Acquisition Of New Information Research Articles

Infodynamics, a Review

A review of studies on the interaction of information with the physical world found no fundamental contradiction between the eighth authors promoting Infodynamics. Each one emphasizes different aspects. The fact that energy requires information in order to produce work and that the acquisition of new information requires energy, triggers synergistic chain reactions producing increases of negentropy (increases in Useful Information or decreases in Information Entropy) in living systems. Infodynamics aims to study feasible balances between energy and information using empirical methods. Getting information requires energy and so does separating useful information from noise. Producing energy requires information, but there is no direct proportionality between the energy required to produce the information and the energy unleashed by this information. Energy and information are parts of two separate realms of reality that are intimately entangled but follow different laws of nature. Infodynamics recognizes multiple forms and dimensions of information. Information can be the opposite of thermodynamic entropy (Negentropy), a trigger of Free Energy (Useful or Potentially Useful), a reserve (Redundant Information), Structural, Enformation, Intropy, Entangled, Encrypted Information, Synergic or Noise. These are overlapping functional properties focusing on different aspects of Information. Studies on information entropy normally quantify only one of these dimensions. The challenge of Infodynamics is to design empirical studies to overcome these limitations. The working of sexual reproduction and its evolution through natural selection and its role in powering the continuous increase in information and energy in living systems might teach us how.

Theta mediated dynamics of human hippocampal-neocortical learning systems in memory formation and retrieval

Episodic memory arises as a function of dynamic interactions between the hippocampus and the neocortex, yet the mechanisms have remained elusive. Here, using human intracranial recordings during a mnemonic discrimination task, we report that 4-5 Hz (theta) power is differentially recruited during discrimination vs. overgeneralization, and its phase supports hippocampal-neocortical when memories are being formed and correctly retrieved. Interactions were largely bidirectional, with small but significant net directional biases; a hippocampus-to-neocortex bias during acquisition of new information that was subsequently correctly discriminated, and a neocortex-to-hippocampus bias during accurate discrimination of new stimuli from similar previously learned stimuli. The 4-5 Hz rhythm may facilitate the initial stages of information acquisition by neocortex during learning and the recall of stored information from cortex during retrieval. Future work should further probe these dynamics across different types of tasks and stimuli and computational models may need to be expanded accordingly to accommodate these findings.

A systematic review of the role of Gummosin in improving memory in the scopolamine memory impaired memory model

This study systematically investigated the role of Gummosin in improving memory in the scopolamine impaired memory model. Memory and learning are the most evolved and complex functions of the nervous system. Learning is the acquisition of new information that occurs as a change in behavior, and memory is the ability to store and retrieve learned information. In other words, memory is a combination of different processes of acquiring, consolidating, storing and recalling information. Memory consolidation and storage processes are the result of a series of time-dependent neurobiological events that occur after the initial formation of memory. In addition, this fluctuation in processes related to memory storage can fully occur shortly after the original learning experience. Memory is a direct result of learning due to storing and retrieving learned experiences and information. The results of our study showed that scopolamine causes impairment of memory, learning and synaptic plasticity, which was associated with changing the expression of various genes and reducing the number of hippocampal neurons. The disorders that occurred in scopolamine group rats confirm the model used in this study to induce memory and learning deficits, which, in line with previous studies, confirms the model used to induce Alzheimer's. The results of the behavioral tests of this study showed that, in accordance with previous works, scopolamine caused a significant increase in anxiety behaviors, which was associated with a decrease in the time spent in the central area compared to the control group, while donepezil injection led to a decrease in anxiety behaviors. It was possible to increase the time spent in the central area compared to the scopolamine group.

