Acid Soybean Oil Research Articles

Effects of dietary free fatty acid content and degree of fat saturation on tibia bone properties of laying hens

Acid oils and fatty acid distillates are fat by-products of the refining process of edible oils and are characterized by their high proportion of free fatty acids (FFA). While lipids are essential in poultry diets, their chemical structure may interfere with calcium absorption. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of dietary FFA content and the degree of fat saturation on bone metabolism in commercial layers. For 15-wk, a total of 144 laying hens (19-wk-old) were randomly assigned to 8 treatments (6 replicates with 3 birds each), which were obtained by gradually replacing crude soybean oil (rich in unsaturated fatty acids [UFA]) with soybean acid oil (rich in UFA and FFA), or crude palm oil (rich in saturated fatty acids [SFA]) with palm fatty acid distillate (rich in SFA and FFA). Following a 2 × 4 factorial design, 4 UFA-rich and 4 SFA-rich diets were created with varying FFA content: 10, 20, 30, and 45%. Tibiae (6 birds/treatment) were collected at the end of the trial for the assessment of mineral composition, morphological properties, and mechanical characteristics. The data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA with the GLM procedure. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were employed to determine the linear effect of increasing %FFA, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. The degree of saturation was found to negatively impact on calcium and phosphorus bone content, with higher levels found in soybean-based diets (P < 0.001). A significant interaction was observed for medullary bone mineral content, showing a linear decrease as the dietary %FFA increased (P < 0.05) in palm diets. In contrast, morphological and mechanical bone traits, total ash content, and cortical bone mineral composition remained unaffected (P > 0.05). These results suggest that the degree of fat saturation exerts a greater impact than FFA content on bone mineral metabolism, supporting the commercial use of fat by-products rich in FFA in laying hen diets, at least during the early stages of the laying cycle.

Effects of Different Soybean and Coconut Oil Additions on the Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Soy Protein-Wheat Protein Mixture Subjected to High-Moisture Extrusion.

A protein mixture was prepared using a blend of soybean protein isolate, soybean protein concentrate, and wheat protein through high-moisture extrusion. This study investigated the effects of soybean oil/coconut oil additions (2%, 5%, and 8%) on the physiochemical properties of a soy protein-wheat protein mixture subjected to high-moisture extrusion. The protein extrudates underwent assessment for textural properties, fiber degree, sensory evaluation, microstructure, protein solubility, and protein secondary structure. The findings indicated that plant oils significantly reduced the hardness, springiness, and chewiness of the extrudates, and 5% plant oil significantly increased the fiber degree of the extrudates. In addition, the highest fiber degree and sensory evaluation score were achieved with 5% coconut oil. Observation of the macro- and microstructure indicated that the presence of unsaturated fatty acids in soybean oil did not benefit the improvement of the fibrous structure of protein extrudates during high-moisture extrusion processing. SDS-PAGE and FTIR results revealed that coconut oil, rich in saturated fatty acids, caused the clustering of medium- and low-molecular-weight subunits in texturized protein. Additionally, coconut oil elevated the ratio of 11S protein subunits containing sulfur-based amino acids and facilitated a shift from β-turn to β-sheet. The inclusion of plant oils increased the development of hydrogen and disulfide bonds, resulting in a denser, fibrous structure. DSC demonstrated that plant oils reduced the thermal stability of the texturized proteins but enhanced the order of protein structure.

Mutations in the genes responsible for the synthesis of furan fatty acids resolve the light-induced off-odor in soybean oil.

