Acne-inducing Bacteria Research Articles

Reevaluation of methanol extract from Phoenix dactylifera var. sukkari fruit’s potential against acne-inducing bacteria

<p>One of the natural ingredients that is often developed as an antibacterial product is the date palm (<em>Phoenix dactylifera</em>). However, scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of the antibacterial compounds contained in dates needs to be evaluated, considering that several previous studies have reported that dates are more dominant as antioxidants than as antibacterials. Therefore, it is necessary to reevaluate the antibacterial ability of the methanolic extract of the sukkari variety date palm against the three test bacteria that cause acne, namely <em>P. acnes</em>, <em>S. epidermidis</em> and <em>S. aureus</em>. This research aimed to determine the sensitivity of the three bacteria tested in response to the methanol extract of the sukkari dates. This research design is experimental. The samples tested were sukkari and the tested bacteria were <em>P. acnes, S. epidermidis </em>and<em> S. aureus</em>. Dates were extracted by maceration method and made in concentrations of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%. Positive control was chloramphenicol antibiotic while negative control was sterile distilled water. All treatments including control (+) and (-) were given to the test bacteria using the Kirby Baeur method to see the diameter of the zone of inhibition of the test bacteria growth. The data was processed in tabular form and compared with the 2016 CLSI standard to see the sensitivity response of the test bacteria. Results of this research is<strong> </strong>the sukkari dates extract with concentrations of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90% was able to inhibit the growth of <em>P. acnes, S. epidermidis</em> and <em>S. aureus</em> bacteria with an interval of 7.0-10.0 mm in diameter of the zone of inhibition. All the tested bacteria showed a sensitivity response in the resistant category, so the sukkari dates fruit extract is not the main choice to be developed as a natural anti-acne product.</p>

Ameliorative Effect of Bouea macrophylla Griffth Seed Extract Against Bacteria-Induced Acne Inflammation: in vitro study.

Currently, bioactive compounds derived from nature have been thought to be promising anti-acne substances owing to the variety of potential biological effects. This study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative effect of Bouea macrophylla Griffth seed extract against bacteria-induced acne inflammation for the first time in terms of antibacterial effects against acne-inducing bacteria, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Initially, extracting procedures were optimized and five different extracts were obtained. Considering their antibacterial activities against Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, ethanolic and ethyl acetate fractions exerted a notable effect which were highly superior above those of polyphenol standards. Additionally, these two extracts presented outstanding antioxidant capacities in terms of DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging effects, reducing power, and inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation which also play a role in the exacerbation of acne inflammation. Besides, inhibition on lipid peroxidation and reducing power of ethanolic fraction were significantly (p<0.05) better than those of ethyl acetate fraction which was corresponding to their phenolic and ellagic acid contents. However, flavonoids found in ethyl acetate fraction might play an important role in its potentials. After that, the anti-inflammatory effects of the extracts were elucidated by means of inhibition on nitric oxide production from LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell lines at which the effects of both extracts were dosedependency. Taken together, our findings have apparently proven that B. macrophylla seed extracts exerted a variety of potential properties including antioxidation, anti-acne-inducing bacteria, and anti-inflammatory effects which could serve as a promising anti-acne agent for cosmeceutical applications.

Extracts of rambutan seed and mangosteen rind toxicity on skin associated opportunistic pathogens causing acne vulgaris

More than three quarter of human face acne problem at least once in their lives. Acne, also called Acne Vulgaris, is a cutaneous disorder which interferes with the sebum production. Two most known bacteria isolated from the skin surface with acne development are Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The current treatments of acne, such as amoxicillin and tetracycline, come along with various side effects. On the other hand, agricultural waste such as hull and seeds of fruits have been exploited and to be found highly potential in antibacterial activities. The main aim of this study is to investigate the antibacterial activities of rambutan seed extracts in comparison to mangosteen rind towards acne-inducing bacteria, S. epidermidis. The results obtained show that the rambutan seeds extraction had comparable antibacterial activities against S. epidermidis to mangosteen rind extraction. The Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of mangosteen rind extraction is potentially higher than the rambutan seeds extraction. The synergistic activity of both extracts in MIC supersedes antimicrobial activity that of individual extracts. As a conclusion, the dichloromethane extract of rambutan seeds has antibacterial activities towards acne inducing bacteria, S. epidermidis, as found in mangosteen rind.