Mass Media Target Audience and Mental Illness Stigmatization among Students of Kenya Medical Training College

Mass media plays a fundamental role in influencing the society and their perceptions in daily life. The target audience by the media determines the how they frame their message and the subject matter that they focus on in their discussions. As mental illness is becoming one of the contemporary issues in the modern society, the role of mass media particularly how they define their target audience is not adequately explored. This is despite mental illness continuing to ravage the society, especially with the increased stigmatization. This study therefore sought to examine the how mass media target audience impact mental illness stigmatization in among students in Kenya Medical Training College. The study was anchored on the cognitive dissonance theory. Using a descriptive research approach, the study through a questionnaire surveyed 384 students drawn from a population of 51045 students at the college. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics through SPSS. The findings revealed that mass media target audience through the reduced dissonance, acquisition of new information and cognitive actions significantly impacted the mental illness stigmatization. Through the beliefs towards the mentally ill persons as projected by the mass media to their target audience, the stigmatization of mentally ill persons either increased or decreased depending on the approach used by the mass media. The study concluded that mass media target audience was instrumental in determining the level of stigmatization of the mentally ill persons. It is therefore recommended that the mass media should define their target audience in a manner that positively changes their perceptions towards mental illness.

A framework for structured semantic representation capable of active sensing and interpretable inference: A cancer prognostic analysis case study

Precise semantic representation is important for allowing machines to truly comprehend the meaning of natural language text, especially biomedical literature. Although the semantic relations among words in a single sentence may be accurately represented with existing approaches, relations between two sentences cannot yet be accurately modeled, which leads to a lack of contextual information and difficulty in performing interpretable semantic inference. Additionally, it is challenging to merge semantic representations curated by different experts. These critical challenges are insufficiently addressed by existing methods. In this paper, we present a framework for structured semantic representation (FSSR) to address these issues. FSSR uses a double-layer structure Construct that combines Paradigm and Instance to represent the semantics of a word or a sentence. It uses six types of rules to represent the semantic relations between sentence Constructs and uses a Computational Model to represent an action. FSSR is a graph-based representation of semantics, in which a node represents a Construct or a Paradigm. Two nodes are connected by an edge (a rule). In addition, FSSR enables interpretable inference and active acquisition of new information, as illustrated in a case study. This case study models the semantics of a cancer prognostic analysis article and reproduces its text results and charts. We provide a website that visualizes the inference process (http://cragraph.synergylab.cn).

A Randomized, Open-label, Cross-over Phase 2 Trial of Darolutamide and Enzalutamide in Men with Asymptomatic or Mildly Symptomatic Metastatic Castrate-resistant Prostate Cancer: Patient Preference and Cognitive Function in ODENZA

BackgroundDarolutamide and enzalutamide are second-generation androgen receptor inhibitors with activity in men with castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and different toxicity profiles. ObjectiveODENZA is a prospective, randomized, multicenter, cross-over, phase 2 trial designed to assess preference between darolutamide and enzalutamide in men with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic metastatic CRPC (mCRPC). Design, setting, and participantsPatients were randomized 1:1 to receive either darolutamide 1200 mg/d for 12 wk followed by enzalutamide 160 mg/d for 12 wk or enzalutamide followed by darolutamide. In both arms, the second treatment was given in absence of cancer progression. Outcome measurements and statistical analysisThe primary endpoint was patient preference between the two drugs, as assessed by a preference questionnaire (p value calculated with the Prescott test). After week 24, patients entered an extension period during which they received their preferred treatment until progression or toxicity. The main secondary objectives included reasons for patient preference, response at week 12, tolerance of each drug, and measurement compared with baseline of cognitive outcomes assessed using tablet questionnaires. Results and limitationsOverall, 249 patients, with a median age of 72 yr, were randomized. Among the 200 patients who fulfilled the preplanned criteria for the evaluation of the primary endpoint of preference, 97 (49% [41; 56]), 80 (40% [33; 47]), and 23 (12% [7; 16]) chose darolutamide, chose enzalutamide, and had no preference, respectively (p = 0.92). Reduced fatigue, easier administration, and better quality of life were the main criteria that influenced patient choice. A moderate benefit in episodic memory from darolutamide was observed for the acquisition of new information (least square [LS] means difference = 2.2, effect size = 0.5) and for the recall of that information after a brief delay (LS means difference = 0.7, effect size = 0.3). Using the Brief Fatigue Inventory questionnaire, patients reported greater fatigue with enzalutamide (3.3 [3.0; 3.6]) than with darolutamide (2.7 [2.4; 3.0]). There was no difference in terms of depression, seizures, and falls. ConclusionsThe study did not show a difference in preference between the two treatments. In men with mCRPC, darolutamide was associated with a clinically meaningful benefit in episodic memory and less fatigue compared with enzalutamide. Patient summaryPreference between darolutamide and enzalutamide was well balanced in men with castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Darolutamide was associated with a significant benefit in verbal learning and less fatigue compared with enzalutamide.

