Color Acquisition Research Articles

DeepQR: single-molecule QR codes for optical gene-expression analysis

Abstract Optical imaging and single-molecule imaging, in particular, utilize fluorescent tags in order to differentiate observed species by color. The degree of color multiplexing is dependent on the available spectral detection window and the ability to distinguish between fluorophores of different colors within this window. Consequently, most single-molecule imaging techniques rely on two to four colors for multiplexing. DeepQR combines compact spectral imaging with deep learning to enable 4 color acquisition with only 3 spectral detection windows. It allows rapid high-throughput acquisition and decoding of hundreds of unique single-molecule color combinations applied here to tag native RNA targets. We validate our method with clinical samples analyzed with the NanoString gene-expression inflammation panel side by side with the commercially available NanoString nCounter system. We demonstrate high concordance with “gold-standard” filter-based imaging and over a four-fold decrease in acquisition time by applying a single snapshot to record four-color barcodes. The new approach paves the path for extreme single-molecule multiplexing.

Kinetic isotope effect reveals rate-limiting step in green-to-red photoconvertible fluorescent proteins.

Photoconvertible fluorescent proteins (pcFPs) undergo a slow photochemical transformation when irradiated with blue light. Since their emission is shifted from green to red, pcFPs serve as convenient fusion tags in several cutting-edge biological imaging technologies. Here, a pcFP termed the Least Evolved Ancestor (LEA) was used as a model system to determine the rate-limiting step of photoconversion. Perdeuterated histidine residues were introduced by isotopic enrichment and chromophore content was monitored by absorbance. pH-dependent photoconversion experiments were carried out by exposure to 405-nm light followed by dark equilibration. The loss of green chromophore correlated well with the rise of red, and maximum photoconversion rates were observed at pH 6.5 (0.059 ± 0.001 min-1 for red color acquisition). The loss of green and the rise of red provided deuterium kinetic isotope effects (DKIEs) that were identical within error, 2.9 ± 0.9 and 3.8 ± 0.6, respectively. These data indicate that there is one rate-determining step in the light reactions of photoconversion, and that CH bond cleavage occurs in the transition state of this step. We propose that these reactions are rate-limited on the min time scale by the abstraction of a proton at the His62 beta-carbon. A conformational intermediate such as a twisted or isomerized chromophore is proposed to slowly equilibrate in the dark to generate the red form. Additionally, His62 may shuttle protons to activate Glu211 to serve as a general base, while also facilitating beta-elimination. This idea is supported by a recent X-ray structure of methylated His62.

Real-time monitoring of the pH of white wine and beer with colorimetric sensor arrays (CSAs)

The real-time monitoring of the pH values of alcoholic beverages was performed with a compact wireless device based on a colorimetric detection method with the Hue (H) as the analytical signal working in a pH range of 2.50–6.50. This device represents the first colorimetric pH meter reported in the literature monitoring in real-time the pH value of colored solutions. This pH meter consists of I) a nitrocellulose membrane impregnated with a pH-sensitive gel; II) a CCD camera for color acquisition; III) an electronic board with the calibration profiles of H vs. pH, and IV) a display to read the measured pH. It was applied to the pH determination of a white wine, a prosecco white wine, and a double malt beer leading to the values of pHwine= 3.30, pHprosecco= 3.33, pHbeer = 4.29. The analytical performance is comparable to the glass electrode with an accuracy error ≤ 0.05 pH units.

Comparative Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals That Variations in Flavonoids Determine the Colors of Different Rambutan Cultivars

Rambutan is a tropical tree and its fruit has several favorable characteristics. To understand how the color of the rambutan fruit peel develops, the transcriptome, flavonoid metabolome, and carotenoid metabolome data of two rambutan cultivars, ‘BY2’ and ‘BY7’, which show yellow and red peels at maturity, respectively, were comprehensively analyzed at three developmental stages. We identified 26 carotenoid components and 53 flavonoid components in these cultivars. Anthocyanins were the main component contributing to the red color of ‘BY7’ after reaching ripeness. The carotenoid content decreased sharply as the fruit matured. Hence, we speculated that flavonols were the main contributors to the yellow color of the ‘BY2’ peel. In total, 6805 differentially expressed genes were screened by transcriptome analysis; the majority of them were enriched in metabolic pathways and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis results revealed that in addition to MYB and bHLH, ERF, WRKY, MYB-related, and C3H were the main potential transcription factors regulating the color of the rambutan peel. In addition, we also identified 12 structural genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis. The research findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms of color acquisition in rambutan fruit peels, laying the foundation for the quality control of rambutan and the cultivation of differently colored cultivars of rambutan.

