Grafting Of Acrylamide Research Articles

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Corn Husk-Based Hydrogels Grafted with Acrylamide

Corn husk waste contains cellulose, which has the potential as a raw material for hydrogel preparation. Hydrogels can be applied as water purification, diapers, and superabsorbents. This study aimed to synthesize hydrogel from corn husk cellulose grafted with acrylamide monomer using a microwave-assisted grafting method. Potassium peroxodisulfate (PPD) was used as an initiator, and the effects of acrylamide and PPD on hydrogel swelling capacity were investigated. The process involved drying and crushing corn husks into powder, then mixing the powder with acrylamide and PPD for microwave grafting to form a polymer, which was then ground into powder. The grafted polymer was combined with carrageenan to create bead gels soaked in distilled water and urea to measure swelling capacity. Results showed that swelling capacity increased with more acrylamide and decreased with more PPD. The highest swelling capacity reached 1016.16% in water and 961.6% in urea. FTIR analysis confirmed the successful grafting of acrylamide onto corn husk cellulose by detecting changes in the infrared spectrum. Based on FTIR and swelling capacity data, it was concluded that the grafting process was completed using the microwave method with PPD as the initiator.

Synthesis of Novel Acrylamide Graft Copolymer of Acacia nilotica Gum for the Stabilization of Melatonin Nanoparticles for Improved Therapeutic Effect: Optimization Using (3)2 Factorial Design.

The objective of the present study was to optimize the microwave-assisted synthesis of the acrylamide graft copolymer of Acacia nilotica gum (AM-co-ANG). Furthermore, graft copolymer was used for the formulation of a nanoparticulate system using a novel top to bottom solvent antisolvent technique for the delivery of melatonin. Grafting of ANG was optimized by using 32 factorial design, where concentrations of polymer and monomer (acrylamide) were used as independent variables and swelling index in acidic (0.1 N HCl) and basic (1 N NaOH) pH. Grafted polymers were further used to develop and optimize nanoparticulate system using concentration of the graft copolymer and concentration of drug as independent variables. The size of the nanoformulation and entrapment efficiency were selected as dependent variables. Difference in infrared spectrum and absorbance maxima in the ultraviolet region confirm that grafting has taken place. Porous structure and a higher contact angle confirmed hydrophobic nature of AM-co-ANG as compared with the native polymer. Acrylamide graft copolymers show more swelling in 1 N NaOH as compared with 0.1 N HCl. In vitro toxicity studies in hepatic (HepG2 cell line), brain (SHSY5Y cell line), and skin (HaCaT cell line) cells easily predict that synthesized polymer have no cytotoxicity. The entrapment efficiency ranged from 55.24 ± 1.35% to 73.21 ± 1.83%. A nonlinear correlation was observed between independent and dependent variables, as confirmed by multivariate analysis of variance, surface regression, and the correlation report. The prepared formulations were able to release drug up to 12 h. The regression coefficient easily predicted that most of the formulations followed Baker-Lonsdale drug release kinetics.

Customized Modification of Welan Gum Properties Through Controllable Grafting of Acrylamide.

Welan gum (WG) has a wide range of applications, but it is not yet suitable for applications such as oil recovery profile control that have complex requirements for viscosity, gelation properties, and so forth. Grafting modification is an important strategy for improving the property of WG, but there are few reports on controllable modification of WG to customize it for specific application. Acrylamide (AM) dosage was identified as the key factor affecting the grafting ratio of AM onto WG by a uniform experimental design. The grafting ratio can be directly adjusted between 99% and 378% based on the positive correlation with dosage of AM, and viscosity can be adjusted between 206 and 327 mPa s based on the negative correlation with grafting ratio. The 50% weight loss temperature of W11 with a grafting ratio of 110% raised from 314 to 336°C after grafting. The viscosity of the hydrogel formed with WG11 reached 15,654 mPa s, nearly nine times higher than that of unmodified WG. In addition, the gelation time can be controlled within 5 days, so that it can be injected to the optimal area in oilfield profile, avoiding pipeline blockage. This study enables adjusting viscosity of WG grafted with AM by controlling the grafting rate, and enhances gelation performance and thermal stability of WG, which will expand the application of WG in oil recovery and other fields.