Soybean oil is the second most produced edible vegetable oil and is used for many edible and industrial materials. Unfortunately, it has the disadvantage of 'reversion flavor' under photooxidative conditions, which produces an off-odor and decreases the quality of edible oil. Reversion flavor and off-odor are caused by minor fatty acids in the triacylglycerol of soybean oil known as furan fatty acids, which produce 3-methyl-2,4-nonanedione (3-MND) upon photooxidation. As a solution to this problem, a reduction in furan fatty acids leads to a decrease in 3-MND, resulting in a reduction in the off-odor induced by light exposure. However, there are no reports on the genes related to the biosynthesis of furan fatty acids in soybean oil. In this study, four mutant lines showing low or no furan fatty acid levels in soybean seeds were isolated from a soybean mutant library. Positional cloning experiments and homology search analysis identified two genes responsible for furan fatty acid biosynthesis in soybean: Glyma.20G201400 and Glyma.04G054100. Ectopic expression of both genes produced furan fatty acids in transgenic soybean hairy roots. The structure of these genes is different from that of the furan fatty acid biosynthetic genes in photosynthetic bacteria. Homologs of these two group of genes are widely conserved in the plant kingdom. The purified oil from the furan fatty acid mutant lines had lower amounts of 3-MND and reduced off-odor after light exposure, compared with oil from the wild-type.

The Microstructure, Rheological Characteristics, and Digestibility Properties of Binary or Ternary Mixture Systems of Gelatinized Potato Starch/Milk Protein/Soybean Oil during the In Vitro Digestion Process.

The in vitro digestibility of potato starch-based foods interacting with milk protein and soybean oil was investigated. Microstructures and rheological changes upon digestion were determined. The results showed that the addition of milk proteins (casein and whey protein) promoted gelatinized potato starch digestion, while soybean oil slowed down gelatinized potato starch digestion. A mixture of soybean oil and milk protein promoted the digestion of milk protein, while a mixture of gelatinized potato starch and milk protein inhibited the digestion of milk protein. The mixture of milk protein and/or gelatinized potato starch with soybean oil promoted the release of free fatty acids in soybean oil. The highest release rate of free fatty acids was attained by a mix of milk protein and soybean oil. The mixed samples were digested and observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope. The viscosity of the digestates was determined by a rheometer. Overall, the results demonstrated that the addition of milk protein and soybean oil had an effect on the in vitro digestibility of gelatinized potato starch and its microstructure.

Bioengineering of Soybean Oil and Its Impact on Agronomic Traits.

Soybean is a major oil crop and is also a dominant source of nutritional protein. The 20% seed oil content (SOC) of soybean is much lower than that in most oil crops and the fatty acid composition of its native oil cannot meet the specifications for some applications in the food and industrial sectors. Considerable effort has been expended on soybean bioengineering to tailor fatty acid profiles and improve SOC. Although significant advancements have been made, such as the creation of high-oleic acid soybean oil and high-SOC soybean, those genetic modifications have some negative impacts on soybean production, for instance, impaired germination or low protein content. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the bioengineering of soybean oil and its effects on agronomic traits.

Influence of free fatty acid content and degree of fat saturation in laying hen diets on egg quality, yolk fatty acid profile, and cholesterol content

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of dietary free fatty acid (FFA) content and the degree of saturation on egg quality, yolk fatty acid (FA) profile, and yolk cholesterol content. For a 15-wk period, a total of 144 laying hens (19-wk-old) were randomly assigned to 8 treatments arranged in a 2×4 factorial design, with 2 sources of crude oil (soybean oil and palm oil) and 4 levels of FFA (10, 20, 30, and 45%). The dietary treatments were achieved by progressively substituting the original oils with equivalent amounts of their corresponding acid oils (soybean acid oil and palm fatty acid distillate, respectively). No differences in ADFI or egg mass were found. However, dietary FFA reduced egg production (linear, P < 0.05) and increased the feed conversion ratio (linear, P < 0.05). Higher levels of FFA in soybean diets resulted in higher egg weight with higher albumen and yolk weights (linear, P < 0.01). Palm diets presented higher yolk:albumen ratio than soybean diets (P < 0.001), but the effect of FFA did not follow a linear trend. Hens fed soybean diets laid eggs with higher Haugh units (HU) than palm diets (P < 0.001), although increasing the dietary FFA% reduced the HU values in both (linear, P < 0.001). Palm diets enhanced shell quality with greater resistance to breakage, and higher dry matter and ash content than soybean diets (P < 0.05). No differences in egg chemical composition and yolk cholesterol content were found (P > 0.05). The saturation degree had a significant effect on all the analyzed yolk FA (P < 0.001) except for arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6), whereas increasing the FFA content did not affect to a great extent. These results show that varying dietary FFA level did not affect egg quality and yolk composition as much as the dietary fat source did, supporting the use of acid oils and fatty acid distillates as fat ingredients for feed.