In vitro Antibacterial Properties of Etlingera elatior Flower Extracts against Acne-Inducing Bacteria: Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus

Introduction: Acne is a common skin disorder and is generally caused by Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. Etlingera elatior flower extract is known to have antibacterial properties however, the properties against these bacteria have not been extensively reported. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the antibacterial properties of the flower extract against these bacteria. Materials and Methods: The flower extract was subjected to sequential extraction using three different solvent polarities; n-Hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and ethanol. The antibacterial properties were evaluated using the disc diffusion and broth dilution assays techniques by determining the inhibition zone diameter, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Total phenolic acids (TPC) and flavonoids contents (TFC) were estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium-chloride colorimetric assay respectively. Morphological changes of the treated bacteria were studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: DCM flower extract showed the highest antibacterial properties against P. acnes; at 25 mg/ml it had the widest inhibition zone (11.39 ± 0.45 mm) and the lowest MIC (6.25 mg/ mL) and MBC (12.5 mg/mL). The ethanolic flower extract had the highest antibacterial properties against S. aureus; at 50 mg/ml­ the inhibition zone was 6.21 ± 0.25 mm and the MIC and MBC were both 12.5 mg/ mL. Ethanolic extracts had the highest TPC (966.304 ± 114.08 mg GAE/g) and TFC (796.33 ± 65.78 mg QE/ g). There was significant morphological changes of the treated bacteria observed under SEM. Conclusion: E. elatior flower extracts exhibited antibacterial properties against acne-inducing bacteria.

Antimicrobial activity of certain natural-based plant oils against the antibiotic-resistant acne bacteria.

The unceasing emerging of multidrug-resistant bacteria imposes a global foremost human health threat and discovery of new alternative remedies are necessity. The use of plant essential oil in the treatment of many pathogenic bacteria is promising. Acne vulgaris is the most common skin complaint that fears many people about their aesthetic appearance. In this work we investigated the antibacterial activity of some plant oils against acne-inducing bacteria. Three bacterial isolates were identified from Egypt, biochemically and by means of 16s rRNA gene typing, and were designated as Staphylococcus aureus EG-AE1, Staphylococcus epidermidis EG-AE2 and Cutibacterium acnes EG-AE1. Antibiotic susceptibility test showed resistance of the isolates to at least six antibiotics, yet they are still susceptible to the last resort Vancomycin. In vitro investigations of eleven Egyptian plant oils, identified tea tree and rosemary oils to exhibit antibacterial activity against the antibiotic-resistant acne isolates. Inhibition zones of 15 ± 0.5, 21.02 ± 0.73 and 20.85 ± 0.76 mm was detected when tea tree oil applied against the above-mentioned bacteria respectively, while inhibition zones of 12.5 ± 1.5, 15.18 ± 0.38 and 14.77 ± 0.35 mm were detected by rosemary oils. Tea tree and rosemary oils exhibited bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against all the strains with MICs/MBCs ranging between 39-78 mg/L for tea tree oil and 39–156 mg/L for rosemary oil. All the isolates were killed after 4 and 6 h upon growing with 200 mg/L of tea tree and rosemary oils, respectively. Additionally, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) profiling identified and detected a variable number of antimicrobial compounds in both oils.

Antibacterial activity of water spinach herbs against acne-inducing bacteria

Acnes is commonly caused by infection by Propionibacterium acnes when the sebum is overproduced from the body. Based on previous research, water spinach extract had antimicrobial activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic Forsk.) herbs extract against bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. Extraction was carried out by the reflux method using three different polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using a rotary evaporator. Antibacterial activities were assessed by using disc diffusion, microdilution, and equality to reference antibiotics. All three extracts of water spinach herbs had better antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. The ethanol-water spinach herbs extract had the best antibacterial activity against P. acnes. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of ethanol-water spinach herbs extract on P. acnes was 1280 µg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was &gt; 5120 µg/ml. The equivalency of ethanol-water spinach herbs extract to tetracycline hydrochloride presented 1163.87 µg ethanol extract (with density 1% extract: 0.780) equal to 1 µg tetracycline hydrochloride. All three extracts of water spinach herbs had antibacterial activity against P. acnes. The ethanol extract had the best antibacterial activity against P. acnes among all three extracts.