The neurodegeneration of the cholinergic pathways in subtypes of subjective cognitive decline

AbstractBackgroundNeurodegeneration of cholinergic pathways may be present in individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD). However, variability between SCD individuals in the integrity of cholinergic pathways needs to be elucidated. Our objective was to determine characteristics of neurodegeneration of cholinergic pathways in different SCD subtypes (i.e. amnestic vs. non‐amnestic).MethodIndividuals with amnestic SCD (n = 47), non‐amnestic SCD (n = 38), and healthy controls without cognitive complaints (HC; n = 20) from the GENIC database were included (all: >60 years old; 58% females). White matter integrity was estimated by mean diffusivity (MD) on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for cingulum and external cholinergic pathways. Both pathways were previously modelled using tractography on DTI. Memory performance was measured based on Visual reproduction WMS‐III and TAVEC (the Spanish version of the California Verbal Learning Test, CVLT). ANOVA and bivariate Pearson correlation were used for the statistical analysis.ResultAmnestic and non‐amnestic SCD groups were comparable to HC in the integrity of cholinergic WM pathways. Bivariate Pearson correlation analyses showed different patterns of association between the cholinergic pathways and cognition within each group. In amnestic‐SCD, worse WM integrity in both cholinergic pathways was associated with poorer immediate recall of visual information (external capsule: rxy = ‐0.42; p<0.05; cingulum: rxy = ‐0.34; p<0.05). In non‐amnestic‐SCD, worse WM integrity in both cholinergic pathways was associated with poorer delayed recall of verbal information (external capsule: rxy = ‐0.54; p<0.05; cingulum: rxy = ‐0.42; p<0.05); and worse WM integrity in the external capsule pathway was associated with poorer performance in immediate and delayed recall of visual information (rxy = ‐0.37; p<0.05 and rxy = ‐0.46; p<0.05). In HC, none of the cognitive outcomes was associated with the integrity of the cholinergic pathways.ConclusionThe cholinergic pathways were mainly associated with immediate recall in the amnestic SCD (i.e. acquisition of new information); whereas in non‐amnestic SCD the integrity of cholinergic pathways was associated with several subcomponents of memory performance (i.e. acquisition and recall of new information). Thus, SCD subtypes show unique patterns of associations between poorer integrity of the cholinergic system and memory performance.

The Effect of Telecommuting on Information Acquisition: Evidence from the U.S. Patent Office

ABSTRACT I examine whether telecommuting, a work arrangement in which employees do not travel to a workplace, affects the acquisition of new information in an environment where thorough search and acquisition of information are essential. On the one hand, telecommuting may impede information acquisition due to reduced communication with colleagues. On the other hand, telecommuting may facilitate information acquisition due to relaxed time pressure (via not having to commute) and increased attentional resources (via quieter and uninterrupted working environments). I find employees' acquisition of new information increases following telecommuting. Further, I find that this effect is greater for employees under greater time pressure and employees experiencing greater distractions at the workplace before telecommuting and find that telecommuting causes adverse consequences for employees least responsive to organizations' incentive systems. Finally, I find that work quality improves following telecommuting. My results suggest telecommuting benefits employees performing knowledge-intensive tasks by facilitating employees' information acquisition.

The Multifaceted Role of Self-Generated Question Asking in Curiosity-Driven Learning.