Novel Allele of FAD2-1A from an EMS-Induced Mutant Soybean Line (PE529) Produces Elevated Levels of Oleic Acid in Soybean Oil

Soybean seed oils contain approximately 23% oleic acid, and elevated amounts of oleic acid help prevent cardiovascular diseases and improve the quality of the oil. Chemically, it helps maintain the oxidative stability of oil; hence, soybean breeders primarily seek to increase its concentration for improved oil quality. As soybean seeds with mutant alleles of FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B genes have been reported to produce approximately 80% of oleic acid, a mutant population was developed from an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced soybean cultivar (Pungsannamul). From this, a new mutant allele of FAD2-1A was identified using mutant lines with elevated oleic acid levels and the pooled-DNA sequencing method. This study identified PE529 as the allele with &gt;40% oleic acid carrying the novel allele of the FAD2-1A gene. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in PE529 also induced the conversion from tryptophan to a premature stop codon at position 293 in the amino acid sequence (W293STOP). The inheritance analysis showed that the elevated oleic acids in PE529 were attributed to the fad2-1a W293STOP allele. In this study, seeds capable of producing approximately 80.0% oleic acid were identified from F2 populations where fad2-1a W293STOP and fad2-1b alleles were segregated. Hence, soybeans with novel alleles are useful genetic resources to improve soybean oil quality in breeding programs.

Effects of dietary emulsifier and lipid source on broiler meat quality, lipids, and serum antioxidant status

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of diets containing acid soybean oil (ASO) as a substitute for degummed soybean oil (DSO), with or without an emulsifier, on the serum lipid composition, antioxidant protection, carcass yield, and meat quality of broilers. Seven hundred and four 1-day-old male chicks were distributed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (with or without emulsifier × two lipid sources—ASO and DSO), with eight replicates. The dietary inclusion of ASO increased by 65.87% the serum activity of the superoxide dismutase at 21 days of age. The inclusion of the emulsifier reduced the tenderloin yield of the birds by 5.22% and the abdominal fat percentage by 10.20% at 49 days of age, interfering with serum low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride. There was an increase in the water-holding capacity, greater yellow intensity ( b*) 15 min post mortem, and lower pH 24 h post mortem for meat from broilers fed diets containing DSO. Meat from broilers fed diets containing ASO with an emulsifier showed lower shear force. The emulsifier did not provide additional metabolizable energy, as reflected by the reduced chicken tenderloin yield. The use of ASO provided better serum antioxidant status, with no deleterious effects on the carcass and meat quality of broilers.

The effect of rice bran extract on the quality indices, physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of soybean oil blended with various oils

Soybean oil (SBO) is an edible vegetable oil of importance although, prone to degradation owing to its low oxidative stability. Blending of soybean oil with potentially stable oils and incorporation of antioxidants from low-cost resources such as rice bran is a potential channel of improving oil stability. The study evaluated the effect of partial blending (20, 40%) of SBO with sesame oil (SSO) and or cashew nut oil (CNO), the effect of incorporating rice bran extract in oil and exposure to repeated high temperature during use for frying on the physicochemical properties, oxidation parameters, fatty acid profile and color attributes of the oil blends using standard methods. Results showed that blending of soybean oil with either sesame and or cashew nut oil significantly improved the properties and quality of crude soybean oil as shown in the reduced peroxide value, free fatty acid (12.20 meq O2/kg, 12.78% in SBO, 7.90 to 8.90 meq O2/kg, 11.04 to 11.66% in blended oils respectively). Oleic (41.91%) and linoleic acid (15.57%) are the most abundant unsaturated fatty acids in SBO, blending significantly increased their values to 62.41% (SBCS - 60% SBO, 20% SSO, 20% CNO), 63.78% (SBS - 80% SBO, 20% SSO) and 20.03% (SBCS), 21.17% (SBS) respectively in blended oils. Also, inclusion of 500 ppm ethanolic rice bran extract was most appropriate in enhancing the stability of oil. In conclusion, blending of SBO with SSO and or CNO as well as incorporation of rice bran extract to blended oils has potential to reduce oxidative indices and improve thermal stability of composite oil.

