptosis and bcl-2 related protein expression. Data demonstrated that, after 24 and 48 h of exposure, styrene (800 μM) induced an increase in the necrosis of mononuclear cord blood cells, whereas it did not cause any increase in the apoptotic process. Western blot analysis revealed a modified expression of Bax, BCl-2, c-Jun, c-Fos and Raf-1 proteins in the human cord blood cells after direct exposure to styrene, whereas p53 expression did not change. Furthermore, Macroarray analysis showed that styrene changed cord blood gene expression, inducing up-regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and down-regulation of CC chemokine receptor type 1 (CCR-1) and SLP-76 tyrosine–phosphoprotein.

Creep modeling of ABS pipes at variable temperature

AbstractOne of the characteristic behaviors of plastic (or viscoelastic) materials is the creep phenomenon, which is defined as the continuing deformation under a constant load with time. Although research on creep of plastic pipes has been widely carried out in other plastics, little work has been reported for creep in ABS (acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) pipes at high temperatures. In this paper, the generalized Kelvin series of formulae, which consists of six Kelvin elements, a power model, as well as logarithmic regressions, are applied to the experimental data measured from creep tests under constant bending stresses at different temperatures for two ABS resins. The least‐squares method was used to adjust the Kelvin model parameters, and a Levenberg‐Marquardt non‐linear least‐squares regression procedure was used to determine the creep parameters in the power model. This led to empirical formulae for creep compliance defined as the reciprocal of the creep modulus. This creep modulus can provide a means to evaluate the long‐term structural properties for different resins used in pipe production.

Evaluation of four ABS resins by thermal analysis

Four new commercial grades of rubber toughened ABS (acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene) terpolymers were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mechanical analysis and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). These rubber toughened ABS molding compounds were manufactured by a new “blended technology” to yield resins which offer a broad range of flow properties and levels of toughness. Based upon DSC estimates of the level of rubber included, the four ABS compounds can be divided into two groups; the first has about 11 wt.% butadiene and the second near 18 wt.%. In addition, two styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers with different average molecular weights were found blended within each ABS group. By this blending process four resins are produced with impact strengths ranging from below three to near seven ft-lb in−1. These analytical results show that a resin's impact strength is enhanced not only by increasing the level of rubber particles in a given ABS compound but also by raising the molecular weight of the SAN which is blended into the terpolymer.

Sampling and Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds Evolved During Thermal Processing of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Composite Resins

Abstract The evaluation of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during processing of resins is of interest to resin manufacturers and resin processors. An accurate estimate of the VOCs emitted from resin processing has been difficult due to the wide variation in processing facilities. This study was designed to estimate the emissions in terms of mass of emitted VOC per mass of resin processed. A collection and analysis method was developed and validated for the determination of VOCs present in the emissions of thermally processed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) resins. Four composite resins were blended from automotive, general molding, pipe, and refrigeration grade ABS resins obtained from the manufacturers. Emission samples were collected in evacuated 6-L Summa canisters and then analyzed using gas chromatography/flame ionization detection/mass selective detection (GC/FID/MSD). Levels were determined for nine target analytes detected in canister samples, and for total VOCs detected by an inline GC/FID. The emissions evolved from the extrusion of each composite resin were expressed in terms of mass of VOCs per mass of processed resin. Styrene was the principal volatile emission from all the composite resins. VOCs analyzed from the pipe resin sample contained the highest level of styrene at 402 μg/g. An additional collection and detection method was used to determine the presence of aerosols in the emissions. This method involved collecting particulates on glass fiber filters, extracting them with solvents, and analyzing them using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). No significant levels of any of the target analytes were detected on the filters.

Dynamic transition of grafted polybutadiene in ABS resins

Dynamic mechanical properties of a series of ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) resins, having a constant rubber basis grafted to different extents, were studied in the temperature range −120° to 20°C. The observed viscoelastic transition of the rubbery phase shows two main effects: the amplitude of the transition and the transition temperature decrease as the degree of grafting increases. The grafted component had been prepared by graft copolymerization of butadiene rubber in emulsion with different comonomers/rubber ratios. Both the dynamic effects observed on ABS are discussed in terms of structure variations induced by the change of the grafting condition.

Phase separation of some acrylonitrile—butadiene—styrene resins

AbstractOne model and two commercial ABS (acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene) resins have been separated into three polymeric phases: polybutadiene, styrene–acrylonitrile copolymer, and styrene–acrylonitrile copolymer grafted onto polybutadiene. A third commercial ABS resin has been separated into two polymeric phases: styrene–acrylonitrile copolymer and butadiene–acrylonitrile copolymer.