Acquisition Process Research Articles

Exploring the L2 Acquisition Outcome of Simultaneous Bilinguals and The Influence of Input

Simultaneous bilingualism refers to bilingualism where the bilingual is exposed to both languages from birth and learn two languages before the age of three. Such bilinguals become native-like in both languages (called balanced bilingualism), or have a stronger and weaker language (called unbalanced bilingualism). Therefore, this article depicts simultaneous bilinguals’ learning outcome of their weaker language from syntax, phonetics, and vocabulary acquisition, and discusses the influence of input on the acquisition process. Specifically, in their lesser exposed language, simultaneous bilinguals follow monolingual developmental patterns in syntax acquisition, maintain acceptable language-specific distinctions but produce non-nativelike overlaps phonetically, and generally have smaller a receptive and expressive vocabulary than monolinguals. Quantity of input is crucial to the success of simultaneous bilingualism and balanced bilingualism, and heavily influences vocabulary acquisition. This article provides directions for future research in simultaneous bilingualism and the function of input in language acquisition.

Popular Cultural Texts (Film, Tv Shows) in Shaping Language Learners' Identities and Attitudes Towards the Target Language Culture: an Approach to Advancing SDG 4 - Quality Education

Objective: This study is to investigate the ways in which popular culture texts (film, television shows) shape language learners’ identities and attitudes towards the target language culture. The study aims to explore how movies and television shows influence and shape language learners' identities and attitudes toward the target culture. Theoretical Framework: The main concepts and theories are based on Geert Hofstede’s Onion Culture Model. This model provides a solid basis for understanding the context of the investigation. Methods: This study uses a qualitative research approach, using secondary content analysis to build a model of learners’ attitudes and identities, and then presents the results obtained from the analysis of this model. Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that target cultural values have a significant impact on learners’ attitudes, resulting in both favorable and unfavorable impacts on cultural immersion. These findings highlight the important role of popular culture texts in motivating language learners and shaping their attitudes and identities. Research implications: This study investigates the influence of films as well as television shows on culturally relevant foreign language teaching and learning activities. Popular culture texts play a crucial role in promoting cultural awareness and molding the attitudes and identities of learners. It contributes to revealing an approach to advancing SDG 4—Quality Education. Originality/Value: The study confirms that popular culture materials in language instruction can enhance learners’ cultural awareness and the overall language acquisition process. This study also demonstrates the use of popular culture texts in shaping language learners’ cultural and identity.

Biochemical Properties of the Acid Ectophosphatase Activity of Phytomonas serpens Involved in Cell Proliferation

Phytomonas is the only kinetoplastid that can parasitize plants, causing economically relevant issues. Phytomonas serpens share similarities with pathogenic trypanosomatids, including surface enzymes that are involved in adhesion to the salivary gland of their experimental host, the insect Oncopeltus fasciatus. Ectophosphatases are cell surface enzymes involved in host–parasite interactions that are widely distributed among microorganisms. This work aimed to perform the biochemical characterization of P. serpens ectophosphatase activity, investigating and discussing its possible physiological role. This activity presented an acidic profile, and its kinetic parameters Km and Vmax were calculated as 1.57 ± 0.08 mM p-NPP and 10.11 ± 0.14 nmol p-NP/(h × 108 flagellates), respectively. It was stimulated by cobalt, inhibited by zinc, and insensitive to EDTA, a divalent metal chelator. The inhibitor sodium orthovanadate was able to decrease P. serpens ectophosphatase activity and growth, suggesting its involvement in cell proliferation. Given that P. serpens can uptake inorganic phosphate (Pi) from the extracellular medium, it is likely that its ectophosphatase activity acts together with the transport systems in the Pi acquisition process. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in this process emerges as a relevant perspective, providing new strategies for controlling Phytomonas infection.