In Vitro Color Stability Evaluation of Three Polished and Unpolished Nanohybrid Resin Composites Immersed in a 0.12% Chlorhexidine-Based Mouthwash at Different Times.

The use of chlorhexidine-based mouthwashes on resin composites with rough surfaces can cause discoloration which compromises the esthetic of patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro color stability of Forma (Ultradent Products, Inc., South Jordan), Tetric N-Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and Filtek Z350XT (3M, ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) resin composites, with and without polishing, after being immersed in a 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX)-based mouthwash at different times. The present in vitro experimental and longitudinal study used 96 nanohybrid resin composite blocks (Forma, Tetric N-Ceram and Filtek Z350XT) 8 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick, evenly distributed. Each resin composite group was divided into two subgroups (n = 16) with and without polishing and then immersed in a 0.12% CHX-based mouthwash for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Color measurements were performed with a calibrated digital spectrophotometer. Nonparametric tests were used to compare independent (Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis) and related (Friedman) measures. In addition, the Bonferroni post hoc correction was used considering a significance level of p < 0.05. All polished and unpolished resin composites presented color variation < 3.3 when immersed for up to 14 days in 0.12% CHX-based mouthwash. The polished resin composite with the lowest color variation (ΔE) values over time was Forma, and the one with the highest values was Tetric N-Ceram. When comparing the color variation (ΔE) over time, it was observed that the three resin composites, with and without polishing, presented a significant change (p < 0.001), although these changes in color variation (ΔE) were evident from 14 days between each color acquisition (p < 0.05). The unpolished Forma and Filtek Z350XT resin composites showed significantly more color variation than the same polished ones at all times when immersed in a 0.12% CHX-based mouthwash for 30 s daily. In addition, every 14 days, all three resin composites with and without polishing showed a significant color change, while, every 7 days, color stability was maintained. All the resin composites showed clinically acceptable color stability when exposed for up to 14 days to the above-mentioned mouthwash.

Integration of silicon nanodots and rare earth functionalized amino clay for intelligent colorful assessment of tetracycline

The development of sensing materials for highly sensitive detection, accurate analysis, and rapid identification of antibiotic residues in a wide concentration range is critical for food safety and human health. In this study, a nanosensor was constructed by integrating biocompatible silicon nanoparticles (B-SiNPs), amino clay (AC), and rare earth europium ions (Eu3+) to achieve rapid visual recognition of tetracycline by using colorful fluorescence changes. The nanosensor, with an ultra-low detection limit (2.28 nM) in a wide range of analyte concentrations (0–70 μΜ), met the analysis needs of various food samples. The rapid naked-eye visual detection of tetracycline can be realized by using the change of fluorescence color from blue to red and then to green. In addition, visual analysis devices based on paper and glove were designed, and the real-time and fast visual intelligent assay of tetracycline in samples was realized through the APP of color acquisition and calculation analysis on smartphones, which expanded the application of multicolor fluorescent nanosensors in the field of intelligent devices.

A Traffic Parameter Detection Algorithm Based on Double Coils

This paper designs a detection method for real-time acquisition of traffic intersection parameters based on image processing. Firstly, two virtual coils were drawn at the beginning and the end on the acquired video stream image. Next, the presence of the vehicle was judged based on the change of the gray value in the two virtual coils. The background difference algorithm was adopted to detect and obtain various traffic parameters. The experimental video samples were collected in the actual road environment. Our algorithm relies on the first and last two coils for information processing, and completes vehicle detection, speed detection, and important parameter information acquisition of body color. Experiments show that, compared with the traditional machine vision-based traffic information detection algorithm, our traffic parameter detection method, which is based on double virtual coils, has high detection accuracy, and can detect more parameter information, while satisfying real-time performance.

