Acquisition Of Patterns Research Articles

Distance-dependent, species-specific effects of legumes on nitrogen utilization by companion non-legumes in the Gurbantunggut desert, Northern China

Legumes, as an important biological nitrogen (N) fixation resource, could effectively supplement N inputs to terrestrial ecosystems, especially in N-poor desert ecosystems. However, there is limited research on the N utilization strategies of different plant life forms coexisting under the “fertilizer island effect” created by leguminous shrubs. The study aims to explore the N acquisition patterns of herbaceous plants adjacent to Eremosparton songoricum (Litv.) Vassilcz. in the Gurbantungut Desert of northern China. In this study, the 15N isotope labeling method was used to track the N acquisition of the companion plants Ceratocarpus arenarius L. and Centaurea pulchella Ledeb. within 0–10 cm (D1), 30–40 cm (D2), 60–70 cm (D3), and 90–100 cm (D4) from a dominant legume species E. songoricum. The results showed that: (1) The “N acquisition” by herbaceous plants near leguminous shrubs showed distinct effects related to distance, with a preference for N-NH4+ (contribution rate: 25.42 % ∼ 58.94 %) at a closer distance from the shrub, and a preference for N-NO3−(contribution rate: 17.17 %–54.65 %) at a farther distance. (2) There was niche separation in the acquisition of organic N by the associated species of different life forms, in which the 15N-Glycine recovery and absorption rate of Cer. arenarius decreased with the increase of distance level (D1 > D2 > D3 > D4). However, Cen. pulchella had the maximum 15N-Glycine recovery at D4 (90–100 cm) (D1 < D2 < D3 < D4). (3) By analyzing the key driving factors that influence the N form preferences of non-leguminous plants associated with leguminous shrubs, it was found that the biomass of the 2 species tended to increase with increasing distance levels, and the preference for N forms changed from ammonium N to nitrate N. However, increased distance had a positive effect on the acquisition of N-Glycine and N-NO3−, whereas it negatively impacted the uptake of N-NH4+. These findings revealed that in N-poor desert ecosystems, herbaceous plants near leguminous shrubs adjusted their N preferences based on distance to optimize N uptake and facilitate niche coexistence. This study provides data that support a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of species coexistence and ecological stability assessments among diverse plant species in desert environments.

Characterization of Schiff base self-healing hydrogels by dynamic speckle pattern analysis

Self-healing hydrogels are emerging materials capable of restoring functionality after damage, making them highly suitable for biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, wound healing, and drug delivery. In this study, we synthesize and characterize a novel biodegradable, conductive, and self-healing hydrogel. The synthesis is based on a Schiff base formed between gelatin and hyaluronic acid, and the dynamic reversible Schiff base bond provides the self-healing property. To characterize and assess the self-healing behavior of the hydrogel, dynamic speckle pattern (DSP) analysis is introduced as a non-destructive, non-contact, and easy-to-implement method. Speckle patterns are formed upon scattering of laser light from a diffusive matter and includes a huge overall information about the sample, to be extracted by statistical processing. DSP analysis is employed to monitor the self-healing process of the hydrogel at both macroscopic and microscopic scales. Experimental procedure involve in situ acquisition of speckle patterns over time under controlled environmental conditions, followed by statistical analysis to evaluate the internal dynamics of the healing process. Several statistical parameters are computed for real-time monitoring of the self-healing property of the hydrogel. The findings, on the one hand, underscore the potential of Schiff base hydrogels in advanced biomedical applications where self-healing properties are critical for sustained performance and longevity. On the other hand, the introduced analysis method shows its potential to serve as an effective approach for biomaterial characterization.

The Comparative Study of Bilingualism in East and Southeast Asia

The comparative study of bilingualism in East (Taiwan) and Southeast Asia (Vietnam) includes two interrelated investigations. This study provides valuable insights into the processes of language and literacy development among children from minority groups and examine patterns of language acquisition within school-age populations in bilingual communities. The research contributes to a deeper understanding of how bilingualism affects educational outcomes in these distinct cultural and linguistic contexts. Study A involved in-depth interviews with 62 Vietnamese immigrant participants and aimed to explore their language learning experiences and related issues of adaptation to Taiwanese culture. Study B, which was located in the Thái-speaking district of Bá Thước in Thanh Hóa province, involved fieldwork that primarily focused on the development of bilingual children in first grade. In the Chinese-speaking community of Taiwan, evidence suggests that immigrant parents make significant progress in the second language learning of Chinese. In turn, first generation children appear to be making progress that is parallel to that of their Chinese native-speaking peers. Similarly, in the Thái-speaking communities, progress in mastering the national language, Vietnamese, as a second language is comparable to that in Vietnamese-speaking communities (Kinh monolingual children).