It’s not just kids that don’t speak English: leaning toward teacher preparation for multilingual learners

PurposeThe purpose of this current research study is to provide a comprehensive description of an ongoing effort to provide quality experiential professional development through field experiences for educators at the pre-service level, referred to hereafter as teacher candidates (TCs). This practitioner inquiry aimed to determine what the teacher candidates’ reflections revealed about their learning experiences completing the 10-h checklist.Design/methodology/approachAbout30 individual reports from four consecutive terms were collected. I employed qualitative coding, first using open codes, then grouping similar sentiments into axial codes and through an iterative process categorizing them into themes, grouping and re-generating terms as needed and keeping records in a codebook (Creswell, 2014). The research questions guiding the inquiry included, (1) What do teacher candidates’ reflections reveal about their experience completing the field experience for English Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) endorsement? And (2) What conclusions do TCs demonstrate about their role as future teachers of multilingual learners (MLLs)?FindingsFindings are summarized under three main recurring themes: emotionality of field experience, perceived misunderstandings and emerging responsiveness to MLLs. Candidates conveyed strong emotional responses to the instructional context. Some were forward in acknowledging stereotypes and trepidation to participate in the experience. Others reflected on their understanding of the experience, their interpretations of teacher relationships and noted attitude shifts toward MLLs. Findings reported emergent responsiveness to MLLs imply that candidates in this beginning experience progressed at various rates, suggesting that assessing competence of skills at the onset may be beneficial for further understanding best approaches to teacher education.Originality/valueThere is certainly a gap in current knowledge when it comes to understanding the rates at which teacher candidates develop abilities, skills and orientations toward working with MLLs. These preliminary findings support established notions such as the importance of exposing students to authentic environments that foster appreciation for the complexities of the process of second language acquisition and acculturation. Findings reported around emergent responsiveness to MLLs imply that candidates in this beginning experience progressed at various rates, suggesting that assessing competence of skills at the onset may be beneficial for further understanding best approaches to teacher education.

An investigation into the applicability of rapid artificial intelligence‐assisted compressed sensing in brain magnetic resonance imaging performed at 5 Tesla field strength

AbstractBackgroundBrain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 5 T offers unprecedented spatial resolution but is often limited by long scan times. Acceleration techniques, such as compressed sensing (CS) and artificial intelligence‐assisted compressed sensing (ACS), have the potential to speed up the acquisition process while maintaining image quality. This study aims to evaluate and compare the performance of CS and ACS (with various acceleration factors) in brain MRI imaging at 5 T.MethodsIn this study, we enrolled 12 healthy volunteers and compared ACS‐accelerated 5 T brain MRI with conventional methods of CS. The ACS acceleration factors for the brain protocol, consisting of 3D T1‐weighted sequences and 2D T2‐weighted sequences, were optimized in a pilot study on healthy volunteers (acceleration factor, 2.06–3.41× in T2‐weighted imaging and 3.52–8.49× in T1‐weighted imaging). We evaluated the images acquired from patients using various acceleration methods on the basis of acquisition times, the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), the contrast‐to‐noise ratio, subjective image quality, and diagnostic agreement.ResultsOur findings revealed that ACS acceleration significantly reduced the acquisition times for T1‐ and T2‐weighted sequences by up to 43% and 53%, respectively, compared with traditional CS at 5 T. Importantly, this acceleration was achieved while maintaining excellent image quality, demonstrated by higher or comparable SNR and contrast‐to‐noise ratio values.ConclusionsThe optimal ACS acceleration factors for 5 T brain MRI were determined to be 2.73× for 2D T2‐weighted sequences and 6.5× for 3D T1‐weighted sequences. ACS not only facilitates rapid imaging but also ensures comparable image quality and diagnostic performance, highlighting its potential to revolutionize high‐field MRI scanning.

Guardians of the Genome: Iron–Sulfur Proteins in the Nucleus

Iron–sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are essential cofactors found in many proteins in the mitochondria, cytosol, and nucleus of the cell. These versatile cofactors may undergo reversible oxidation–reduction reactions to enable electron transfers; they may be structural and confer stability to a folded protein; they may be regulatory and transduce an iron signal that alters the function or stability of a recipient protein. Of the nearly 70 proteins described in mammalian cells that bind Fe-S clusters, about half localize exclusively or partially to the nucleus, where they are required for DNA replication and repair, telomere maintenance, transcription, mitosis, and cell cycle control. Most nuclear Fe-S cluster proteins interact with DNA, including DNA polymerases, primase, helicases, and glycosylases. However, the specific roles of the clusters in the enzymatic activities of these proteins and their interplay with DNA remain a matter of debate. Defects in the metallation of nuclear Fe-S proteins cause genome instability and alter the regulation of cell division and proliferation, which are hallmarks of various genetic diseases and cancers. Here, we provide an inventory of the nuclear Fe-S cluster-binding proteins and discuss cluster types, binding sites, the process of cluster acquisition, and the potential roles of the cluster in the function of the proteins. However, many questions remain unresolved. We highlight critical gaps in our understanding of cluster delivery to nuclear client proteins, the potential for cluster repair, and the mechanistic roles that clusters play in these enzymes. Taken together, this review brings the focus to the nucleus of the human cell as a hotspot for Fe-S cluster proteins and aims to inspire new research on the roles of iron in DNA metabolism and the maintenance of genome integrity.