An aptamer lateral flow assay for visual detection of Microcystins-LR residue in fish

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) contamination in aquatic foods is a serious health threat to people. Here, a simple aptamer-based colorimetric lateral flow assay (LFA) was developed for on-site and visual detection of MC-LR for the first time. This detection system was designed on the basis of competition for Apt-A2C aptamer between MC-LR and its partial complementary sequence. Apt-A2C modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used as the signal reporter to realize the colorimetric readout by naked eyes, and the signal intensity of test line was inversely proportional to the concentration of MC-LR in the sample solution. Under optimized conditions, this aptamer-based LFA platform can visually detect MC-LR as low as 2.5 ng/mL with a linear range of 1–50 ng/mL, and an instrumental limit of detection of 0.84 ng/mL using a scanning strip reader. The whole assay can be finished within 5 min, starting from sample loading to color acquisition. The developed aptamer-based LFA was successfully applied in the detection of MC-LR in spiked fish tissue samples with the recovery rates ranged from 74.3% to 85.6%, and the results agreed well with those of tandem mass spectrometry. Besides, it had excellent selectivity toward MC-LR as the detection results were not affected by the potentially interfering molecules in real aquatic food matrix. Therefore, the LFA strip is an easy-to-use tool for instrument-free detection of MC-LR, and it can be applied to other toxins in aquatic foods with available aptamers.

A palmatine-based fluorescent sensor for sensitive fluorometric and smartphone-assisted on-site fluorescent colorimetric detection of water in organic solvents

Water is one of the most important natural resource. However, in some cases, it is imperative to monitor the water content for safety considerations as it is detrimental to the chemical synthesis, drug safety, etc. In this study, palmatine, a natural isoquinoline alkaloid, was proposed as a fluorescent probe for this purpose. Palmatine was demonstrated to be extremely sensitive to water with the obvious fluorescence quenching of it. In light of this phenomenon, the water content in six organic solvents, including acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, acetone and 1,4-dioxane, could be determined using palmatine as the fluorescent probe, which had wide detection ranges (0–100%) and low detection limits (e.g. 0.08% in ethanol) depending on the individual organic solvents. Moreover, a novel turn-off-(on–off) fluorescent colorimetric probe was constructed based on the combination of palmatine and nitrogen doped carbon dots (N-CDs) (palmatine/N-CDs). The blue fluorescence of N-CDs was quenched by palmatine while the green-yellow fluorescence of palmatine remained; upon interacting with water, the green-yellow fluorescence of palmatine was quenched, while the blue fluorescence of N-CDs recovered. Thus, with the elevated water content, the fluorescent color transitioned from green-yellow to blue, making the visual semi-quantification of water content into a reality. Furthermore, with the assistance of smartphone and APP (Color Acquisition), the quantification of water content could be realized via only photographing. Using palmatine as the fluorescent probe, or palmatine/N-CDs as the fluorescent colorimetric probe, water contents in disinfection alcohol and nitroglycerin injection were accurately determined, and both results agreed well with those of the classical Karl Fischer method. Palmatine was demonstrated to be a potential fluorescent probe for sensing water, and the novel turn-off-(on–off) fluorescent colorimetric probe based on it was promising for the on-site fast detection of water.

Quantitative Evaluation of Vocabulary Emotional Color in Language Teaching.

Objective In real communication, the context is complex and changeable and the color and meaning of some words will wander in the context. The development and changes of words are more complex and multidimensional than before. Compared with the rational meaning of words, the color meaning of words can better reflect the psychological mode and way of thinking of the Han nationality but it is difficult for foreign learners to accurately grasp and misunderstandings often occur. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to summarize and explain the words whose color meanings are easily shifted, so as to help the students accurately grasp the color meanings of the words and better help Chinese learners to realize the communicative function of the language. Method This paper takes the scope of emotional words as the starting point and proposes that emotional words are words with emotional colors. The four aspects of whether words belong to emotional words define the concept of emotional words and introduce the specific methods of judging and extracting emotional words from the two aspects of dictionary definition and word collocation. This paper takes foreign students whose native language is English as the research object, through questionnaire survey and corpus analysis, to investigate the use of foreign students' emotional colors and to explore the influence of native language factors on emotional color acquisition. Based on the research of modern Chinese ontology and the existing research results in the field of teaching Chinese as a foreign language, this paper takes the theory of interlanguage and transfer theory as the theoretical basis and mainly uses the methods of comparative analysis and error analysis to try to find out the relationship between emotional color teaching and acquisition. Results/Discussion. The basic pattern and quantity distribution of lexical emotion correction for beginners, intermediate, and advanced learners of Chinese as a second language were analyzed, and the restrictive factors and characteristics were explained. Similarities and differences and the rationale behind them were explored. In the process of international Chinese teaching, teachers mostly pay attention to the rational meaning of words, while ignoring the teaching of the emotional meaning of words. The lack of vocabulary emotion and meaning teaching is prone to errors in students' understanding and use. With the increase of the vocabulary of intermediate and advanced learners, many words with similar colors and meanings appear, which brings a lot of difficulties for students to distinguish between synonyms. If the use of words with emotional meanings is not accurate, it is easy to cause communication barriers.