Training in the Use of Myoelectric Prostheses Through the Combined Application of Immersive Virtual Reality, Cross-education, and Mirror Therapy

ABSTRACT Introduction During the rehabilitation process (RHB) of the patient with traumatic upper-limb amputation, the use of immersive virtual reality (IVR) facilitates the incorporation of the prosthesis into the body schema. This reinforces and enhances sensorimotor and cognitive stimulation to improve motor learning and motor patterns, while normalizing global gestures. Objectives The aims of this study were to implement retraining of gestural acquisition and prosthetic control in patients with upper-limb injuries and amputations through IVR, and to then incorporate this in the normalization of functional patterns in activities of daily living (ADLs) with the work of “cross-education” as well as the therapy of observation of actions—mirror therapy to enhance the joint effect of the approach with IVR. Methods Standard sessions were established for transradial and transhumeral trauma patients with upper-limb amputation and traumatic injuries within the rehabilitation treatment. During the sessions, games and virtual environment were used. The software ran in desktop mode using a “Leap Motion” or for immersive versions of 3D glasses (Oculus Rift S). Results The application of IVR in combination with conventional treatment obtained significant benefits for functionality. These included learning correct motor execution as well as motivational and emotional state with distal traumatic injuries and upper-limb amputations with or without myoelectric prosthesis, obtaining 5.6 on average on the GROC (global rating of change) scale. Conclusions Immersive virtual reality shows benefit for the normalization of motor learning of functional patterns in DLA and on the emotional, motivational level of the patient. Clinical Relevance The integrated combination of cross-education, mirror therapy, and immersive virtual reality may represent greater acquisition of motor patterns in the prosthetic training of patients with upper-limb amputation.

An entropy measure-based study on flow pattern of gas–liquid two-phase flow in a U-Tube

U-tubes are widely applied in gas–liquid two-phase transportation in chemical engineering. The diverse flow patterns within these tubes significantly affect the pressure loss, heat transfer efficiency, and even the fluid-induced vibration amplitude of the tubes. This study explores the complex flow pattern features in a U-tube in a vertical plane and focuses on recognizing them. For the acquisition and classification of flow patterns, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for gas–liquid two-phase flow is first established, and its quantitative calculation error is ensured to be less than 5%. Then, the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of flow patterns is analyzed. The real-time pressure drop response is chosen as the representation signal, and its nonlinear features in the time and frequency domain under different flow patterns are explored. A nonlinear time series is constructed by extracting a segment from the real-time pressure drop data, and six entropy measures are applied to analyze and identify them. Finally, the sensitivity of entropy measures to both the time series lengths and the tested sections are evaluated. Results show that there are six typical flow patterns in a U-tube. According to most entropy measures, the bubble flow has the highest complexity; however, the plug flow presents the lowest complexity. In the U-bend, pressure drop signals for the bubble and annular flows show random fluctuations within a specific range, in contrast to the marked periodicity in plug flow signals, while wavy and slug flows exhibit intermittent peak values. Including the upstream and downstream straight pipes in the analysis, rather than focusing solely on the U-bend, significantly increases the complexity of the stratified, plug, and slug flows. Fuzzy entropy is an effective tool for identifying the six flow patterns, demonstrating good resilience to variations in the length of the data series. This characteristic makes it highly useful for real-time identification of flow patterns in the U-bend sections of non-transparent U-tubes, offering considerable potential in chemical equipment.