SSTar-TransGAN: Transformer-based Unsupervised Multi-modality Hyperspectral Digital Staining Network

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) plays an important role in accurate cancer screening and diagnosis, the clinical application of which has been restricted by complex operation process, high costs and demand of professional skills from pathologists. Digital staining methods based on deep learning provide the possibility for Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) stained images to be converted into IHC stained images, but it needs to train multiple staining networks for various modalities of IHC images from different cancers, thus weakening the versatility and convenience of digital staining in the process of practical application. At the same time, microscopic hyperspectral imaging technology can provide abundant spectral information for pathological images, which has been proved effective in digital staining tasks to transform staining modalities from one to many, but microscopic hyperspectral imaging has also been troubled by time-consuming acquisition process and huge data storage. In order to overcome the above challenges, we propose SSTar-TransGAN network for digital staining tasks. With the inhabitation of StarGAN structure, SSTar-TransGAN transfers the training burden of generators into lightweight style encoders between different modalities, while in addition to the introduction of transformer structure into the encoder, the application of spectral super-resolution Swin-Spectral Transformer U-Net (SSTU) network enables the convertion from H&E stained RGB images into hyperspectral images as well, which ensure the spatial structure and color information of IHC images under multiple staining modalities and the further conversion between different staining modalities. Qualitative and quantitative experiments prove the performance of SSTar-TransGAN on digital staining tasks superior to other state-of-the-art digital staining methods.

Acquisition Analysis: Evidence from Microsoft’s Acquisition of Activision Blizzard

As a matter of fact, the Internet era is evolving quickly these days, and the video game business in particular has a lot of room to grow in recent years. To be specific, a number of technology companies are continually purchasing and merging to increase their market share. At this point, Microsoft revealed the shocking announcement that Activision Blizzard would be acquired by the company for a whopping $68.7 billion. In the end, this acquisition helped Microsoft establish a strong foothold in the gaming industry, making it one of the top three gaming companies and facilitating its faster entry into the meta-universe, despite the company facing numerous challenges and risks during the process. On this basis, this study will select the target to carry out a detailed case study. The analysis of this purchase case in terms of background introduction, acquisition process, motivation for acquisition, financial analysis will serve as the basis for this article, and the findings will offer guidance on the mergers and acquisitions of technological companies.

Reverse-time migration of mobile marine vibrator data

Marine vibrators are viable alternatives to seismic air guns in ocean-bottom acquisition due to their less adverse impact on the environment, their ability to generate lower frequency content, and their suitability for simultaneous acquisition. However, mobile marine vibrators introduce a unique set of processing and imaging challenges for ocean-bottom acquisition, the main examples of which are the Doppler effect and the time-dependent source-receiver offsets, which are not features of conventional marine acquisitions. Standard seismic data processing and imaging techniques assume stationary sources and are not fully suitable for mobile marine vibrator data without modifications. Not accounting for source motion in seismic imaging introduces phase change and mispositioning of imaged structures. Further, ignoring source-motion effects in imaging workflow may lead to the estimation of inaccurate migration velocity models or imply the use of incorrect migration velocity, e.g., in seismic-to-well ties. We develop a reverse-time migration (RTM) approach that accounts for the source-motion effects and is capable of producing accurate subsurface images, closely matching stationary acquisition and imaging results. Synthetic examples illustrate the ability of the proposed method to construct accurate subsurface RTM images even for source velocities higher than those commonly used in typical marine acquisitions. Our approach is not limited to imaging mobile marine vibrator data in ocean-bottom acquisition, but is also applicable to mobile streamer data using marine vibrators or seismic air-gun sources.