Preparation and Characterization of Supramolecular Bonding Polymers Based on a Pullulan Substrate Grafted with Acrylic Acid/Acrylamide by Microwave Irradiation

A microwave technique was used to prepare a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) by grafting two hydrophilic monomers onto a polysaccharide substrate. The monomers used were acrylic acid (AA) or acrylamide (AM) and were grafted onto a pullulan (PUL) substrate to form PUL-g-AA (SAP1) and PUL-g-AM (SAP2), respectively. The monomers (AM/AA) were grafted together onto a PUL substrate to form PUL-g-(AM/AA) (SAP3). Grafting parameters such as grafting efficiency with the percentage, the conversion of monomer into polymer, gel content, water retention, water adsorption capacity, and swelling kinetics were determined. Additionally, the effect of environmental pH (2, 4, 7, 9, and 12) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) surfactant was evaluated, where 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mM of SDBS was added to form SAP4 to SAP8. The FTIR results show that AM was grafted onto PUL through an aliphatic C-N bond, while AA grafting occurred through a single C-C bond. The grafting efficiency with AM was higher than with AA, as well as showing a superior gel content. Water absorbance capacity and water retention increased with the grafting of AA and AM together for SAP3. The highest absorbent capacity, water retention, gel content, and grafting parameters values were obtained with a 3 mM SDBS content and a pH of 7. The swelling kinetics showed that the increases in the theoretical and experimental swelling equilibriums were 72% and 82%, respectively, for SAP6 compared to the values of these parameters for SAP3. The water absorption capacity of the hydrogel increases upon increasing the pH to 7 and then gradually decreases. XRD demonstrated the improved crystallinity and crystalline size of the hydrogel after grafting polymerization of AM/AA onto PUL, in addition to enhanced thermal stability. On the contrary, FE-SEM demonstrated that SDBS improves the porosity and pore size of the hydrogel surface with SAP6.

Rational modification of xanthan gum based on assistance of molecular dynamics simulation

Graft copolymerization is an effective approach to improve performance of polysaccharide. However, selecting the most suitable modification strategy can be challenging due to the intricate molecular structure. Rational design through computer aided molecular dynamics (MD) simulations requires substantial computational resources. This study designed a simplified MD simulation strategy and suggested that grafting acrylamide (AM) could effectively adjust the molecular conformation of xanthan gum (XG) and its derivatives, thus regulating its viscosity and gelation properties. To rationally modify XG, a uniform experimental design was applied to tune the grafting ratios ranging from 72 % to 360 %, resulting in XG-AM solutions with viscosity ranging from 9 to 104 mPa•s at a concentration of 0.3 %. XG-AM was crosslinked by acid phenolic resin to generate gel with the viscosity of 7890 mPa·s in 3 days, which was 13 times the viscosity of unmodified XG. The controllable gelation will enhance the efficacy of XG-AM in oil recovery. By integrating rational selection of grafting strategies based on simplified MD simulation of polysaccharide derivatives and controllable grafting modification with specified grafting rates, customized production of polysaccharide derivatives can meet the requirements of a diverse range of applications.

Decontamination of methylene blue from aqueous media using alginate‐bonded polyacrylamide/carbon black nanocomposite hydrogel

AbstractThis work synthesized the novel alginate (Alg) based nanocomposite hydrogel using the free radical polymerization method to remove methylene blue (MB) from the aqueous solution. The successful grafting of acrylamide (AAm) monomer onto the alginate backbone was confirmed by the FTIR test. Different carbon black (CB) nanoparticle levels (0–12.5 wt.%) were embedded in a hydrogel matrix to enhance the removal efficiency, and its optimum value was obtained at 7.5 wt.%. FTIR, TGA, BET, and SEM analyses were performed to characterize synthesized adsorbents. TGA results showed that Alg‐g‐poly(AAm)/CB nanocomposite hydrogel has a higher thermal stability than Alg‐g‐poly(AAm) hydrogel. SEM analysis showed that incorporating CB into Alg‐g‐poly(AAm) considerably enhances roughness and surface area. Also, a higher surface area of Alg‐g‐poly(AAm)/CB (2.5 m2/g) was confirmed by BET analysis. The removal efficiency of nanocomposite hydrogel at optimum conditions of pH 6, initial concentration 10 mg/L, temperature 25 °C, and contact time 60 min was calculated at 94.63%. The kinetic and isotherm data were best fitted to pseudo‐second‐order and Langmuir models. The monolayer adsorption capacity for Alg‐g‐poly(AAm) and Alg‐g‐poly(AAm)/CB were calculated at 22.77 and 24.56 mg/g, respectively, showing CB's effectiveness in improving MB adsorption. The thermodynamic study showed that the removal process of MB by both adsorbents is spontaneous and exothermic, and entropy decreases. The synthesized adsorbents showed a good performance in textile wastewater treatment. Finally, it can be concluded that the synthesized adsorbents can be successfully applied for wastewater treatment application.