A point-of-use lateral flow aptasensor for naked-eye detection of aflatoxin B1

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in food is not only a serious health threat to humans, but also a considerable economic burden worldwide. Rapid and accurate detection of AFB1 during production, processing, transportation and storage is therefore a prerequisite to prevent spreading of AFB1. Here, we developed a simple and easy-to-use lateral flow aptasensor (LFA) to visually detect AFB1 using AFB1 aptamer. Polystyrene dyed particles were used as a signal reporter to enable colorimetric readout by naked eyes, in which the signal is directly proportional to the concentration of AFB1. Both aptamer specificity and target induced strand release approach enable a single-step AFB1 detection. The whole assay took 35 min to complete, starting from sample/dye complex incubation to color acquisition. Under the optimized condition, this sensing platform could detect AFB1 as low as 4.56 ng mL−1 with two distinct linear ranges of 0–0.05 μg mL−1 and 0.05–1 μg mL−1. LFA validation with 4 spiked samples (peanut, corn, rice and chili powder) showed satisfying AFB1 recovery within the range of 90.83–110.21%. Our LFA platform could potentially be applied to the on-site, naked-eye, and instrument-free detection of AFB1 or other substances with available aptamers.

Pocket-sized sensor for controlled, quantitative and instantaneous color acquisition of plant leaves

The color of plant leaves can be assessed qualitatively by color charts or after processing of digital images. This pilot study employed a novel pocket-sized sensor to obtain the color of plant leaves. In order to assess its performance, a color-dependent parameter (SPAD index) was used as the dependent variable, since there is a strong correlation between SPAD index and greenness of plant leaves. A total of 1,872 fresh and intact leaves from 13 crops were analyzed using a SPAD-502 meter and scanned using the Nix™ Pro color sensor. The color was assessed via RGB and CIELab systems. The full dataset was divided into calibration (70% of data) and validation (30% of data). For each crop and color pattern, multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis and multivariate modeling [least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and elastic net (ENET) regression] were employed and compared. The obtained MLR equations and multivariate models were then tested using the validation dataset based on r, R2, root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). In both RGB and CIELab color systems, the Nix™ Pro color sensor was able to differentiate crops, and the SPAD indices were successfully predicted, mainly for mango, quinoa, peach, pear, and rice crops. Validation results indicated that ENET performed best in most crops (e.g., coffee, corn, mango, pear, rice, and soy) and very close to MLR in bean, grape, peach, and quinoa. The correlation between SPAD and greenness is crop-dependent. Overall, the Nix™ Pro color sensor was a fast, sensible and an easy way to obtain leaf color directly in the field, constituting a reliable alternative to digital camera imagery and associated image processing.