The influence of pragmatic function on children's comprehension of complex because- and if-sentences

IntroductionIn complex adverbial sentences, the connectives because and if can perform different pragmatic functions (e.g. Content, Speech-Act), although this is often overlooked in studies investigating children's acquisition of these connectives. In this study, we investigated whether pragmatic variation is responsible for some of the difficulty young children have in understanding because- and if-sentences and tested the extent to which patterns of acquisition are related to the cognitive complexity or input frequency of the different pragmatic types.MethodsNinety-two children (aged 3–5; F = 39) and 20 adults (F = 12) took part in a forced-choice picture task where they had to identify correct pictures after hearing Content and Speech-Act because- and if-sentences.ResultsResults showed that children were most accurate on the sentence type where cognitive simplicity and input frequency converge (If Content), but this pattern was largely driven by the girls in the study. For response times, children were fastest with the least cognitively complex sentence types. However, for because Speech-Act sentences, there was an inverse relationship between response time and input frequency.DiscussionTaken together, these findings suggest that neither account (cognitive complexity or input frequency) can fully explain the findings. Instead, we suggest that the relative contributions of both factors are best understood in terms of the relevance of these utterances to children and the precise contexts in which children hear these utterances produced.

Single-Shot Fringe Projection Profilometry Based on LC-SLM Modulation and Polarization Multiplexing

Fringe projection profilometry (FPP) is extensively utilized for the 3D measurement of various specimens. However, traditional FPP typically requires at least three phase-shifted fringe patterns to achieve a high-quality phase map. In this study, we introduce a single-shot FPP method based on common path polarization interferometry. In our method, the projected fringe pattern is created through the interference of two orthogonal circularly polarized light beams modulated by a liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM). A polarization camera is employed to capture the reflected fringe pattern, enabling the simultaneous acquisition of four-step phase-shifting fringe patterns. The system benefits from advanced anti-vibration capabilities attributable to the common path self-interference optical path design. Furthermore, the utilization of a low-coherence LED light source results in reduced noise levels compared to a laser light source. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method can yield 3D measurement outcomes with high accuracy and efficiency.

Drought alters the physiological quality of runner-type peanut seeds during seed formation

Sub-optimal water supply during crop development, especially during peak flowering and pod filling, affects the quality of the produced seeds, generally resulting in poor seed quality. The goals of this study were to identify the acquisition pattern of physiological components in peanut seeds as well as to assess the impact of drought during peanut seed development on its physiological quality. The research was conducted at the USDA-ARS National Peanut Research Laboratory in Dawson, GA for three consecutive years (2019, 2020, and 2021) using field conditions under two water regimes, well-watered control and drought stress. Rainout shelters were used to prevent rain in the drought-stressed block for 30 d, starting 80 d after planting. The well-watered block received supplemental irrigation when soil water potential reached −40 kPa. Peanut pods from the cultivar Georgia-06G were harvested at 2500 growing degree days, and the peanut maturity profile board was used to classify the pods into different maturity classes. Germination, vigor, desiccation tolerance (DT), and longevity tests were performed on seeds from each maturity class and both water regimes. The acquisition pattern for the physiological components of seed quality was developed for seeds grown under well-watered and drought conditions. Maximum germination occurred in 'brown 1' and 'brown 2' under drought and well-watered conditions, respectively. Both water regimes reached maximum vigor in the 'brown 1'; however, under well-watered conditions, vigor had a rapid decline after 'brown 1' while under drought stress, the decline in vigor was slower. Maximum DT was achieved between ‘orange’ and 'brown 1' under drought conditions, whereas under well-watered conditions, maximum DT was achieved between 'brown 2' and 'black 1'. Seeds from immature classes had lower capacity to be stored compared with mature seeds. Overall, drought stress promoted greater physiological quality in the peanut seeds than the well-watered treatment. Maximum physiological quality was achieved in the transition from ‘orange’ into 'brown 1' under drought conditions, and in the transition from 'brown 2' to 'black 1' class under well-watered conditions. Also, drought stress preserved seed quality for a longer period.

Input, Universals, and Transfer in Developing Rhotics: A Sketch in Bilingualism

Understanding the role of input in bilingual phonological acquisition is revealing for deciphering the workings of language acquisition processes. Input and usage distributional frequencies guide and differentiate speech sound acquisition patterns cross-linguistically. Such processes are operant in first- and second-language acquisition. There is an under-representation of investigations on how context-specific input in bilingualism influences the early acquisition of rhotics in child developmental speech longitudinally. This study addresses the gap by tracing a Greek/English bilingual girl’s rhotic development between ages 2;7 and 3;11, utilizing naturalistic data during daily interactions with an adult interlocutor. The study reports and schematically illustrates the child’s bilingual usage frequencies, informing language choice in her production variables, which demonstrate, quantitatively and qualitatively, the effects of context-specific input on rhotic accuracy levels and substitution patterns in both languages. Specifically, distributional frequencies in the input govern the child’s phonemic and phonetic tendencies in the languages. Findings are compared with previous reports in the literature and enhance language acquisition theory, revealing the pivotal role of input in the dynamic interplay with developmental universals, language-specific tendencies, transfer, and individual variation.