Microwave‐assisted synthesis, characterization, and application of tragacanth gum grafted copolymer as bioflocculant for the treatment of textile wastewater using coagulation‐flocculation technique: Swelling behavior and biodegradation studies

AbstractThis study presents, the synthesis of microwave‐assisted biodegradable polyacrylamide grafted tragacanth gum (Tr‐g‐PAM), which was utilized as a bioflocculant to treat textile effluent and compared against the conventional flocculant. The reaction parameters for maximal grafting were optimized by varying the reaction factors. The grafting of acrylamide onto the backbone of Tragacanth gum was confirmed by FTIR, XRD, TGA, and SEM–EDX studies. Swelling studies were performed in deionized water and different salts. Tr‐g‐PAM exhibited pH and temperature‐dependent swelling behavior. Biodegradation studies of the graft copolymer were carried out by the soil composting method. Tr‐g‐PAM showed 91.54% degradation within 60 days, compared to Tragacanth, which degraded within 15 days. SEM techniques were used to describe various phases of biodegradation. Flocculation performances of the graft copolymers were evaluated in simulated colloidal wastewater. Influencing variables such as bioflocculant dosage, pH, and flocculation mixing speed were examined. The maximum decolorization at the optimum pH of 6 and 120 mg/L dosage was found to be 91.8% and 88.5% for Tr‐g‐PAM and Tragacanth. In conclusion, a biodegradable Tr‐g‐PAM with better flocculation efficiency than that of Tragacanth and other commercial flocculants would be a promising choice as an eco‐friendly adsorbent for the removal of contaminants from water resources.

ZnO Incorporated Acrylamide Grafted Chitosan Based Composite Film for Advanced Wound Healing Applications

ZnO Incorporated Acrylamide Grafted Chitosan Based Composite Film for Advanced Wound Healing Applications

Sequestration of Cr (VI) from water using agar-polyvinyl alcohol based cation exchanger

Present study focuses on the use of a biodegradable and cost-effective cation exchanger for removal of Cr (VI) metal ions from water sources. Semi-IPN was prepared through grafting of acrylamide onto agar-polyvinyl alcohol backbone in presence of boric acid and ammonium per sulphate as crosslinker-initiator system. Graft copolymer was converted to cation exchanger through phosphorylation. Characterization was done using methods such as FTIR, SEM-EDX and XRD. Semi-IPN exhibited higher thermal resistance. The findings revealed that the optimum conditions for Cr (VI) removal are pH = 4.0; contact time (min) = 360; adsorbent dose (mg) = 125 and metal ion concentration(mg/L) =2. The adsorption kinetics of Cr (VI) ions are best fit by the pseudo second order kinetic with 0.99 R2 and Kf (rate constant) was found to be 0.97 thereby supporting the Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption isotherm models used in this study were consistent with the Freundlich model, but the pseudo second order model was the most accurate description of the adsorption kinetics. The present investigation showed an excellent potential with 85 % adsorption capacity for the removal of Cr (VI). Moreover, reusability studies showed that the cation exchanger can be used effectively up to four cycles.