In-vitro investigation of anti-acne properties of Mangifera indica L. kernel extract and its mechanism of action against Propionibacterium acnes

Propionibacterium acnes has been recognized as a main target for medical treatment of acne since this bacterium promotes acne inflammation by inducing upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines production, resulting in an accumulation of neutrophils and oxygen-free radicals produced by neutrophils within acne lesion. The aims of this study were to evaluate the biological activities of Mangifera indica kernel extracts grown in Northern Thailand (Kaew-Moragot cultivar), related to anti-acne properties including antimicrobial effect against acne-inducing bacteria together with the first elucidation of the mechanism of action against Propionibacterium acnes, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation. The kernels of M. indica, obtained from raw and ripe fruits, were macerated using various solvents. Agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods were performed to investigate the antibacterial activities of the extracts against P. acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The ethanolic fractions exhibited the strongest antimicrobial effect against P. acnes with minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of 1.56 mg/mL and 12.50 mg/mL, respectively. Bactericidal effect against P. acnes of these extracts could be observed after 3 h of incubation from time-kill curve. The chromatograms of high-performance liquid chromatography showed that the extracts existed gallic acid with high total phenolic content. These extracts additionally showed strong free radical scavenging properties on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) as well as a notable inhibitory effect on linoleic acid peroxidation, which highly correlated to their antimicrobial effect, total phenolic, and gallic acid contents. The images, studied through using transmission electron microscopy, revealed that the extract certainly disrupted P. acnes cell membrane after exposure for 1 h as well as induced the consequent leakage of cytoplasmic materials. The inhibitory effects of the extracts on IL-8 secretion from LPS-inducing RAW 264.7 cells were also presented. In conclusion, the kernel extracts of raw M. indica fruit were effective against aerobic and anaerobic acne-inducing bacteria particularly P. acnes and exerted antioxidant along with anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, the extracts might be potential agents for inflammatory acne treatment. However, clinical study is needed for further investigation.

Development of Anti Acne Cream (w/o/w Multiple Emulsion) Containing Green Tea Leaf Waste

Background: To date, green tea leaf waste is not well utilized, the waste is remain considered as a waste. Previous studies found that green tea leaf waste still have a fairly high EGCG content. EGCG has benefits as an antibacterial. Utilization of green tea leaf waste started from formulation until the diversification of multiple emulsion w/o/w products has not been reported.Objective: To develop anti acne cream (W/O/W) multiple emulsion containing green tea leaf waste and evaluate its antibacterial activity against acne-inducing bacteria of Propionibacterium acnes (P.acnes).Methods: Phase one of this research was green tea leaves was extracted by infundation and fractionation method using ethyl acetate and prepared in different concentration (1% to 6%). The second stage was ethyl acetate fraction of green tea leaf extract was tested for its antibacterial activity against P.acnes. Third stage was tested physical properties of formulation with w/o/w multiple emulsion.Results: The optimal antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate fraction of green tea leaf extract against P.acne was at the concentration of 6%, with inhibition zone of 32.6 mm ±0.57. The formula of w/o/w multiple emulsion loaded with green tea leaves waste of 6% active substance demonstrated a good physical properties which can spread 90.4 cm2 ± 0.03, pH 5.00 ± 0.02 and microscopic analysis showed multiple emulsion w/o/w.Conclusion: The concentration of 6% green tea leaf waste formulated in multiple emulsion had a good physical and antibacterial activity for a referred standard. It is necessary to test the stability of multiple emulsion formula.

Antimicrobial activity of three medicinal plants against acne-inducing bacteria Propionibacterium acnes