Is vision necessary for the timely acquisition of language-specific patterns in co-speech gesture and their lack in silent gesture?

Blind adults display language-specificity in their packaging and ordering of events in speech. These differences affect the representation of events in co-speech gesture-gesturing with speech-but not in silent gesture-gesturing without speech. Here we examine when in development blind children begin to show adult-like patterns in co-speech and silent gesture. We studied speech and gestures produced by 30 blind and 30 sighted children learning Turkish, equally divided into 3 age groups: 5-6, 7-8, 9-10 years. The children were asked to describe three-dimensional spatial event scenes (e.g., running out of a house) first with speech, and then without speech using only their hands. We focused on physical motion events, which, in blind adults, elicit cross-linguistic differences in speech and co-speech gesture, but cross-linguistic similarities in silent gesture. Our results showed an effect of language on gesture when it was accompanied by speech (co-speech gesture), but not when it was used without speech (silent gesture) across both blind and sighted learners. The language-specific co-speech gesture pattern for both packaging and ordering semantic elements was present at the earliest ages we tested the blind and sighted children. The silent gesture pattern appeared later for blind children than sighted children for both packaging and ordering. Our findings highlight gesture as a robust and integral aspect of the language acquisition process at the early ages and provide insight into when language does and does not have an effect on gesture, even in blind children who lack visual access to gesture. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Gestures, when produced with speech (i.e., co-speech gesture), follow language-specific patterns in event representation in both blind and sighted children. Gestures, when produced without speech (i.e., silent gesture), do not follow the language-specific patterns in event representation in both blind and sighted children. Language-specific patterns in speech and co-speech gestures are observable at the same time in blind and sighted children. The cross-linguistic similarities in silent gestures begin slightly later in blind children than in sighted children.

On the Acquisition of Chinese Written Sentence Patterns by Hearing-Impaired Students Based on Corpus

This paper presents a review of existing research on the Chinese written language corpora for hearing-impaired students and their acquisition of sentence patterns. It discusses the construction of a Chinese written sentence pattern corpus for hearing-impaired students and the procedures and content of research on their acquisition of written sentence patterns. Finally, the significance and value of this study are highlighted.

Dynamic response and blast resistance of I‐shaped steel‐concrete composite beam under explosive loading

AbstractTo investigate the dynamic mechanical response and damage mechanisms of I‐shaped steel‐concrete composite beams under explosive loads, experimental research and numerical simulations were conducted on steel‐concrete composite structures. The accuracy of the numerical analysis model was validated by comparing the damage characteristics of the structures obtained from explosive tests on the steel‐concrete composite components. Based on this, numerical simulations were performed on steel‐concrete composite beams using the explicit dynamic analysis software ANSYS/LS‐DYNA, and a study on their damage mechanisms was conducted. This study resulted in the acquisition of dynamic mechanical response patterns, including time‐dependent stress, strain, displacement, acceleration, and so on. Different structural damage characteristics under various explosive conditions were summarized, and key parameters affecting the blast resistance of the structure were analyzed. The research findings indicated that, in contrast to the failure characteristics of I‐shaped reinforced concrete (RC) beams, the failure characteristics of I‐shaped steel‐concrete composite beams mainly include punching and shearing failure of the steel‐RC slab and local buckling of the steel beam. Under the same explosive conditions, steel‐concrete composite structures exhibit superior blast resistance, with certain changes in structural parameters significantly improving blast resistance. The research results can provide theoretical support and a scientific basis for the proactive design of blast protection in steel‐concrete beams.