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers System Solid Lipid Poloxamer and Stearic Acid with Liquid Lipid Soybean Oil

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) are lipid-based carrier system that use a matrix combination in the form of solid and liquid which are stabilized with the addition of surfactant. This NLC was developed to facilitate the dispersion of hydrophobic bioactive compound in a hydrophilic system. This research aims to get the right formulation and can develop stable characterization, using solid lipids Poloxamer and Stearic Acid with liquid lipids Soybeans Oil using surfactant Tween 80 and co-surfactant Propyleneglycol.. The to make the formulation of NLC with a ratio of poloxamer and stearic acid as solid lipid: soybeans oil asliquid lipid is 3:3, 4:2, 5:1 ,surfactant tween 80 and co surfactant propyleneglycol. Test the NLC characterization including PH value, viscosity, particle size, and polydispersity index. Data analysis used to evaluate the characteristics of the obtained NLC using descriptive. The result of the research showed that NLC had good characteistics at a solid lipid poloxamer and stearic acid with Soybean oil liquid lipid ,pH in the range 4-6; good viscosity; good particles have a range of 1000nm; and polydispersity index which shows the results of monodispersion. Nanostructured Llipid Carriers with solid lipid poloxamer and stearic acid and liquid lipid soybean oil obtained good characteristics.

Replacement of Palm Oil with Soybean Acid Oil in Broiler Chicken Diet: Fat Digestibility and Lipid Class Content along the Intestinal Tract.

Simple SummarySoybean acid oil is a by-product rich in free fatty acids obtained from the soybean oil refining industry. Its inclusion in chicken diet is a way for it to be upcycled and to reduce the cost of feed. Its high degree of unsaturation could enhance the absorption of saturated fatty acids from palm oil. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of replacing palm oil with increasing amounts of soybean acid oil on fat digestion and absorption in starter and grower chickens. The replacement of palm oil with soybean acid oil improved fat utilization in both 11 and 35-day-old broiler chickens. With the age, the contribution of the upper ileum to a better fat absorption increases. In grower chickens, soybean acid oil at 6% of total inclusion or a blend of palm oil with soybean acid oil (2:4, w/w) led to adequate fat utilization, similar to soybean oil at 6%. The results suggest that the use of soybean acid oil blended with palm oil is a good solution for inclusion in broiler chicken diet.This study aimed to evaluate the replacement of palm oil (P) with increasing levels of soybean acid oil (SA), a by-product of soybean oil (S) refining, on lipid class content and fatty acid (FA) digestibility in the intestine and excreta of chickens at 11 and 35 days (d). Five experimental diets were obtained by supplementing a basal diet with 6% of P (P6), 6% of SA (SA6), 4% of P + 2% SA (P4-SA2), 2% of P + 4% of SA (P2-SA4) and 6% of S (S6). A total of 480 one-d-old female broiler chickens (Ross 308) were housed in metabolic cages (6 cages/treatment, with 16 birds/cage). Replacing P with SA improved fat absorption at 11 and 35 d (p < 0.05), but not feed AME values and saturated FA (SFA) digestibility at 11 d. As age increased, the absorption of SFA and free fatty acids (FFA) improved, and the contribution of the upper ileum to FA absorption increased (p < 0.05). At 35 d, SA6 (56% FFA) and P2-SA4 (40% FFA, 2.6 unsaturated-to-saturated FA ratio) could replace S6 without impairing fat utilization. The replacement of P with SA represents a suitable strategy to use this by-product.