Curiosity motivates the search for missing information, driving learning, scientific discovery, and innovation. Yet, identifying that there is a gap in one's knowledge is itself a critical step, and may demand that one formulate a question to precisely express what is missing. Our work captures the integral role of self-generated questions during the acquisition of new information, which we refer to as active-curiosity-driven learning. We tested active-curiosity-driven learning using our "Curiosity Question & Answer Task" paradigm, where participants (N=135) were asked to generate questions in response to novel, incomplete factual statements and provided the opportunity to forage for answers. We also introduce new measures of question quality that express how well questions capture stimulus and foraging information. We hypothesized that active question asking should influence behavior across the stages of our task by increasing the probability that participants express curiosity, forage for answers, and remember what they had thereby discovered. We found that individuals who asked a high number of quality questions experienced elevated curiosity, were more likely to pursue missing information that was semantically related to their questions, and more likely to retain the information on a later cued recall test. Additional analyses revealed that curiosity played a predominant role in motivating participants to forage for missing information, and that both curiosity and satisfaction with the acquired information boosted memory recall. Overall, our results suggest that asking questions enhances the value of missing information, with important implications for learning and discovery of allforms.

NMDA Receptor–Arc Signaling Is Required for Memory Updating and Is Disrupted in Alzheimer’s Disease

BackgroundMemory deficits are central to many neuropsychiatric diseases. During acquisition of new information, memories can become vulnerable to interference, yet mechanisms that underlie interference are unknown. MethodsWe describe a novel transduction pathway that links the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) to AKT signaling via the immediate early gene Arc and evaluate its role in memory. The signaling pathway is validated using biochemical tools and transgenic mice, and function is evaluated in assays of synaptic plasticity and behavior. The translational relevance is evaluated in human postmortem brain. ResultsArc is dynamically phosphorylated by CaMKII (calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II) and binds the NMDAR subunits NR2A/NR2B and a previously unstudied PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) adapter p55PIK (PIK3R3) in vivo in response to novelty or tetanic stimulation in acute slices. NMDAR-Arc-p55PIK recruits p110α PI3K and mTORC2 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2) to activate AKT. NMDAR-Arc-p55PIK-PI3K-mTORC2-AKT assembly occurs within minutes of exploratory behavior and localizes to sparse synapses throughout hippocampal and cortical regions. Studies using conditional (Nestin-Cre) p55PIK deletion mice indicate that NMDAR-Arc-p55PIK-PI3K-mTORC2-AKT functions to inhibit GSK3 and mediates input-specific metaplasticity that protects potentiated synapses from subsequent depotentiation. p55PIK conditional knockout mice perform normally in multiple behaviors including working memory and long-term memory tasks but exhibit deficits indicative of increased vulnerability to interference in both short-term and long-term paradigms. The NMDAR-AKT transduction complex is reduced in postmortem brain of individuals with early Alzheimer’s disease. ConclusionsA novel function of Arc mediates synapse-specific NMDAR-AKT signaling and metaplasticity that contributes to memory updating and is disrupted in human cognitive disease.