Disentangling the roles of age and knowledge in early language acquisition: A fine-grained analysis of the vocabularies of infant and child language learners

The words that children learn change over time in predictable ways. The first words that infants acquire are generally ones that are both frequent and highly imageable. Older infants also learn words that are more abstract and some that are less common. It is unclear whether this pattern is attributable to maturational factors (i.e., younger children lack sufficiently developed cognitive faculties needed to learn abstract words) or linguistic factors (i.e., younger children lack sufficient knowledge of their language to use grammatical or contextual cues needed to figure out the meaning of more abstract words). The present study explores this question by comparing vocabulary acquisition in 53 preschool-aged children (M = 51 months, range = 30–76 months) who were adopted from China and Eastern Europe after two and half years of age and 53 vocabulary-matched infant controls born and raised in English speaking families in North America (M = 24 months, range = 16–33 months). Vocabulary was assessed using the MB-CDI Words and Sentences form, word frequency was estimated from the CHILDES database, and imageability was measured using adult ratings of how easily words could be pictured mentally. Both groups were more likely to know words that were both highly frequent and imageable (resulting in an over-additive interaction). Knowledge of a word was also independently affected by the syntactic category that it belongs to. Adopted preschoolers’ vocabulary was slightly less affected by imageability. These findings were replicated in a comparison with a larger sample of vocabulary-matched controls drawn from the MB-CDI norming study (M = 22 months, range = 16–30 months; 33 girls). These results suggest that the patterns of acquisition in children’s early vocabulary are primarily driven by the accrual of linguistic knowledge, but that vocabulary may also be affected by differences in early life experiences or conceptual knowledge.

ТВОРЧЕСТВО И САМОИЗЯВА НА ДЕЦАТА ЧРЕЗ СЪЗДАВАНЕ НА ОБЕМНИ ФОРМИ ЧРЕЗ МОКРОТО ПЛЪСТЕНЕ НА ВЪЛНА

The purpose of this report is to show a different and unconventional approach to making volumetric shapes in the case of felt. It is aimed at children, as a different technological and aesthetic element compared to those that can be off ered in public kindergartens. For this, in the learning process, educators must provide the opportunity to use innovative approaches, to work with a variety of materials, to ensure that children “produce something different“[1]. The report can serve as a guide for shaping concrete practical ideas. The introduction of children into the system of compulsory preschool education plays an important role. This fact lays the foundations for the overall improvement of a wide range of skills that are essential for the formation of creative personalities and includes the acquisition of basic knowledge, competences and behavior patterns by children. An important place is occupied by the work to strengthen the feeling for the forms that children see around them. The process of becoming familiar with shapes combines both visual and tactile perception.

Optimization of acquisition patterns for establishing inter CubeSat optical communications

As commercially available CubeSats with up to six standardized units cannot achieve the precision required for an instantaneous establishment of a low-divergence optical inter-satellite link, search patterns are used to scan the remaining field of uncertainty. This analysis optimizes the simultaneously executed search pattern combinations of the two laser communication terminals involved. Based on a Monte Carlo simulation, the perturbations on these links are investigated, and the corresponding key performance parameters such as mean acquisition time and success rate are calculated. The results are penalized by the hardware specifications, including actuator and sensor bandwidths, given by their design. Residual attitude error components imply a significant influence on the acquisition process and are therefore presented within this work. The pattern pairs are fed through an automated optimization algorithm to tune and analyze them. In this particular scenario of two CubeISL models, the mean duration for a first detected acquisition hit is within a pattern period of 3.2 s for the best performing pairs spiral-rose and lissajous-rose. Assuming an uncertainty field of ±0.2deg due to limited attitude knowledge, success rates between 82.3% and 99.9% are achieved.

Study on the Identification of Unfair Competition in the Acquisition of Business Data

In the era of the digital economy, competition among operators has expanded to include competition for business data, and Unfair competition cases have sprung up around the acquisition of business data by major internet operators. In current judicial practice, referees often cite existing provisions such as the “General provisions” and “Internet specific provisions” of the anti-unfair competition law to determine the illegality and legitimacy of commercial data Unfair competition. And in the determination of such acts, there are some problems, such as the conflict between “Rights and interests protection” and “Behavior legitimacy”, the definition of data rights and interests tends to protect the interests of operators, and the judgment of legality boundary of data acquisition behavior is fuzzy. Therefore, it is suggested to correct the way of identifying the commercial data acquisition behavior, return to the nature of competition, and establish the behavior regulation paradigm. Changing the division of data ownership, confirming the portability of personal data, expanding the reasonable limit of data portability while playing the function of public-private synergy. To refine the judgment standard of justifiability of behavior, it is necessary to establish the behavior paradigm of “Reasonable legal interest test”, and to explore the rules of fact identification and cognizance of Data Acquisition Technology, in order to achieve the existing rules under the commercial data acquisition pattern of behavior identification optimization.

Ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance elastography for quantification of the mechanical properties of short T2 tissues via optimal control-based radiofrequency pulses.

The aim of the current study is to demonstrate the feasibility of radiofrequency (RF) pulses generated via an optimal control (OC) algorithm to perform magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) and quantify the mechanical properties of materials with very short transverse relaxation times (T2 < 5 ms) for the first time. OC theory applied to MRE provides RF pulses that bring isochromats from the equilibrium state to a fixed target state, which corresponds to the phase pattern of a conventional MRE acquisition. Such RF pulses applied with a constant gradient allow to simultaneously perform slice selection and motion encoding in the slice direction. Unlike conventional MRE, no additional motion-encoding gradients (MEGs) are needed, enabling shorter echo times. OC pulses were implemented both in turbo spin echo (OC rapid acquisition with refocused echoes [RARE]) and ultrashort echo time (OC UTE) sequences to compare their motion-encoding efficiency with the conventional MEG encoding (classical MEG MRE). MRE experiments were carried out on agar phantoms with very short T2 values and on an ex vivo bovine tendon. Magnitude images, wave field images, phase-to-noise ratio (PNR), and shear storage modulus maps were compared between OC RARE, OC UTE, and classical MEG MRE in samples with different T2 values. Shear storage modulus values of the agar phantoms were in agreement with values found in the literature, and that of the bovine tendon was corroborated with rheometry measurements. Only the OC sequences could encode motion in very short T2 samples, and only OC UTE sequences yielded magnitude images enabling proper visualization of short T2 samples and tissues. The OC UTE sequence produced the best PNRs, demonstrating its ability to perform anatomical and mechanical characterization. Its success warrants in vivo confirmation in further studies.

Developing Cogent Strategies for the Lexical Development of Non-Dominant Languages: Empowering Linguistic have-Nots and Maximizing Linguistic Performance

We begin this paper by emphasizing the importance of language policy and language planning processes, and investigate its history in different contexts. We also draw reference to our previously published paper on the empowerment of linguistic have nots, and attempt to present and propose classificatory mechanisms of languages from the aforesaid perspective. We also then review the concepts of pedagogy, verbal intelligence, linguistic enculturation, linguistic ethnography, the Sapir Whorf hypothesis, linguistic workarounds and econolexia, and review and study patterns of lexical development among individuals in different contexts, and in different parts of the world. We interface these observations with first and second language acquisition patterns and theories as well. We then end this paper by debating and proposing various strategies for the lexical development of languages, particularly strategies for the lexical development of less dominant and future-ready languages. We do this by studying different case studies and experiences drawn from real-time studies carried out and conducted in different parts of the world, particularly experiences from developing countries, and then drawing inferences and generalizations there from. We anticipate that this would constitute an extremely important component of our globalization of science movement by boosting linguistic and economic performance of people in different cultures and different parts of the world, particularly those who lag behind or are otherwise underrepresented in science and economic development.