Investigation of starch as flocculant for removing oil from oily wastewater

The treatment of oil-containing wastewater was carried out in 3 stages coagulation, neutralization, and flocculation processes. In this study, natural flocculants that are alternatives to polyacrylamide (PAM), have been investigated, as PAM poses a danger to drinking water and aquatic organisms. Flocculant properties were given to starch by modification, pregel, and graft methods, and flocculation results were examined. Oil content and pollution removal performances from wastewater were evaluated with the flocculant effect, the effect of pH conditions, dosage amounts, and temperature parameters. Since the chemical flocculants used in the flocculation sedimentation process to treat oily wastewater cause environmental damage, a natural flocculant effect study was carried out. The effect of starch flocculants synthesized by pregel, modified, and graft techniques on the oily wastewater, bilge water, was evaluated. In this context, the interaction of the effects of PAM, Pregel starch, modified starch and starch graft acrylamide flocculants on the bilge water with different ambient pH, dosage amount and temperature are included. Impact assessment at 5.5–7-8.5 ambient pH for 4 different flocculants; The effect evaluation of 10–15–25 mL dosage amounts and the effect evaluation at 25–40–60 °C temperatures were investigated by experimental studies. Suspended solids analysis, COD, Turbidity and oil-grease determinations are the analyses made for the improvement results in water due to impact assessments. According to the results obtained, it is a flocculant-modified starch that can compete with PAM but needs further development. 98.14 % suspended solids removal, 34.30 % COD removal, 98.94 % turbidity removal and approximately 99.9 % oil removal efficiency were obtained with modified starch.

Obtaining hybrid absorbents by grafting acrylamide onto chitosan chains under gamma irradiation

Hybrid hydrogels have been synthesized by radiation grafting of acrylamide to chitosan chains. The structure of the acrylamide-grafted chitosan was examined using FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and simultaneous thermal analysis. It has been determined that both hydroxyl and amino groups of the polysaccharide are the grafting centers of growing polyacrylamide chains on the chitosan macromolecules. The effect of the reagents ratio on the sorption and rheological properties of the obtained hydrogels has been studied. Hydrogels based on acrylamide-grafted chitosan were modified chemically by alkaline hydrolysis, and the effect of hydrolysis on the sorption capacity of hydrogels with respect to water and Cu(II) ions was examined.

Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Loaded in Polysaccharide Hydrogel Applied to Chronic Wound Healing in Mice Models.

The prevalence of chronic wounds is increasing owing to the expanding population and the growing number of individuals suffering from diabetes. Such a chronic wound continues to be a significant healthcare burden for diabetic patients because it frequently carries a high chance of limb loss due to amputation and reduces survival as a result. Development of innovative wound dressing materials with the potential to stop bacterial infections and accelerate the process of tissue regeneration is needed to increase the effectiveness of diabetic wound healing. In the current study, a co-polymerization process based on a free radical reaction was used to create a hydrogel of polysaccharides blend graft acrylamide (PsB-g-Am). Starch, chitosan, and alginate make up the polysaccharides blend (PsB). The produced hydrogel's structure was characterized using FTIR spectroscopy. The antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized through the green method using garlic bulb (Allium sativum) is reported. The silver nanoparticles' physical characteristics were examined using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy analysis, and UV-visible spectroscopy and they were found to range in size from 50 to 100 nm. The agar well diffusion technique is used to investigate the antibacterial characteristics. Inclusion of silver nanoparticles in the hydrogels demonstrated concentration-dependent antibacterial behavior against Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus during antimicrobial testing of the hydrogels. When hydrogels were applied to diabetic mice, the system was examined for its healing abilities, and positive therapeutic results were obtained in as little as 14 days. Thus, it can be inferred that graft copolymer of chitosan-AgNPs hydrogels can promote healing in chronic wounds over time and can be utilized as an alternative to conventional therapies for chronic wounds (such as those brought on by diabetes) in mouse models.

Deproteinized natural rubber‐graft‐polyacrylamide‐graft‐polystyrene (DPNR‐g‐PAM‐g‐PSt): Preparation and performance study of a new water swellable rubber

AbstractIn this study, the water swellable rubber DPNR‐g‐PAM‐g‐PSt (DPP) was prepared by emulsion polymerization in a tert‐butyl hydroperoxide/tetraethylenepentamine initiation system using deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) as the substrate, acrylamide (AM) and styrene (St) as the monomers, and Brij‐35 as the emulsifier. On this basis, the bentonite (BT) was added for coblending. The successful grafting of AM and St was verified by particle size, contact angle, Fourier transform infrared,1H‐NMR, scanning electron microscope, and differential scanning calorimetry. The effects of blending with different amounts of bentonite on the mechanical properties and water absorption properties were discussed. The water swellable rubber DPP and DPP/BT prepared in this study have good prospects for applications in industry, construction, medical care, environmental protection, soil improvement, and nuclear waste treatment.