Психологічні аспекти засвоєння знань здобувачами вищої освіти

The purpose of the study In this work, special attention is paid to the examination and consideration of the psychological features of the following elements of the process of knowledge acquisition: the motivational sphere of learning; perception of new material; formation of scientific and theoretical thinking based on the understanding and generalization of educational material during the assimilation of scientific concepts and solving problems; consolidation of educational material and its application in practice; features of independent work, mental development and ability of students to learn. Material and methods. We used the following methods: analysis, generalization and systematization of information of scientific and methodical literature. Results. Assimilation of knowledge is a complex process that encompasses the mechanisms and ways of formation of individual experience by a student, which occurs throughout education and throughout life as a result of observation, generalization, decision-making and own actions, spontaneously or in special educational conditions. Learning is a complex intellectual activity of an individual that combines all cognitive processes, namely sensory-perceptual, mnemonic, thinking and metacognitive knowledge, which ensure meaningful processing, preservation and reproduction of material, which ensures the result of learning and educational activities. Knowledge is the result of the process of cognition and the adequate reflection of reality in the student's mind in the form of ideas, concepts, judgments, theories, verified by socio-historical practice and certified by logic. Studies can be pre-scientific, life, artistic (as a specific way of aesthetic mastering of reality), scientific (empirical and theoretical). Knowledge is characterized by such qualities as systematicity, generalization, awareness, flexibility, effectiveness, completeness, strength. The knowledge acquired in the process of studying in higher education institutions is characterized by a different depth of penetration of education seekers into their essence, which, in turn, is determined by the achieved level of knowledge of this field of phenomena, learning goals, individual characteristics of students, available stock of knowledge, the level of their mental development, the adequacy of acquired knowledge – the age of the individual. The assimilation of scientific knowledge by students takes place by solving educational mental tasks, moving from the abstract to the concrete and from the general to the individual. Having chosen the path of ascent from the abstract to the concrete, students must first learn the basic concepts – the components of the theory of science (of the subject), which gives an understanding of its general features and helps to reveal its partial manifestations. At the same time, this path must be combined with the reverse – from specific to general. Assimilation is the process of perceiving, processing and preserving the acquired knowledge and applying it in solving practical and theoretical tasks. It has a complex internal structure, which covers the acquisition of new information, transformation, adaptation of information to solving tasks, verification and control of results. The process of assimilation of new material is preceded by the readiness of students to participate in the learning process, the formation of an active and positive attitude to future cognitive activity, the creation of a motivational sphere, reliance on previous knowledge and experience, and focusing attention on the object of knowledge. Any activity is generated by certain motives and takes place under certain conditions, so that there is a desire to learn, in the educational situation there must be motives that direct the individual to master certain knowledge and skills. Conclusion. The process of assimilation of knowledge is an important component of the process of learning and educational activities, a necessary condition and the main mechanism of mental development of a person throughout his life, the basis of comprehensive development of a student's personality. This explains the large number of concepts and studies of the learning process in general and the process of knowledge acquisition in particular. The concept of the step-by-step formation of mental actions has gained special importance

Determinants of the Quality of Life of Caregivers of Children with Sickle Cell Disease at Siaya County Referral Hospital, Kenya

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a high-morbidity and early-mortality disease if not managed and controlled properly. Managing a child with SCD is a challenging experience for both the caregiver and the family unit. These children are usually highly dependent on the caregiver for their daily activities. In Kenya, this disease has its highest prevalence in malaria-endemic regions mainly the Coast and Nyanza regions. Despite it being endemic in these regions, there is a dearth of literature on the determinants of the quality of life of caregivers of children with sickle cell disease in these areas. This study, therefore, sought to establish the determinants of the quality of life of caregivers of children with sickle cell disease attending care at the Siaya County Referral Hospital, in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive and analytic cross-sectional study design. The study population were the caregivers of children suffering from Sickle Cell Disease seeking care at the Siaya County Referral Hospital in Kenya. A sample of 60 respondents was used to collect the desired data. A purposive sampling method was used to arrive at the sample. The study findings indicated that employment, financial security, monthly income, acquisition of new information, support from friends, ability to get around and quality of sleep impacted positively on caregivers’ quality of life. Results also indicated that frequency of hospitalization and frequent negative feelings impacted negatively on the caregivers’ quality of life. However, the study found no significant relationship between gender, age and education level with caregivers’ quality of life. The study recommended that the national and County governments should ensure that caregivers of children with SCD are provided with employment opportunities; the national and County governments should formulate programs aimed at supporting caregivers of children with SCD financially; and the employers of caregivers of children with SCD should consider raising their monthly income to enable them meet their financial needs. Keywords: Socio-demographic factors, economic factors, psychological factors, quality of life of caregivers, sickle cell disease