Microstructure and morphology of mechanically sulfated acid catalysts of α-Al2O3

This work reports the evaluation of the microstructure, morphology, and catalytic behavior of α-Al2O3 synthesized via combustion method for esterification reaction of oleic acid in soybean oil with ethanol to produce biodiesel. The reaction was evaluated with 2 wt% of catalyst at 160 °C for 3 h when the molar ratio of fatty acid:ethanol was 1:12. To enhance the catalytic performance of α-Al2O3, its sulfation was done by a different method using mechanical milling. The microcatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourie transform infrared spectroscopy, granulometric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed α-Al2O3 as the major phase, presence of SO4 2- groups, the contribution of the sulfation process to morphology with reduction of agglomerates, and particle size from 18.98 to 15.30 mm. The yield of ester was enhanced from 80% (α-Al2O3 as a catalyst) to 93% (SO4 2-/α-Al2O3 as a catalyst), which showed the milling as a fast method for synthesis of a highly efficient acid catalyst to produce biodiesel.

Lab-scale production of biodiesel from soybean acid oil using immobilized whole cells as catalyst

The study demonstrates the lab-scale production of biodiesel from soybean acid oil (SAO) in a 5 L lab-scale bioreactor using immobilized whole cells as a catalyst. The maximum lipase activity 2.89 ± 0.6 U/mL of immobilized whole cells was achieved at optimum conditions viz; pH (7.1), temperature (31 °C), peptone (1.2% w/v) and immobilized pieces (10) in 100 mL growth medium. The esterification approach was fit to Michaelis–Menten model, based on concentration-time profile with 75 gL−1 Michaelis constant (K M) and 78 gL−1h−1 maximum velocities (V max) resulting in a maximum yield of up to 95.4% over 24 h of reaction. A 5% decrease in the catalytic potential of immobilized whole cells from 1st to 5th recycle of immobilized support. The fuel properties of resulted biodiesel were noted to meet the specifications of major international biodiesel standards such as ASTM D6751 to a significant extent. The study reveals the potential use of immobilized whole-cell catalyst and acid oil as an alternative, low-cost bearing and quality feedstock for the generation of biodiesel for a diverse variety of industrial/commercial use.

Acid versus crude oils for broiler chicken diets: In vitro lipid digestion and bioaccessibility

The use of acid oils and fatty acid distillates in poultry feed formulations is limited due to controversial productive results that has been partially related to a lower digestibility compared with their corresponding crude oils. In vitro digestion and bioaccessibility models mimicking fat intestinal digestion will provide valuable information to understand differences in dietary fat digestibility observed in in vivo trials. The hydrolysis processes that occur during intestinal digestion of soybean acid oil (SA: unsaturated), palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD: saturated), and their corresponding crude oils, as well as their potential bioaccessibility were studied using an in vitro digestion model. The release of lipid-class products (Triacylglycerol(s), TAG; Diacylglycerol(s), DAG; Monoacylglycerol(s), MAG; and Free fatty acid(s), FFA) was followed at 10, 30, and 60 min of digestion. In all oils studied, the largest hydrolysis rate occurred within the first 10 min. At the end, the percentages of generated lipid products were in the range of expected values according to the pancreatic lipase activity. After digestion, dietary mixed micelles (DMM) and the non-bioaccessible precipitated phase (PP) were isolated to analyze their lipid-class composition. Unsaturated oils showed higher DMM fraction than saturated ones (P = 0.001). Higher PP (P < 0.001) were generated in acid oils. Results suggested that hydrolysis did not limit oil digestion and that the oil FFA levels influenced their bioaccessibility less than the saturation degree.