PERBANDINGAN PENAMBAHAN KUNYIT DAN PUTIK KEPALA TERHADAP HASIL JADI HENNA DAUN PACAR

Utilization of natural dyes for cosmetics becomes one of the alternatives to chemical dyes. Because these chemical dyes can cause irritation to the skin even the color owned by chemical dyes can not stand stored for a relatively long time. This study aims to a) analyze the color name (Hue) and color brightness (Value) of the use of henna leaves (Lawsonia inermis) and turmeric as a color light produced in the use of time 3 hours, 5 hours, 7 hours on the palm and fingertips, b) analyze the color name (Hue) and color brightness (Value) of the use of henna leaves (Lawsonia Inermis), turmeric and coconut pistils produced in the use of 3 hours , 5 hours, 7 hours on the palm and fingertips and c) analyze the color comparison (Hue) and color brightness (Value) resulting from henna and turmeric leaves with henna leaves, turmeric and coconut pistils on the palms and fingertips. This type of research is quasy experiment. The population of this study was a student of Padang State University class of 2016 aged 20-25 years with 3 samples and 7 panelists. Data retrieval technique is purposive sampling method. Descriptive data analysis techniques by displaying statistics and frequency. with independent sample- t-test confidence. Based on the results of the study on the addition of turmeric from the average color aspect of 2.71 good categories and aspects of color brightness (value) an average of 3.14 good categories. In the use of the addition of coconut pistil henna from the average color aspect of 2.80 good categories and aspects of color brightness (value) on average 2.9 good categories and in the color indicator (hue) there is no difference in the influence of the finished result of henna making henna leaves with the addition of turmeric and the addition of coconut pistils. Value p = 0.812 (p&gt;0.05) and in the color brightness indicator (value) there is no difference in the influence of henna making henna leaves with the addition of turmeric and the addition of coconut pistil henna. Value p= 0.531 (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion on the color indicator (hue) there is no difference in the influence of the finished result of henna making henna leaves with the addition of turmeric and the addition of coconut pistils and in the indicator of color brightness (value) there is no difference in the influence of the result of making henna henna henna leaves with the addition of turmeric and the addition of coconut pistil henna and recommended for further research on the manufacture of henna henna leaves with the addition of turmeric and the addition of coconut pistils more , so it is expected that the color acquisition is better than before.

Cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris on dairy waste using vision imaging for biomass growth monitoring

Continuous automation of conventional industrial operations with smart technology have drawn significant attention. Firstly, the study investigates on optimizing the proportion of industrial biscuit processing waste powder, (B) substituted into BG-11 as a source of cultivation medium for the growth of C. vulgaris. Various percentages of industrial biscuit processing waste powder, (B) were substituted in the inorganic medium to analyse the algal growth and biochemical composition. The use of 40B combination was found to yield highest biomass concentration (4.11 g/L), lipid (260.44 mg/g), protein (263.93 mg/g), and carbohydrate (418.99 mg/g) content compared with all the other culture ratio combination. Secondly, the exploitation of colour acquisition was performed onto C. vulgaris growth phases, and a novel photo-to-biomass concentration estimation was conducted via image processing for three different colour model pixels. Based on linear regression analysis the red, green, blue (RGB) colour model can interpret its colour variance precisely.

Differential Phenolic Compounds and Hormone Accumulation Patterns between Early- and Mid-Maturing Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) Cultivars during Fruit Development and Ripening.

Color acquisition is one of the most distinctive features of fruit development and ripening processes. The color red is closely related to the accumulation of polyphenolic compounds, mainly anthocyanins, during sweet cherry fruit maturity. In non-climacteric fruit species like sweet cherry, the maturity process is mainly controlled by the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), though other hormones may also play a role. However, the coordinated stage-specific production of polyphenolic compounds and their relation with hormone content variations have not been studied in depth in sweet cherry fruits. To further understand the accumulation dynamics of these compounds (hormones and metabolites) during fruit development, two sweet cherry cultivars ("Lapins" and "Glenred") with contrasting maturity timing phenotypes were analyzed using targeted metabolic analysis. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) approach revealed that phenolic acids, flavonols, and flavan-3-ols accumulated mainly until the straw-yellow stage in the early-maturing cultivar, while accumulation was mainly at the green stage in the mid-maturing cultivar, suggesting a cultivar-dependent stage-specific production of secondary metabolites. In the mid-maturing cultivar, anthocyanins were detected only from the red stage onward, whereas detection began at the pink stage in the early-maturing cultivar. ABA negatively correlated (p-value < 0.05) with the flavonols and flavan-3-ols in both cultivars. ABA and anthocyanin content increased at the same time in the early-season cultivar. In contrast, anthocyanins accumulated and the pink color initiation started several days after the ABA increase in the mid-maturing cultivar. Differential accumulation patterns of GA4, a ripening antagonizing hormone, between the cultivars could explain this difference. These results showed that both red-colored cultivars presented different accumulation dynamics of phenolic compounds and plant hormones during fruit development, suggesting underlying differences in the sweet cherry fruit color evolution.