유튜브(YouTube) 이용 형태가 유아 보호자의 미디어 교육 경험과 필요성 차이 연구

This study analyzed the differences in the educational experience and necessity of children's media YouTube usage and parents' education. The purpose of this study is to prepare a media guidance plan for young children in a digital environment. This study is an analysis study using data from the 2020 Children's Media Use Survey by the Korea Press Foundation during the COVID-19 period. As a result of the study, first, as for the devices using YouTube, smartphones accounted for the most at 41.6%, followed by tablets, smart TVs, computers, and others. It was found that on average, children spend more than an hour on YouTube per day between 100 and 130 minutes per week. On the other hand, on the weekend, on average, people watched YouTube for more than 2 hours, between 120-130 minutes. Second, it was found that the YouTube content watched during a week of infants was watched more in the daycare center in the cartoon/animation category, but the toy materials and games were watched more in the kindergarten. Meanwhile, as a result of analyzing the educational contents watched for a week, nursery rhymes/music accounted for the most at 18.6%, followed by fairy tales, English education, nature education, and sociality education. Third, the reason for letting infants watch YouTube was not to be disturbed by the child (23.9%) the most, followed by stress/diversion, compensation, acquisition of new information, and the child being choked up. Fourth, education experience and necessity of parental education The Internet showed the highest number of places to get help for media use guidance (25.7%). In terms of media education, it was found that children received more media education in kindergarten than in daycare center. It was found that more education was received in the non-adoptive parental cohabitation group than in the adoptive-parent cohabiting group. And in terms of the benefits of media education, it was shown that the media education received by parents, early childhood guidance, and children in kindergarten was more beneficial than daycare. Necessity of Media Education Overall, all respondents answered that they needed it as around 4.0. Media education required for young children showed the highest level of self-regulation ability at 36.4%, followed by understanding of positive/negative effects, information utilization method, and information discrimination ability. As a research suggestion, the guidelines for prevention of media overdependence in infants and young children should provide specific guidelines for children's media use along with information on cognitive development, physical development, and emotional development that match the characteristics of infants and young children according to the number of months. In addition, it is absolutely necessary to develop a curriculum that includes the harmful effects of digital media and the advantages and disadvantages of media according to the stage of children's development in the professional training course for educational institutions (kindergarten) and childcare institutions (daycare centers).

Evidence for the effect of brief exposure to food, but not learning interference, on maze solving in desert ants.

Theories of forgetting highlight 2 active mechanisms through which animals forget prior knowledge by reciprocal disruption of memories. According to "proactive interference," information learned previously interferes with the acquisition of new information, whereas "retroactive interference" suggests that newly gathered information interferes with already existing information. Our goal was to examine the possible effect of both mechanisms in the desert ant Cataglyphis niger, which does not use pheromone recruitment, when learning spatial information while searching for food in a maze. Our experiment indicated that neither proactive nor retroactive interference took place in this system although this awaits confirmation with individual-level learning assays. Rather, the ants' persistence or readiness to search for food grew with successive runs in the maze. Elevated persistence led to more ant workers arriving at the food when retested a day later, even if the maze was shifted between runs. We support this finding in a second experiment, where ant workers reached the food reward at the maze end in higher numbers after encountering food in the maze entry compared to a treatment, in which food was present only at the maze end. This result suggests that spatial learning and search persistence are 2 parallel behavioral mechanisms, both assisting foraging ants. We suggest that their relative contribution should depend on habitat complexity.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY OF WOMEN’S HIGHLY QUALIFIED TEAMS IN MODERN 3X3 BASKETBALL

