Acoustic Processing Techniques Research Articles

A cross-linguistic review of citation tone production studies: Methodology and recommendations.

The study of citation tones, lexical tones produced in isolation, is one of the first steps towards understanding speech prosody in tone languages. However, methodologies for investigating citation tones vary significantly, often leading to limited comparability of tone inventories, both within and across languages. This paper presents a systematic review of research methods and practices in 136 citation tone studies on 129 tonal language varieties in China, including 99 studies published in Chinese, which are therefore not easily available to an international scientific readership. The review provides an overview of possible analytical decisions along the research pipeline, and unveils considerable variation in data collection, analysis, and reporting conventions, particularly in how f0, the primary acoustic correlate for tone, is operationalised and reported across studies. Key methodological issues are identified, including small sample sizes and inadequate transparency in communicating methodological decisions and procedure. This paper offers a clear road map for citation tone production research and proposes a range of recommendations on speaker sampling, experimental design, acoustic processing techniques, f0 analysis, and result reporting, with the goal of facilitating future tonal research and enhancing resources for underrepresented tonal varieties.

DESIGN OF DETECTING ACOUSTIC WAVES AT THE EXERCISE SMART MINE USING ACOUSTIC SENSOR

The Indonesian Navy is a unit of defense of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). Sea mines are explosive devices placed in waters to destroy ships. Acoustics is a branch of physics that deals with all mechanical waves in liquids, gases and solids, such as vibration, sound and ultrasonic. Arduino has made microcontroller technology more accessible and easier for even novice users. Because of this, there are special functions in audio or acoustic processing techniques aimed at using Arduino. The application of acoustic signals in the military field of the Navy, in the identification of vessels caught by the microphone receiver. The movement of objects that are caught by the microphone will be analyzed to conclude the object. From the results of the sound characteristics raised by the object, it will give a different picture for different variations of the object. Processing acoustic signals using DSP will make it easier to infer the captured acoustic signal. The circuit board used is a microphone signal amplifier and signal conditioner, for processing the audio signal obtained from the microphone and to produce output data which is the result of the process using Arduino. Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) of the microcontroller works in the voltage range from 0.0 V to +3.3 V or +5.0 V. Toachieve good sampling results, that the signal peak is close to the maximum value of the ADC. Additionally, voltage amplitudes above this threshold can damage the controller input port or produce unwanted harmonics. Therefore, a signal pre-amp circuit is needed to guarantee the appropriate audio sample signal as well as to protect the system. The test results obtained from the system analyzer frequency and signal meters can be used to identify acoustic signals.
 Keyword: Singnal Acoustic/michophone, controller, Arduino Uno, pre-amp frequency analyzer

The use of tracheal sounds for the diagnosis of sleep apnoea.

Tracheal sounds have been the subject of many research studies. In this review, we describe the state of the art, original work relevant to upper airways obstruction during sleep, and ongoing research concerning the methods used when analysing tracheal sounds. Tracheal sound sensors are a simple and noninvasive means of measurement and are more reliable than other breathing sensors. Developments in acoustic processing techniques and enhancements in tracheal sound signals over the past decade have led to improvements in the accuracy and clinical relevance of diagnoses based on this technology. Past and current research suggests that they may have a significant role in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea.Key pointsTracheal sounds are currently a topic of significant interest but are not yet used in most routine sleep study systems.Measured at the suprasternal notch, tracheal sounds can provide reliable information on breathing sounds, snoring sounds and respiratory efforts.Tracheal sounds may be used as a noninvasive method of studying abnormalities of the upper airways during wakefulness.Educational aimsTo understand the principles of tracheal sound measurement and analysis.To highlight the importance of tracheal sounds for the diagnosis of sleep apnoea–hypopnoea syndrome.To present the most relevant clinical studies that have validated the use of tracheal sound sensors and to make future clinical validation studies possible.

Multipole Sonic-While-Drilling Technology Delivers Quality Data Regardless of Mud Slowness

Young Technology Showcase As the pace of exploration and production activity accelerates and the cost of drilling, evaluating, and completing wells continues to rise in complex deepwater and unconventional plays, operators are seeking new logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools that offer real-time measurements comparable to proven wireline logging technologies. Obtaining continuous high-quality data during drilling operations can dramatically improve safety and reduce nonproductive time (NPT) by enhancing an understanding of geomechanical conditions and mitigating uncertainty in borehole stability. Advanced LWD systems give engineers “eyes down the hole” long before they would normally deploy traditional logging tools. This enables the value of real-time decision making, reduces logging risks, and guarantees data acquisition in challenging wells. In response to continued advances in LWD technology over the past decade, oil and gas companies are increasingly demanding access to robust real-time and recorded compressional and shear sonic data in both fast and slow formations. In costly deepwater wells, such data can enhance geomechanical models, improve wellbore stability monitoring and pore pressure prediction, and provide sonic-to-seismic tie-in, thereby minimizing drilling hazards and uncertain-ties in well placement and casing positioning. In high-tier horizontal wells in tight gas and unconventional shale plays, having reliable compressional and shear acoustic data while drilling can improve rock mechanics, fracture detection and characterization, perforation design, and hydraulic fracture optimization. SonicScope Technology To meet these growing industry needs, Schlumberger released the SonicScope multipole sonic-while-drilling technology (Fig. 1) as part of its suite of expert drilling and measurement services. This new LWD solution is unique in four ways. Currently it is the industry’s only sonic-while-drilling solution that combines three distinct firing modes in a single tool (Fig. 2): low-frequency monopole for Stoneley acquisition, high-frequency monopole to extract compressional data in all formations and shear slowness data in fast formations, and wideband-frequency quadrupole to extract shear slowness data in slow formations. As the only tool that provides a dedicated module for the acquisition of Stoneley borehole wave forms while drilling, it provides high-quality acoustic data for fracture evaluation and fluid mobility analysis before washouts can develop. With more than 35 patents related to this technology, it incorporates innovative acoustic processing techniques for both downhole and surface algorithms, which were developed to compute reliable real-time compressional and shear data without prior knowledge of formation characteristics, and without affecting rate of penetration (ROP). The new sonic-while-drilling tool includes 48 receivers with the tightest interspacing in the industry (Fig. 3)—just 4 in. of separation between receivers. This arrangement provides superior acoustic sampling for reliable and robust measurements even in noisy environments.