CULTURAL FRICTION AND MOTIVATIONAL ATTITUDES DURING CROSS BORDER MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS: A REVISION OF JOB CHARACTERISTICS THEORY

This study examines how perceptions of cultural friction and changes in job characteristics influence attitudes and work-related outcomes of senior and middle managers during the integration process of cross-border mergers and acquisitions (CBM&As). It addresses both cultural aspects and the role of human resource management during post-merger integration. The research thus answers calls for an extension of the job characteristics model within novel settings and offers practical managerial implications. Notably, this study tests Hackman & Oldman’s job characteristics model in the context of CBM&As and extends the model with the additional dimension of cultural friction. To achieve this goal, we use a cross-sectional study design with structural equation modeling on survey data from 142 senior and middle managers who had been actively involved in CBM&As in the two years prior to the study. This research therefore contributes to our theoretical knowledge in the field of CBM&As, revealing micro-mechanisms during sociocultural integration. Building from this, we discuss the positive aspects of cultural friction, notably the cognitive thought processes that it enables. This has theoretical implications on how cultural friction might be conceptualized and operationalized as a micro-founded variable. Equally, it has practical implications concerning the role of HRM in CBM&As. We thus provide recommendations as to how the integration process might be more successfully managed.

Anomaly detection in bridge structural health monitoring via 1D-LBP and statistical feature fusion

Over the past few years, numerous bridges have been equipped with structural health monitoring (SHM) systems to continuously monitor critical structural parameters, enabling early detection of potential issues and timely maintenance. However, the monitoring data frequently contain anomalies due to various interferences during the acquisition and transmission processes. To address this, this paper proposes a robust and efficient anomaly detection and classification method. The method extracts one-dimensional local binary pattern (1D-LBP) features and time-domain statistical features from the monitoring data, fusing them into a comprehensive feature representation. These fused features are then input into an extreme gradient boosting (XG-Boost) classifier for anomaly detection. Additionally, a 1D-LBP feature simplification method is introduced to enhance detection efficiency. The effectiveness of the proposed method was validated using monitoring data from a long-span cable-stayed bridge SHM system. Experimental results demonstrate the excellent performance of the method in terms of detection accuracy and efficiency.

Transmission Map Refinement Using Laplacian Transform on Single Image Dehazing Based on Dark Channel Prior Approach

Abstract Computer vision requires high-quality input images to facilitate image interpretation and analysis tasks. However, the image acquisition process does not always produce good-quality images. In outdoor environments, image quality is determined by weather or environmental conditions. Bad weather conditions due to pollution particles in the atmosphere such as smoke, fog, and haze can degrade image quality, such as contrast, brightness, and sharpness. This research proposes to obtain a better haze-free image from a hazy image by utilizing the Laplacian filtering and image enhancement techniques in the transmission map reconstruction based on the dark channel prior approach. Experimental results show that the proposed method could improve the visual quality of the dehazed images from 45% to 56% compared to the ground-truth images. The proposed method is also fairly competitive compared to similar methods in the same domain.

Methodology for measuring greenhouse gas concentrations at a test site near the Blue Bay (northeast of the Black Sea)

The article presents the results of monitoring the concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), volatile organic substances (VOCs) and a mixture of ozone and nitrogen dioxide carried out at a test site located in the Blue Bay area (Gelendzhik). The technical capabilities of the scientific equipment used and the features of the methodology for working with it are described. An analysis of the data acquisition process was performed, and some optimizations of measurement technology and statistical processing were shown in order to increase the reliability of the results. A brief summary of the measurements performed is given. During the research, the concentration of greenhouse gases and harmful substances was within the global average.

Barriers to the Intercultural Communication of Native English Speaking Teachers in an Intercultural Environment: A Review of the Literature

Native English speaking (NES) teachers are important contributors to the English acquisition process. In a multicultural environment, the ability to communicate with people and minimize misunderstandings is vital. Nevertheless, very little concern is shown about possible barriers to intercultural communication that NES teachers may have when working in different regions in the world, including: anxiety, the assumption of similarity instead of differences, stereotypes and prejudice, ethnocentrism, and nonverbal misinterpretation (Barna, 1997). This may cause many problems for both the NES teachers themselves and the students they teach. This paper aims to review other research and studies concerning the challenges that NES teachers might face when working in an intercultural environment.