The antimicrobial activities of three medicinal plants (Senna alata L., Azadirachta indica A. Juss, and Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.) against pimples causing bacterium Propionibacterium acnes was studied using disc diffusion method. Extracts from each plant were used on the bacterium at three different dosage concentrations (0.1 mL, 0.15 mL and 0.2 mL). Their Zone of inhibition was measured in millimeter (mm) and compared against a known synthetic standard (Gentamycin). Results indicate that the plants differ significantly in their activity against the studied microorganism. S. alata had the highest inhibitory effect of all the plants used (26.00 mm, 30.67 mm and 36.00 mm, for 0.1 mL, 0.15 mL and 0.2 mL dosage concentration, respectively). This was followed by A. indica with 9.33 mm, 15.67 mm and 16.67 mm zone of inhibition for 0.1 mL, 0.15 mL and 0.2 mL dosage concentration, respectively. A. vera had no effect (0.0 mm zone of inhibition) at 0.1 mL and 0.15 mL dosage concentrations, but at 2.0 mL dosage concentration, 4.0 mm zone of inhibition was achieved. Gentamycin showed zones of inhibition of 17.33 mm, 26.67 mm and 22.67 mm, for 0.1 mL, 0.15 mL and 0.2 mL dosage concentration, respectively. A comparison of all result obtained from the three plant extracts and gentamycin shows that S. alata have a significantly higher (p &gt; 0.05) inhibitory effect against the pimples causing bacterium; Propionibacterium acnes than all the other treatments. The trend follows S. alata &gt; Gentamycin &gt; A. indica &gt; A. vera, respectively, in terms of their inhibitory effect. Therefore, S. alata is more active and is the most appropriate plant to be used for treating of acne vulgaris among the three plant species selected for this experiment.

Evaluation of Effectiveness of Biologically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles of Eucalyptus globules Leaf Extract against Pathogenic and Acne-inducing Bacteria

The present research was aimed to investigate the antimicrobial potential of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles from leaf extract of Eucalyptus globules against certified pathogenic microorganisms Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus and also acne inducing bacteria, using agar well diffusion method. Highest antimicrobial activity (20 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus was recorded with methanolic extract of Eucalyptus globules leaves in comparison to other extracts. Phytochemical analysis of crude extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, soluble starch, terpenoids and tannins. The silver nanoparticles synthesized from the methanolic extract using silver nitrate showed peak at 375 nm. The characterization of nanoparticles for size, shape and nature using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) revealed that the particle size ranged between 15-71 nm. The efficacy of synthesized nanoparticles was checked against four acne inducing isolates and also other certified pathogenic strains. It was found that the overall effectiveness of AgNp’s was much higher than crude extract and also exceptionally high in some cases (i.e. higher than positive control). The AgNp’s were quite effective against the pathogenic strains even at very low concentration (0.0097 μg/100 ml). The results indicated a marked improvement in effectiveness of plant extracts at nanoscale. Further Eucalyptus leaf extract has potential to be used as alternate to synthetic medicines as they are relatively cheaper and safer to use with less or no side effects but only after intensive R&D and clinical trials.

Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of endophytic fungi Talaromyces wortmannii extracts against acne-inducing bacteria.

Acne vulgaris is the most common skin disease, causing significant psychosocial problems such as anxiety and depression similar to a chronic illness for those afflicted. Currently, obtainable agents for acne treatment have limited use. Thus, development of novel agents to treat this disease is a high medical need. The anaerobic bacterium Propionibacterium acnes has been implicated in the inflammatory phase of acne vulgaris by activating pro-inflammatory mediators such as the interleukin-8 (IL-8) via the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Talaromyces wortmannii is an endophytic fungus, which is known to produce high bioactive natural compounds. We hypothesize that compound C but also the crude extract from T. wortmannii may possess both antibacterial activity especially against P. acnes and also anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression and P. acnes-induced IL-8 release. Treatment of keratinocytes (HaCaT) with P. acnes significantly increased NF-κB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation, as well as IL-8 release. Compound C inhibited P. acnes-mediated activation of NF-κB and AP-1 by inhibiting IκB degradation and the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK MAP kinases, and IL-8 release in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, compound C has effective antimicrobial activity against P. acnes and anti-inflammatory activity, and we suggest that this substance or the crude extract are alternative treatments for antibiotic/anti-inflammatory therapy for acne vulgaris.

Activity of ethanolic extracts leaves of Machaerium floribundum against acne-inducing bacteria, and their cytoprotective and antioxidant effects on fibroblast

Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus have been recognized as the bacteria that are involved in the inflammatory process of acne, while oxidants and antioxidants are involved in the repair of cutaneous tissue affected. In this study an evaluation was made of the antibacterial effect by the agar diffusion and broth dilution method, the cytoprotective and antioxidant effect on 3T3 dermic fibroblast cells, treated with hydrogen peroxide and the scavenging capacity of free radicals was determined by the 2, 2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method as well as the Reducing Power of the ethanolic extracts of the leaves of the Machaerium floribundum. Minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were obtained against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus of 5 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL, respectively. A cytoprotective effect of 111% was observed over the cellular viability of the fibroblasts at 10 μg/mL and an antioxidant effect of 92% over the viability of the fibroblasts treated with hydrogen peroxide at 25 μg/mL. A stimulation of 24% growth of fibroblasts at 50 μg/mL was evidenced. On the other hand a 93% scavenging activity of the DPPH free radical was shown for 100 μg/mL with a CI50 of 34 μg/mL. The reducing power was evidenced to be dependent on the concentration. The results obtained indicated that the ethanolic extract of Machaerium floribundum shows a good antibacterial activity against bacteria that induce acne and a high potential for scavenging of free radicals at relatively low concentrations.

Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of leaves and bulbs of Crinum asiaticum L. against acne-inducing bacteria

The antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of leaves and bulbs of Crinum asiaticum L. was tested against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, pathogenic bacteria that cause acne. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined by dilution methods. MIC and MBC of ethanol leaves extract were found for P. acnes (1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL), S. aureus (5 and 10 mg/mL) and S. epidermidis (2.5 and 5 mg/mL). While MIC and MBC of ethanol bulbs extract were found for P. acnes (7.5 and 15 mg/mL), S. aureus (7.5 and 15 mg/mL) and S. epidermidis (3.75 and 7.5 mg/mL). Further study conducted on the ethanol leaves extract against P. acnes to analyze cell leakage (nucleic acid and protein) by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, metal ion (K + and Ca 2+ ) by atomic absorption spectrometry, and observed alteration of the cell wall by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result showed that ethanol leaves extract could damage the cell wall and affect the permeability of cell membrane which marked by release of nucleic acid (absorbance 0.3307-0.4299), protein (absorbance 0.0616-0.101), ion K + (8.167-15.757 mg/mL), ion Ca 2+ (5.47-13.74 mg/L) from the cell and alter morphology of cell wall of P. acnes. Key words: Antibacterial, Crinum asiaticum L., Propionibacterium acnes

Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom against acne-inducing bacteria

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous follicles.Propionibacterium acnes plays a critical role in the development of these inflammatory lesions. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial property of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) venom (BV) against the etiologic agents of acne vulgaris. Incubation of the skin bacteria P. acnes, clindamycin-resistant P. acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis or Streptococcus pyrogenes with BV yielded the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Production of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α)) were examined in THP-1 cells. BV MIC values were 0.086, 0.067, 0.104 and 0.121 µg /ml against P. acnes, clindamycin-resistant P. acnes, S. epidermidis, and S. pyrogenes, respectively. In time-kill studies, BV was bacteriostatic in action. In addition, BV exhibited low cytotoxicity at 10 µg /ml in human epidermal keratinocytes and monocytes. In addition, BV reduced the P. acnes-induced secretion of IL-8 and TNF-α in THP-1 cells, an indication of its anti-inflammatory effects. Based on these results, BV has effective antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity against P. acnes, and we suggest that BV is an alternative treatment for antibiotic therapy of acne vulgaris. Key words: Bee venom, acne, Propionibacterium acnes, IL-8, TNF-α.

Biological Activities of KoreanCitrus obovoidesandCitrus natsudaidaiEssential Oils against Acne-Inducing Bacteria

This study was designed to analyze the chemical composition of Citrus obovoides (Geumgamja) and Citrus natsudaidai (Cheonyahagyul) oils and to test their biological activities. These citrus essential oils were obtained by steam distillation of fruits collected from Jeju Island, Korea, and were analyzed using gas chromatograph (GC)-flame ionization detectors (FID) and GC-MS. Limonene and gamma-terpinene were the major components of the two citrus species. To evaluate in vitro anti-acne activity, they were tested against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, which are involved in acne. The Geumgamja and Cheonyahagyul oils exhibited antibacterial activity against both P. acnes and S. epidermidis. Their effects on DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, and nitric oxide radical were also assessed. Cheonyahagyul and Geumgamja exhibited only superoxide anion radical-scavenging activity. To assess their potential usefulness in future cosmetic product applications, the cytotoxic effects of the two oils were determined by colorimetric MTT assays using two animal cell lines: normal human fibroblasts and HaCaT cells. They exhibited low cytotoxicity at 0.1 microl/ml in both cell lines. In addition, they reduced P. acnes-induced secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in THP-1 cells, an indication of anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, based on these results, we suggest that Geumgamja and Cheonyahagyul essential oils are attractive acne-mitigating candidates for topical application.