Using soybean acid oil or its calcium salt as the energy source for broiler chickens: Effects on growth performance, carcass traits, intestinal morphology, nutrient digestibility, and immune responses

This study consisted of three experiments performed on Ross 308 broilers. The first experiment (Exp. 1) was a bioassay in which the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of soybean acid oil (SAO) and its calcium salt (CSSAO) was measured to be 37.30 and 30.36 MJ/kg, respectively. The latter two experiments evaluated SAO and CSSAO as the energy source for growing chickens. The treatments for Exp. 2 were a control diet with no added fat and six diets that were included with either SAO (1.0, 2.0, or 3.0 % [SAO1, SAO2, and SAO3, respectively]) or CSSAO (1.2, 2.4, or 3.6 % [CSSAO1, CSSAO2, and CSSAO3, respectively]) to provide similar AMEn. The AMEn contents were 11.90, 12.20, and 12.50 MJ/kg of diet in the starter (8–14 d of age), grower (15–28 d of age), and finisher (29–42 d of age) periods, respectively. The treatments for Exp. 3 were a control (as in Exp. 2) and 4 diets that were enriched with SAO (2.0 or 4.0 % [HSAO1 and HSAO2, respectively]) or CSSAO (2.4 or 4.8 % [HCSSAO1 and HCSSAO2, respectively]) and formulated to be higher in AMEn than the control. The AMEn contents of the HSAO1 and HCSSAO1 diets were 12.25, 12.55, and 12.85 MJ/kg, while the HSAO2 and HCSSAO2 provided 12.60, 12.90, and 13.20 MJ/kg AMEn in the starter, grower, and finisher periods, respectively. In Exp. 2, a tendency to improve of overall body weight gain was recorded with the increase of SAO and CSSAO concentrations in the diet (P = 0.076). In Exp. 3, however, a rise of dietary AMEn with either fat source increased body weight gain and feed efficiency than the control during the entire period (P < 0.05). Diet inclusion with SAO or CSSAO increased the villus height and villus/crypt ratio across the small intestine and decreased the ileal crypt depth, while improved dry matter and crude protein digestibility (P < 0.05), with these differences were more marked in Exp. 3. Conversely, the ether extract digestibility tended to decrease with HSAO2 and HCSSAO2 diets (P = 0.104). Dietary treatments did not affect antibody titers against Newcastle and avian influenza diseases (Exp. 2 and Exp. 3). To conclude, both SAO and CSSAO could be added as energy source to the diet while having beneficial effects on the performance and health of broiler chickens.

Soybean Oil and Nonthermal Plasma Pretreatment to Dye Para‐Aramid Woven Fabrics with Disperse Dye Using a Glycerol‐Based Dye Bath

AbstractHigh‐performance para‐aramid fibers offer a number of uses as strong, lightweight materials for protective vests, helmets, tires, and other applications. The chemically inert nature of the fibers makes them difficult to dye or durably print by conventional dyeing techniques for textiles, and solution dyeing during production of the fibers can limit the color of para‐aramid fabrics to the color of the spun yarn prior to weaving or knitting and thereby limit the practical applications of these textiles as protective outerwear. This study presents a new method developed to improve the dyeing of woven para‐aramid fabrics with a disperse dye. Specifically, sequential experimentation proves the beneficial effects of first soaking para‐aramid fabrics in soybean oil followed by surface treatment with atmospheric nonthermal plasma and using glycerol as the dispersant and sodium chloride as an electrolyte without the addition of other auxiliary chemicals. Under the optimized treatment conditions of this study, the color strength (K/S value) of dyed para‐aramid fabrics increased to 3.89 from 0.35 of the untreated samples as determined from spectral analysis of the sample reflectance in the visible range. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed that the high content of unsaturated fatty acids in soybean oil and their interaction with reactive species in the ambient nonthermal plasma were the primary factors for improving the color strength of the dyed para‐aramid fabrics.

Optimizing cost, growth performance, and nutrient absorption with a bio-emulsifier based on lysophospholipids for broiler chickens