Simultaneous acquisition of color and distance information by LiDAR with RGB visible laser diodes

Simultaneous acquisition of color and distance information by LiDAR with RGB visible laser diodes

Lateral Position-Dependent Velocity Estimation Error in Plane-Wave Doppler Ultrasound Systems

Doppler ultrasound has become a standard method used to diagnose and grade vascular diseases and monitor their progression. Conventional focused-beam color Doppler imaging is routinely used in clinical practice, but suffers from inherent trade-offs between spatial, temporal and velocity resolution. Newer, plane-wave Doppler imaging offers rapid simultaneous acquisition of B-mode, color and spectral Doppler information across large fields of view, making it a potentially useful method for quantitative estimation of blood flow velocities in the clinic. However, plane-wave imaging can lead to a substantial error in velocity estimation, which is dependent on the lateral location within the image. This is seen in both clinical and experimental plane-wave systems. In the work described in this article, we quantified this velocity error under different geometric and beamforming conditions using numerical simulation and experimental phantoms. We found that the lateral-dependent velocity errors are caused by asymmetrical geometric spectral broadening, and outline a correction algorithm that can mitigate these errors.

Smartphone-assisted visual ratio-fluorescence detection of hypochlorite based on copper nanoclusters

A sensitive naked eye and ratio-fluorescence sensor for Curcumin (CCM) and hypochlorite (ClO-) determination based on copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) was developed. The fluorescence of the Cu NCs can be quenched due to inner filter effect (IFE) between CCM and Cu NCs, and the ratio fluorescence probe was formed. After adding ClO- to Cu NCs-CCM system, the phenolic and methoxy groups of CCM were oxidized to quinones, then the fluorescence of CCM was quenched and the fluorescence of Cu NC was restored. Moreover, the continuous detection of CCM and ClO- is accompanied by the change of solution color. Therefore, CCM and ClO- semiquantitative visual and fluorescence dual channel detection were realized. The detection results show that the detection based on Cu NCs-CCM probe has a wide detection range (0–412 µM) and low detection limit (24 µM), and a good recovery rate is obtained in adulterated milk and tap water detection. Furthermore, smartphone was introduced for image digital colorimetric analysis through the acquisition, recognition and RGB data processing of solution colors, providing an effective scheme for the field rapid detection of hypochlorite.

Color three-dimensional imaging based on patterned illumination using a negative pinhole array.

Reflectance confocal microscopy is widely used for non-destructive optical three-dimensional (3D) imaging. In confocal microscopy, a stack of sequential two-dimensional (2D) images with respect to the axial position is typically needed to reconstruct a 3D image. As a result, in conventional confocal microscopy, acquisition speed is often limited by the rate of mechanical scanning in both the transverse and axial directions. We previously reported a high-speed parallel confocal detection method using a pinhole array for color 3D imaging without any mechanical scanners. Here, we report a high-speed color 3D imaging method based on patterned illumination employing a negative pinhole array, whose optical characteristics are the reverse of the conventional pinhole array for transmitting light. The negative pinhole array solves the inherent limitation of a conventional pinhole array, i.e., low transmittance, meaning brighter color images with abundant color information can be acquired. We also propose a 3D image processing algorithm based on the 2D cross-correlation between the acquired image and filtering masks, to produce an axial response. By using four-different filtering masks, we were able to increase the sampling points in calculation of height and enhance the lateral resolution of the color acquisition by a factor of four. The feasibility of high-speed non-contact color 3D measurement with the improved lateral resolution and brightness provided by the negative pinhole array was demonstrated by imaging various specimens. We anticipate that this high-speed color 3D measurement technology with negative pinhole array will be a useful tool in a variety of fields where rapid and accurate non-contact measurement are required, such as industrial inspection and dental scanning.

The acquisition of a subjective color as a result of the conversion of the meaning of the word

We are not talking about all types of syntactic conversion. Here we think only of syntactic substantivization and adjectivalization. This is because subjective paint can have the meaning only of words that have been subjectivized by a qualitative substantivization. From the point of view of order, we first consider the substantivization of quality.