Activity of Garcinia mangostana fruit rind extracts from various locations of Thailand against acne-inducing bacteria

Activity of Garcinia mangostana fruit rind extracts from various locations of Thailand against acne-inducing bacteria

Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of Jeju medicinal plants against acne-inducing bacteria

Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis are pus-forming bacteria that trigger inflammation in acne. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of Jeju medicinal plants against these etiologic agents of acne vulgaris. Ethanol extracts of Jeju plants were tested for antimicrobial activities by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. The results from the disc diffusion assays revealed that four medicinal plants, Mollugo pentaphylla, Angelica anomala, Matteuccia orientalis, and Orixa japonica inhibited the growth of both pathogens. Among these, A. anomala had strong inhibitory effects. Its MIC values were 15.6 microg/ml and 125 microg/ml against P. acnes and S. epidermidis, respectively. The cytotoxic effects of the four extracts were determined by colorimetric MTT assays using two animal cell lines: human dermal fibroblasts and HaCaT cells. Although the M. orientalis root extract had moderate cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells at 200 microg/ml, most extracts exhibited low cytotoxicity at 200 microg/ml in both cell lines. In addition, the extracts reduced the P. acnes-induced secretion of interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in THP-1 cells, an indication of their anti-inflammatory effects. Based on these results, we suggest that M. pentaphylla, A. anomala, M. orientalis, and O. japonica are attractive acne-mitigating candidates for topical application.

Antimicrobial effects of Indian medicinal plants against acne-inducing bacteria

Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis have been recognized as pus-forming bacteria triggering an inflammation in acne. The present study was conducted to evaluate antimicrobial activities of Indian medicinal plants against these etiologic agents of acne vulgaris. Ethanolic extracts of Hemidesmus indicus (roots), Eclipta alba (fruits), Coscinium fenestratum (stems), Curcubito pepo (seeds), Tephrosia purpurea (roots), Mentha piperita (leaves), Pongamia pinnata (seeds), Symplocos racemosa (barks), Euphorbia hirta (roots), Tinospora cordyfolia (roots), Thespesia populnea (roots), and Jasminum officinale (flowers) were tested for antimicrobial activities by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. The results from the disc diffusion method showed that 07 medicinal plants could inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes. Among those Hemidesmus indicus, Coscinium fenestratum, Tephrosia purpurea, Euphorbia hirta, Symplocos racemosa, Curcubito pepo and Eclipta alba had strong inhibitory effects. Based on a broth dilution method, the Coscinium fenestratum extract had the greatest antimicrobial effect. The MIC values were the same (0.049 mg/ml) for both bacterial species and the MBC values were 0.049 and 0.165 mg/ml against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, respectively. In bioautography assay, the Coscinium fenestratum extract produced strong inhibition zones against Propionibacterium acnes. Phytochemical screening of Coscinium fenestratum revealed the presence of alkaloid which could be responsible for activity. Taken together, our data indicated that Coscinium fenestratum had a strong inhibitory effect on Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. . Keywords: Acne; Propionibacterium acnes; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Antimicrobial activity > Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 6 (2) 2007: pp. 717-723

Antimicrobial effects of Thai medicinal plants against acne-inducing bacteria

Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis have been recognized as pus-forming bacteria triggering an inflammation in acne. The present study was conducted to evaluate antimicrobial activities of Thai medicinal plants against these etiologic agents of acne vulgaris. Crude extracts were tested for antimicrobial activities by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. The results from the disc diffusion method showed that 13 medicinal plants could inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes. Among those, Senna alata, Eupatorium odoratum, Garcinia mangostana, and Barleria lupulina had strong inhibitory effects. Based on a broth dilution method, the Garcinia mangostana extract had the greatest antimicrobial effect. The MIC values were the same (0.039 mg/ml) for both bacterial species and the MBC values were 0.039 and 0.156 mg/ml against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, respectively. In bioautography assay, the Garcinia mangostana extract produced strong inhibition zones against Propionibacterium acnes. Antimicrobial activity from fractions of column chromatography revealed one of the active compounds in Garcinia mangostana could be mangostin, a xanthone derivative. Taken together, our data indicated that Garcinia mangostana had a strong inhibitory effect on Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Therefore, this plant would be an interesting topic for further study and possibly for an alternative treatment for acne.