Cyclic Peptide MV6, an Aminoglycoside Efficacy Enhancer Against Acinetobacter baumannii

Background/Objectives: Acinetobacter baumannii is a globally emerging pathogen with widespread antimicrobial resistance driven by multiple mechanisms, such as altered expression of efflux pumps like AdeABC, placing it as a priority for research. Driven by the lack of new treatments, alternative approaches are being explored to combat its infections, among which efficacy-enhancing adjuvants can be found. This study presents and characterizes MV6, a synthetic cyclic peptide that boosts aminoglycoside efficacy. Methods: MV6’s activity was assessed through antimicrobial susceptibility testing in combination with different antibiotic classes against A. baumannii strains characterized by PCR and RT-qPCR. PAβN served as a reference efflux pump inhibitor. Synergy was evaluated using checkerboard assays, and spontaneous mutants were generated with netilmicin with/without MV6 (100 mg/L). Whole-genome sequencing and variant calling analysis were then performed. Results: MV6 presented low antimicrobial activity in A. baumannii with MICs higher than 2048 mg/L. MV6 showed a better boosting effect for aminoglycosides, especially netilmicin, exceeding that of PAβN. Checkerboard assays confirmed a strong synergy between netilmicin and MV6, and a significant correlation was found between netilmicin MIC and adeB overexpression, which was mitigated by the presence of MV6. MV6 reduced, by 16-fold, the mutant prevention concentration of netilmicin. Mutations in a TetR-family regulator and ABC-binding proteins were found in both groups, suggesting a direct or indirect implication of these proteins in the resistance acquisition process. Conclusions: MV6 lacks intrinsic antimicrobial activity, minimizing selective pressure, yet enhances netilmicin’s effectiveness except for strain 210, which lacks the AdeABC efflux pump. Resistant mutants indicate specific aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms involving efflux pump mutations, suggesting synergistic interactions. Further research, including transcriptomic analysis, is essential to elucidate MV6’s role in enhancing netilmicin efficacy and its resistance mechanisms.

Factors Influencing Malays as a Second Language Learning in Essay Writing: A case study of Iban Ethnic Students in Sarawak, Malaysia

Second language learners, such as Iban students studying Malay, often face significant challenges in essay writing due to the proficiency gap between their first language and Malay. The lack of daily use of Malay further complicates their ability to grasp complex sentence structures and vocabulary, making essay writing a particularly difficult task for non-native speakers. This study aims to identify the factors influencing the learning of Malay as a second language in essay writing among Iban ethnic students. The study employed a qualitative research approach, involving semi-structured interviews with eight primary school Malay language teachers in the Kapit district of Sarawak. The data were analysed thematically using Nvivo 12 software. The findings identified three main factors: (i) mother tongue factors influence, (ii) linguistic environment factors influence, and (iii) psychological factors influence. As a result, the process of second language acquisition in educational settings requires deliberate and structured approaches, rather than relying on the natural language development seen with a first language. This study offers useful perspectives for both researchers and educators to refine teaching methods, focusing on more targeted strategies that can better support Iban students in improving their proficiency in Malay as a second language.

Digital Transformation in Talent Acquisition: An Investigation into the Integration of Big Data Analytics and Management Information Systems for Optimal Hiring Strategies

The primary goal was to empirically investigate the relationships amongst Big Data Analytics (BDA), Management Information System (MIS), optimal hiring strategies, leadership support, and talent acquisition process. This research aimed to fill crucial gaps in the literature by examining how technology adoption and leadership support influence the formulation and effectiveness of optimal hiring strategies, finally impacting talent acquisition results in the Chinese business landscape. Quantitative research was employed, targeting experts and decision-makers in human resource departments across numerous industries in China. The research used a random sampling approach to acquire facts through an online questionnaire, examining responses from 168 participants. Regression and mediation analyses, facilitated by SPSS, were applied to discover the relationships and mechanisms among BDA, MIS, optimal hiring strategies, leadership support, and talent acquisition success. The results discovered a significant and positive relationship between BDA and MIS with the optimal hiring techniques. Moreover, optimal hiring techniques have proven an advantageous association with talent acquisition success. The research similarly showed the mediating role of optimal hiring strategies in translating the advantages of BDA and MIS into talent acquisition success. Leadership support emerged as a moderator, amplifying the relationship between optimum hiring techniques and talent acquisition success. This study contributes empirical proof to the underexplored intersection of leadership support, technology, and talent hiring strategies. The findings offer practical insights for companies aiming to navigate the complexities of recruitment, emphasizing the significance of strategic decision-making, technology integration, and management endorsement in achieving talent acquisition success.