Microwave-assisted grafting of acrylamide on a natural xylan gum for controlled drug delivery

Microwave-assisted grafting of acrylamide on a natural xylan gum for controlled drug delivery

Synthesis, Characterisation and Comparative Study of Hydrogel and Nanogels of Psyllium

Natural polysaccharides are being explored as the matrices for attaining speciality materials for pharmaceutical, medicinal and environmental applications via chemical modification such as grafting. Psyllium polysaccharide-based hydrogels and nanogels have potential biomedical and water purification applications due to their advantageous properties such as stimulus responsiveness, biocompatibility, target drug delivery and stability. The present study aims to synthesise hydrogel and nanogels of psyllium and attain comparative data for the two to undermine their potential applications. Psyllium– cl –N,N–MBAm–poly(AAm) hydrogel (Psy-MBAm-AAm – hg) and Psyllium– cl –N,N–MBAm–poly(AAm) nanogel (Psy-MBAm-AAm – ng) were synthesised by grafting acrylamide (AAm) onto psyllium using ammonium persulphate (APS) as a free radical initiator in a redox system where N, N-methylene bisacrylamide acted as a crosslinker. The comparative study of synthesised gels was carried out by studying swelling characteristics at acidic and basic pH (7 and 4) and at varied temperatures for both matrices. The synthesised hydrogel and nanogels were subjected to characterisation by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Zeta Potential Analysis to get evidence for successful synthesis and nanogel formation.

In-situ polymerization of lignocelluloses of autohydrolysis process with acrylamide

In the present study, the hydrolysates generated via autohydrolysis of spruce wood chips were directly used as feedstock for producing coagulants. The in-situ polymerization of acrylamide (AM) and lignocellulose (LC) of hydrolysates was successfully conducted. The reaction was optimized to generate lignocellulose-acrylamide (LC-AM) with the highest molecular weight (41,060 g/mol) and charge density (–0.25 meq/g) under the optimum conditions, which were 3 h, 60 ℃, 4% (w) initiator based on the dried mass of hydrolysate, and an AM/LC molar ratio of 5.63. A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy confirmed the grafting of acrylamide on LC. Other properties of LC-AM were characterized by the elemental analyzer, zeta potential analyzer, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and particle charge detector (PCD). The LC-AM was applied as a coagulant for removing ethyl violet dye from a simulated dye solution. The results indicated that 47.2% dye was removed from the solution at a low dosage of 0.2 g/g. The dual flocculation of LC-AM with other polymers for dye removal is suggested to further improve its effectiveness.

Effect of Acrylamide And Potassium Peroxodisulphate on The Quality of Bead Gel Based on Cassava Bagasse-Carrageenan Using Microwave Grafting Method

Hydrogels are widely used for drug delivery systems, immuno-chemotherapy applications, efficient use of water, preventing dry soil, and increasing soil infiltration. Generally, hydrogels are derived from synthetic polymers which is non-biodegradable and toxic. Cassava bagasse is an alternative cellulose to make hydrogels. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the amount of acrylamide and potassium peroxodisulphate (KPS) initiator on the quality of bead gel based on cassava bagasse-carrageenan. Chemical structure of the hydrogel was studied using FTIR spectroscopy. Cassava bagasse was immersed in a solution of n-hexane to separate the fat. Then, fat-free cassava bagasse was grafted with mass ratios of cassava and acrylamide 1:5, 1:10, and 1:15 in 110 mL water. The solution was added with a KPS initiator with weight variations (g) 0.04; 0.08; 0.12 then stirred 15 min. The solution was put in the microwave with 630 watts of irradiation for 450 s with the cooling cycle temperature maintained at 65-70<sup>o</sup>C. The aqueous of grafted polymer and carrageenan was injected into beaker glass that contained 1 cm of palm oil and mixture of 0.2 M CaCl<sub>2</sub> and 0.2 M KCl in an ice bath. Results showed that the highest average swelling capacity was found in the bead gel variation 1:15 with the number of initiators 0.04 g of 1797.95% at a time of 210 minutes of immersion. From FTIR spectrum, it was found that there was a success in grafting acrylamide into bagasse’s backbone using the microwave grafting method with KPS as initiator.