Modeling of bio-inspired broadband sonar for high-resolution angular imaging

Echolocating mammals perceive images of targets with hyper-resolution and navigate seamlessly through obstacles in complex acoustic environments. The biological solution to imaging with sound is vastly different from man-made sonar. The most prominent difference is that instead of imaging with narrow beams, bats ensonify a large spatial region and exploit broadband echo information to acoustically focus with about one degree of angular resolution. Angular localization may therefore be redefined as a spectral pattern matching problem. By imaging with wider beams, this remarkable performance requires only a single broadband transmitter and two receive elements. Our computational modeling work has led to new insight into the salient spatial information encoded by the bat’s auditory system. Although theoretically not required, spatial localization performance increases with the aid of highly complex baffle structures such as those found in biological sonar. Replicating these bio-inspired baffle structures and acoustic processing techniques in man-made systems can reduce sonar array aperture requirements by a factor of 100 or more for a variety of both aerial and underwater acoustic sensing applications. Recent modeling results are presented along with progress toward the design of a compact bio-inspired sonar system for high-resolution imaging. [Work supported by ONR and NUWC Newport.]

A Semiautomated Approach to Estimating Fish Size, Abundance, and Behavior from Dual‐Frequency Identification Sonar (DIDSON) Data

AbstractWe present a semiautomated analytical approach incorporating both image and acoustic processing techniques to apply to dual‐frequency identification sonar (DIDSON) data. Our objectives were (1) to develop a standardized analysis pathway in order to reduce the effort associated with counting, measuring, and tracking fish targets; and (2) to empirically obtain estimates of basic target information (e.g., size, abundance, speed, and direction of travel). Analyses were conducted on DIDSON data collected at three different locations (the Kenai River, Alaska; Mobile River, Alabama; and Port Fourchon, Louisiana) with different equipment and deployment configurations. We developed an efficient postprocessing approach that can be applied to a variety of data sets, independent of user and deployment method. For two of the three data sets analyzed, the estimates of fish abundance derived from DIDSON analyses were not significantly different from the manual counts of DIDSON files. The analyses produced estimates of mean fish length, direction and speed of travel, and target surface area for all targets within each data set. A consistent analysis platform increases the acceptance and reliability of the DIDSON as a tool for fisheries surveys and further demonstrates the usefulness of DIDSON technology in fisheries applications.

Acoustic analysis of infantile stridor: A review

The review compares five methods that utilise electronic/computer acoustic processing techniques for the analysis of infantile stridor sounds. The first method uses traditional spectrographic techniques to produce time/frequency/intensity three-dimensional representation of the waveform. The second method is computer-based and uses the fast Fourier transformation (FFT) to show the frequency composition of the waveform. The third uses linear prediction coefficients (LPCs) to produce a power spectrum and inverse filtering to estimate the cross-sectional area of the human upper airway. The fourth technique employs a proprietary digital filterbank to analyse normal infant vocalisations, which may be used as a control by subsequent researchers. In the fifth method, a physiologically based digital filterbank, designed to closely model the human ear response, is proposed. It is envisaged that this approach will offer the flexibility of all the previous techniques and also closely model the analysis procedure carried out using subjective auscultation. It is concluded that none of the above techniques are sufficiently robust to provide unambiguous diagnosis of stridor type and that a reappraisal is required in terms of feature extraction so that relevant features can be identified. To this end, the authors propose that a physiologically based model of the human airway, including the vocal cords, be developed as an aid to the assessment of acoustic features.

Real-time implementation and evaluation of acoustic processing techniques for automatic speech recognition

The implementation and evaluation of an acoustic processor for automatic speech recognition using the K-means iteration vector quantization algorithm are described. To analyse the features obtained the ·chainmap’ procedure is used. The acoustic processor is implemented using a TMS320C25 DSP which interfaces directly to a transputer array. Requirements considered include the accuracy to represent the speech signal, real-time processing capacity and flexibility. Speech samples using five independent speakers are used to assess the acoustic features extracted by the processor. The system has been further developed to allow satisfactory processing using 12 speakers.