Topicality. The specific features of 3x3 basketball, as a sport, accordingly present the specific requirements to the competitive activity of 3x3 women basketball players. The researches devoted to analysis of the characteristic features of the effective competitive activity of women’s 3x3 highly qualified teams with taking into account the latest sport results of participation in the qualifying Olympic tournament of the women’s 3x3 national basketball team of Ukraine. Objective – determination and analysis of effective competitive activity indicators of women’s highly qualified teams in modern 3x3 basketball as the perspective direction of sports training improving process of basketball players of the Ukrainian women’s national team. Material and methods of the research: analysis of scientific and methodological literature, Internet sources, analysis of archival materials of International and Ukrainian basketball federations; analysis of competitive activity protocols, video analysis of games; methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The effectiveness of competitive activity of Ukrainian women’s national basketball team will be provided by taking into account its characteristic indicators: specific requirements to the 3x3 women basketball players game; the features of the ranking formation strategy of the country’s federation; significance of the 3x3 basketball competitions level; the presence of a national 3x3 basketball competitions system; providing the effectiveness of predictive indicators for the female players selection to the national teams; the results of sports achievements of Ukrainian 3x3 basketball players in the main competitions. Conclusions. The analysis of changes and additions to the features of competitive activity requires the constant acquisition of new information, based both on the study of the experience of achievements and features of the training of basketball players of domestic and foreign leading countries in 3x3 basketball, and on obtaining objectively confirming or, on the contrary, refuting scientific research data, which allows to determine the prospective direction of improving the process of sports training of basketball players of the national team of Ukraine

ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ ПЕРЕОБУЧЕНИЕ ПРЕДПЕНСИОНЕРОВ: ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ И РИСКИ

The article addresses pre-retirement adults as a subject of retraining, while giving special consideration to the correlation between psychological wellbeing and successful education, as well as to the importance of psychological treatment for overcoming challenges at this stage of life. Purpose of our study is to find the prohibitory and contributory factors of pre-retirement professional retraining. Increased retirement age and, as a result, extended work life have become a burning question in Russian society. New pre-retirement adults are facing new challenges – they have to make choices to determine their future career. At the same time, occurring limitations (age, personality, experience, etc.) are causing risks and difficulties in further training. Crucial component of successful acquisition of new information, completion of professional retraining programs and subsequent employment is psychological well-being. National government has developed, implemented, and funded retraining programs. According to the Russian Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, 2019 exceeded the target for fulfilling retraining contracts. However, the statistics does not state if people are actually content with their retraining. Apart from age, there are other factors that can influence education efficiency. Pre-retirement is an important life stage having an array of aspects to be considered in work with this group as they can affect one's mental health. The study results might be used by specialists of employment centers, professional retraining educators, and pre-retirement psychologists.

Emergent heritage: the digital conservation of archaeological sites in reservoirs and the case of the Dolmen de Guadalperal (Spain)

The dolmen of Guadalperal (Spain) became well known in 2019 when the waters of the reservoir in which it had long been submerged became so depleted as to leave it above water and highly visible. This gave rise to great media and social polemic. In this study, we deal with the ‘recovery’ of the dolmen using digital techniques, including a strategy of geometrical documentation of long, medium and short-range through the use of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and photogrammetry. The result is a set of products that trace the changes that have taken place in the monument since its excavation in 1925, the identification of conditions affecting it and the acquisition of new information on the decorated supports that formed part of the megalithic architecture. To do so, the time during which it was accessible (i.e., not underwater) was used to acquire the only heritage information currently available on the monument. This new information offers a complete assessment of a megalithic monument using a protocol that is exportable to other sites submerged in lakes or reservoirs.

Real options approach for a staged field development with optional wells

With the decreasing average size of new discoveries in mature production areas, the uncertainties in the base of oil field investment decisions are continually increasing. Fewer appraisal wells, which allow to decrease the amount of subsurface uncertainty, are typically drilled before the development of a small field compared to large fields. In this context, novel solutions must be established to commercialize small discoveries under technical and market uncertainties. In such conditions, managerial flexibilities, which enable to change the course of the project in the event of new information acquisition, must be critically considered in the investment valuation process. Combining the real options approach and decision analysis, we establish a novel model to identify the additional value created by a sequential drilling strategy for field development under oil price and resource uncertainty. In particular, we capture the sequence of the key investment and operating decisions pertaining to a marginal field development in cooperation with an oil industry partner, which corresponds to a synthetic yet realistic project case. By considering the flexibility in dividing the production well drilling into two stages, we adopt the least-squares Monte Carlo algorithm to evaluate the option to wait to expand the production by drilling additional wells. Furthermore, we identify the conditions in which the staged (phased) development is preferable against standard development. We propose a decision rule to determine the optimal expansion timing based on the acquisition of new information on the reservoir and oil price uncertainty. Our results suggest that staged development carries large upside potential for the marginal field development under extensive reservoir uncertainty. In addition, partial hedging against the downside risks in the staged development can enhance the project's economy in a sufficiently significant manner to justify investment.