Preparation of Isopropyl Acrylamide Grafted Chitosan and Carbon Bionanocomposites for Adsorption of Lead Ion and Methylene Blue.

Wastewater, which is rich with heavy elements, dyes, and pesticides, represents one of the most important environmental pollutants. Thus, it has been significant to fabricate environmentally friendly polymers with high adsorption ability for those pollutants. Herein, crosslinked chitosan (C-Cs) was prepared using isopropyl acrylamide and methylene bisacrylamide. Carbon nanoparticles (C-NPs) were also obtained by the treatment of the agricultural wastes, which was used with C-Cs to prepare C-Cs/C-NPs nanocomposite (C-Cs/C-NC). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to investigate the prepared adsorbent. C-Cs, C-NPs, and C-Cs/C-NC were used in water treatment for the adsorption of lead ions (Pb+2) and methylene blue (MB). The adsorption process occurred by the prepared samples was investigated under different conditions, including contact time, as well as different doses and concentrations of adsorbents. The findings exhibited that the adsorption of Pb+2 and MB by C-Cs/C-NC was higher than C-Cs and C-NPs. In addition, the kinetic and isotherm models were studied, where the results showed that the adsorption of Pb+2 and MB by various adsorbents obeys pseudo-second-order and Langmuir isotherms, respectively.

Adsorptive removal of cationic dye by synthesized sustainable xanthan gum-g p(AMPS-co-AAm) hydrogel from aqueous media: Optimization by RSM-CCD model

This research aims to treat toxic methylene blue (MB) dye from contaminated water due to its harmful effects on human health and the environment. For this purpose, xanthan gum-based hydrogel was prepared by grafting acrylamide (AAm) and 2-acrylamido-2-methly propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) onto xanthan gum (XG) with methylene bis acrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinking agent. With the introduction of sulfonate and carboxylate groups, the XG molecules were rearranged with better regularity, and based on rheology analysis; higher mechanical stability was approved. The central composite design (CCD) experimental design was used to evaluate the main and interaction effects of the independent hydrogel composition parameters (AMPS, AAm, and MBA concentration) and to derive a model from predicting optimization of the hydrogel composition to remove methylene blue (MB) dye. Accordingly, the concentrations of AAm (6 wt%), AMPS (4.09 wt%), and MBA (0.12 wt%) was found to be the optimum amount for the prepared pH-sensitive adsorbent to remove 98.85% of MB from an aqueous solution using CCD-RSM optimization. The fabrication of hydrogel and its interaction with monomers was specified by FTIR, TGA, rheology, FESEM, and ESEM techniques. The high porosity of hydrogel when swelled was confirmed based on ESEM images. A pseudo-first-order model and Langmuir isotherms best described the adsorption kinetics and adsorption equilibrium, respectively. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity of MB was obtained at 384.62 mg/g. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption is endothermic and a process that increases irregularity. The hydrogel was regenerated for up to five cycles without significant reduction.

Preparation of chitosan-graft N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide copolymers as an in vitro-engineered skin

Amino-polysaccharides derivatives such as grafted chitosan (CS) have attracted increasing interest in biotechnology. The work aims to assess the novel CS-g-PHEAA as a model for in vitro-engineered skin. Gamma radiation-induced copolymerization has achieved N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide (HEAA) grafting onto CS. The functionalization of CS by the amino group has been confirmed through solid-state carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance. As evidenced by cell metabolic activity, viability, and proliferation results of human dermal fibroblast (HDF) co-cultivated with the biomaterials, the biological assays are independent of the choice of solvent. Also, the grafting degree, the HDF growth, and monolayer migration favored using CS-g-PHEAA prepared in bulk. Hence, it has potential as a future bioengineered skin substitute material.