Comparative Analysis of BEST Buses and Electric Buses in India

An overwhelming trend that marks the beginning of the transportation sector’s energy transition is the electrification of public transportation. The public sector’s considerable influence and predominance of public ownership define the transportation industry. Consequently, tendering processes Are frequently used to determine which bus delivery options are the most efficient. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the Polish bus market and in-depth interviews with individual vendors, this paper compares, assesses, and delineates the distinctions between the criteria applied in tenders for battery electric buses and diesel buses. The article additionally endeavors to ascertain whether the proportion of the vehicle price in the life cycle cost or total cost of ownership aligns with the weight assigned to the “vehicle price” criterion. The outcomes show There isn't a noticeable distinction between diesel and battery electric buses' tender requirements. Institutions that had previously created diesel bus acquisition patterns applied those patterns, for the most part, to battery electric bus tenders. As a result, the weights assigned to the criteria in tenders do not account for the benefits and drawbacks of either technology. Procedures for tendering are modified to meet regional needs and operational specifications. On current routes and schedules, electric buses frequently take the place of conventionally powered vehicles. Operational requirements are therefore known. This makes it possible to calculate the required number of vehicles as well as the fundamental technical and operational parameters (such as choosing the best charging technique and battery capacity). The charging strategy will therefore have an impact on the overall cost of ownership Opportunity charging is preferred for longer mileages, and overnight charging is preferred for shorter assignments.The electrification of public transportation is a massive trend that represents the first stage of the energy transition of the transportation sector. The transportation industry is defined by the significant influence of the public sector and the prevalence of public ownership. As such, tendering proceduresare widely employed to identify the most effective bus delivery options. This paper compares, evaluates, and discusses the differences between the specifications used in tenders for battery electric buses and diesel buses. It is based on a thorough examination of the Polish bus market and indepth interviews with specific vendors. The piece also aims to determine whether the percentage of the car price in the life cycle cost or overall cost of ownership is consistent with the importance given to the "vehicle price" factor. The results reveal no appreciable.

DIDACTIC POTENTIAL OF YOUTUBE CHANNELS FOR ENHANCED ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING IN NON-LINGUISTIC PROGRAMS

The article is devoted to the didactic potential of English-language YouTube vlogs for learning English as a foreign language by students of non-philology programs. Modern teachers of foreign languages, working in non-philological specializations, face the challenge of diversifying didactic materials. The emergence of Web 2.0, technological advancements, and the information age present a plethora of opportunities to facilitate engaging, efficient, and high-quality English language learning for both educators and students. The purpose of the article is to provide an in-depth analysis of English-language YouTube vlogs encompassing a diverse range of topics, intended for learners of various demographics, including age, gender, socioeconomic background, and English proficiency level. The study explores the potential of integrating these YouTube channels into classroom and independent learning activities for students enrolled in non-philological programs. Methodology. The research employed a multi-pronged approach. An analysis of existing literature on the research topic provided insights into the current state of mobile learning research, both domestically and internationally. A descriptive method enabled the researchers to synthesize the experiences gained during the exploratory phase. Finally, the synthesis of the gathered data facilitated the formulation and execution of the research concept. The study investigates the didactic potential of eleven YouTube channels for fostering English language learning (as a second foreign language) among students in non-philological programs. A selection of English-language vlogs has been analysed, encompassing categories such as everyday life (The Cottage Fairy), education (Lindie Botes, Ruri Ohama, RealLife English), culinary arts (Delish), popular science, (Geography Now, Smarter Every Day, Vsauce, Thomas Frank, Matt D’Avella), and culture and arts (Chris Stuckmann). These vlogs cater to a broad audience, varying in terms of age, English proficiency level, thematic focus, subscriber count, viewership statistics, and uploaded video content. The analysis revealed that the proposed materials can be seamlessly integrated into the learning process for first-year students categorized as elementary, pre-intermediate, and intermediate learners. A unifying characteristic across the examined YouTube channels is the “edutainment” concept. This approach emphasizes the achievement of educational objectives by combining a gamified learning experience with the instructional content itself. The sheer variety of English language learning vlogs empowers learners to select topics that align with their personal interests, preferred language complexity, and desired level of visual engagement. Additionally, the content offers valuable knowledge for overall development. For educators, the primary advantage of YouTube channels lies in their ability to illustrate key lesson topics with engaging video content delivered by native speakers or individuals who, like the students themselves, have learned English and can offer practical advice. Visual content ranks among the most effective pedagogical tools. Strategically chosen YouTube vlogs can significantly enhance students’ vocabulary development, facilitate the acquisition of idioms and colloquial speech patterns, improve pronunciation, strengthen linguistic competencies, and refine listening and speaking skills. Furthermore, the broad thematic range of the content contributes to an expanded worldview. Students gain exposure to diverse cultural aspects of other countries, acquire new knowledge about the world, develop effective time management skills, and glean a wealth of valuable and engaging information. Conclusion. The integration of English-language YouTube vlogs into the curriculum of non-philological programs presents a promising avenue for enriching the foreign language learning experience. The “edutainment” approach fosters a stimulating and interactive learning environment, catering to diverse learning styles and facilitating the acquisition of essential language skills and knowledge. Further research is necessary to explore the long-term efficacy of this approach and its impact on student learning outcomes.