Terapi Menulis untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Kognitif Pecandu Narkoba di Lapas Dewasa Kota Blitar

Drugs is the term for narcotics, psychotropic substances and other dangerous. The term often used is DRUGS (Narcotics, Alcohol, Psychotropics and other addictive substances) Around us today, there are a lot of addictive substances that are negative and very harmful to the body. Known as narcotics and illegal drugs. In this sophisticated modern era, drugs have become a problem for mankind in various parts of the world. Drugs that can destroy bright reasoning destroy body and soul, inevitably can threaten the future of mankind. In life, a critical step of the neurodevelopmental process, drug abuse may be caused brain plasticity mechanisms that can induce long-lasting improvements in neural circuits and in the end, actions. One of the effects of these improvements is the disability. Cognitive functions, with negative academic effects on the acquisition of new information. Knowing those phenomena, the researcher had alternative therapy for increasing their cognitive functions. The researcher used writing as a therapy for them. The advantages of writing are immense, but they are also underestimated. Writing has profound therapeutic benefits. Writing is also a healthy brain exercise to activate brain cells and boost memory. This research conducted in Adult Prison in Blitar city, in which 15 drug prisoners were treated into writing theraphy. The result is they could write as well as the icreasing of their cognition.
 

The Making of Long-Lasting Memories: A Fruit Fly Perspective

Understanding the nature of the molecular mechanisms underlying memory formation, consolidation, and forgetting are some of the fascinating questions in modern neuroscience. The encoding, stabilization and elimination of memories, rely on the structural reorganization of synapses. These changes will enable the facilitation or depression of neural activity in response to the acquisition of new information. In other words, these changes affect the weight of specific nodes within a neural network. We know that these plastic reorganizations require de novo protein synthesis in the context of Long-term memory (LTM). This process depends on neural activity triggered by the learned experience. The use of model organisms like Drosophila melanogaster has been proven essential for advancing our knowledge in the field of neuroscience. Flies offer an optimal combination of a more straightforward nervous system, composed of a limited number of cells, and while still displaying complex behaviors. Studies in Drosophila neuroscience, which expanded over several decades, have been critical for understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to the synaptic and behavioral plasticity occurring in the context of learning and memory. This is possible thanks to sophisticated technical approaches that enable precise control of gene expression in the fruit fly as well as neural manipulation, like chemogenetics, thermogenetics, or optogenetics. The search for the identity of genes expressed as a result of memory acquisition has been an active interest since the origins of behavioral genetics. From screenings of more or less specific candidates to broader studies based on transcriptome analysis, our understanding of the genetic control behind LTM has expanded exponentially in the past years. Here we review recent literature regarding how the formation of memories induces a rapid, extensive and, in many cases, transient wave of transcriptional activity. After a consolidation period, transcriptome changes seem more stable and likely represent the synthesis of new proteins. The complexity of the circuitry involved in memory formation and consolidation is such that there are localized changes in neural activity, both regarding temporal dynamics and the nature of neurons and subcellular locations affected, hence inducing specific temporal and localized changes in protein expression. Different types of neurons are recruited at different times into memory traces. In LTM, the synthesis of new proteins is required in specific subsets of cells. This de novo translation can take place in the somatic cytoplasm and/or locally in distinct zones of compartmentalized synaptic activity, depending on the nature of the proteins and the plasticity-inducing processes that occur. We will also review recent advances in understanding how localized changes are confined to the relevant synapse. These recent studies have led to exciting discoveries regarding proteins that were not previously involved in learning and memory processes. This invaluable information will lead to future functional studies on the roles that hundreds of new molecular actors play in modulating neural activity.