The Role of Stakeholders in Land Acquisition for the Construction of the Gatot Subroto Underpass in Medan

This research analyzes the role of stakeholders in the land acquisition process for the construction of an underpass on Jalan Gatot Subroto Medan. The construction of this underpass infrastructure aims to reduce congestion and improve accessibility and aesthetics of the city of Medan, especially at the Manhattan Mall intersection in Medan. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method by collecting data through interviews, observation and documentation from various related parties, including the government, land owners, contractors, supervisory consultants and local communities. The research results concluded that there were 18 stakeholders divided into 4 (four) quadrants, namely: subject; key players; other supporters and followers. The resulting conclusion is in the form of a division of roles based on the interest and strength quadrants from Reed's (2009) theory. The success of land acquisition for the construction of the Gatot Subroto Medan underpass is determined by the ability of stakeholders to work together

대학생의 소비자주의 정체성 발현 양태와 교양교육이 나가야 할 방향

The purpose of this study is to critically examine the expression of consumerism identity of college students and to seek the direction of liberal arts education in response. Consumerism identity is self-consciousness that is formed through consumption and placing oneself in the position of consumers and evaluating all issues with consumption logic. This study analyzes the meaning and problem of consumerism identity by dividing it into qualification suitability, justice of equivalent exchange, victimhood. As a result of the study, the persistent inquiry into qualification suitability downgrades legitimate exercise of rights to a qualification issue and tolerates a distorted structure hidden in the qualification acquisition process. The justice of equivalence exchange reinforces academicism with meritocracy. As the justice of equivalence exchange collapses, the distinction between the perpetrator and the victim is distorted. From this, liberal arts education should create a strong self that will give pride to one's values. Furthermore, it is necessary to leads to equal relations with others and open communication, and establishes the values, behavioral principles, and systems of 'the social' for alternative society.

Visual perceptual artefacts in cardiothoracic imaging: Implications for diagnostic accuracy and strategies for mitigation.

Visual perceptual artefacts are distortions or illusions in medical image interpretation arising from the human visual system rather than hardware or imaging acquisition processes. These artefacts, emerging at various visual processing stages, such as the retina, visual pathways, visual cortex, and cognitive interpretation stages, impact the interpretation of cardiothoracic images. This review discusses artefacts including Mach bands, Dark Rim, Background Effects, Ambiguous Figures, Subjective Contours, and the Parallax Effect. A thorough literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar. Search terms included 'visual perceptual artifacts', 'cardiothoracic imaging', 'Mach bands', 'dark rim artifact', 'stress cardiac MRI', and 'radiology visual illusions'. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies focusing on visual perceptual artefacts in cardiothoracic imaging published in peer-reviewed journals. Studies not addressing visual perceptual artefacts or those focusing on imaging technology, hardware, or software-related artefacts were excluded. Duplicate studies were removed, and a final selection of 32 studies was analysed. Several key visual perceptual artefacts relevant to cardiothoracic imaging were identified. Mach bands, caused by lateral inhibition in the retina, create false contrasts at object boundaries, potentially mimicking pathologies such as fractures or pneumothoraces. The dark rim artefact observed on stress cardiac MRI, resulting from Gibbs ringing or truncation artefacts, can simulate perfusion defects and complicate diagnosis. Lateral inhibition can possibly accentuate the appearance of the dark rim artefact. Artefacts also fall under illusions of sensation, perception, and image formation. These illusions present both risks and benefits to diagnostic radiology. Recognizing visual perceptual artefacts is crucial for improving diagnostic accuracy and developing strategies to mitigate their impact. A comprehensive understanding and training on these artefacts are essential for radiologists to enhance interpretive skills, reduce diagnostic errors, and ultimately improve patient care in radiology.