Two experiments (Exp.) were conducted to evaluate effects of a lysophospholipid-based bio-emulsifier (LPL) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and energy utilization of broilers as well as the return on investment (ROI). In Exp. 1, 392 chicks were housed in battery cages in a completely randomized design with 8 treatments and 7 replicates of 7 birds each from d 0 to 21 posthatch. In Exp. 2, 1,400 chicks were allocated in floor pens and fed the same 8 treatments, with 7 replicates and 25 birds each from d 0 to 43 posthatch. Treatments consisted of 6 degummed soybean oil-based diets: positive control (PC1); PC1 formulated with 500 g/ton LPL (PC1+LPL on top); PC1 formulated with 60 kcal LPL matrix (PC1+LPL60); PC1 formulated with 100 kcal LPL matrix (PC1+LPL100); and two negative controls NC-60 and NC-100 with reductions of 60 and 100 kcal/kg ME, respectively. Two other diets were formulated with acid soybean oil: positive control (PC2) and PC2 formulated with 60 kcal LPL matrix (PC2+LPL60). In Exp. 1, performance was evaluated from d 0 to 21, ME and ileal digestibility of DM, CP and energy were determined on d 21. In Exp. 2, growth performance was evaluated from d 0 to 42, and on d 43 carcass and abdominal fat yields were calculated. There were no effects of soybean oil sources in any parameter. Inclusion of LPL increased (P < 0.05) BW gain and ileal digestibility of DM, fat and CP. Broilers fed the PC1+LPL on top diet had increased (P < 0.05) performance, ileal digestibility and energy utilization as well as decreased abdominal fat compared to NC-60 or NC-100. The use of LPL on top had a ROI of 8:1 vs. PC1, considering the gains in revenue of the slaughtered broilers in relation to the investment with LPL in feed. In conclusion, a lysophospholipid-based bio-emulsifier increased performance, digestibility and return on investment of broilers fed standard or reformulated diets.

Degree of Saturation and Free Fatty Acid Content of Fats Determine Dietary Preferences in Laying Hens.

Simple SummaryUnderstanding fat sensing in chickens has the potential to improve least cost feed formulation relevant to poultry feeds. Acid oils (soybean acid oil and palm fatty acid distillate) are economical and sustainable feedstuffs with similar fatty acid composition to crude oils (soybean oil and palm oil) but richer in free fatty acids. However, potential issues relevant to the palatability of these oils have been raised. Four experimental diets were offered in a series of double-choice tests to study the effect of free fatty acid content and the unsaturated:saturated ratio on dietary preferences in hens. Hens showed a feed preference for palm oil added diets over soybean oil diets, with palm oil and palm fatty acid distillate being equally preferred. However, the hens demonstrated a preference for soybean oil when offered in choice with soybean acid oil. In conclusion, free fatty acid content and saturation degree affected feed preferences in hens. The use of oils with greater preference values may give rise to greater feed palatability, enhancing feed intake at critical stages.Behavioural and genetic evidence shows that the taste system is intimately related to the sensing of nutrients with consequences for poultry nutrition practices. A better understanding of how chickens may sense fat could provide the background for selecting feedstuffs used in poultry feeds. Acid oils have the potential to be economical and sustainable feedstuffs. These fat by-products from the edible oil refining industry possess a similar fatty acid composition to the crude oils but are richer in free fatty acids (FFA). An experiment was conducted to study the effect of FFA content and the unsaturated:saturated ratio (U:S) on dietary preferences in hens. Four fat sources were added to a basal diet at an inclusion rate of 6%, determining the experimental diets: soybean oil (SO; high U:S, 5% FFA); soybean acid oil (SA; high U:S, 50% FFA); palm oil (PO; low U:S, 5% FFA); and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD; low U:S, 50% FFA). The experimental diets were offered in a series of double-choice tests to forty-eight Lohmann Brown laying hens housed individually in cages. Each hen was offered the ten potential binary combinations of the four diets including each diet compared to itself (referred to as four control double-choices). Feed intake was measured for two hours twice a day after one hour of fasting. Consumption was analysed as a standard preference index (% of test diet intake in comparison with the total intake). Preference values were compared to the random choice value of 50% using the Student’s t-test. None of the four control comparisons differ significantly from 50% (p > 0.05), indicating that the changes in preference values observed in the other binary comparisons were related to the dietary changes associated to fat ingredients. Hens showed a feed preference for palm oil added diets over soybean oil diets (p < 0.05), with PO and PFAD being equally preferred (p < 0.05). However, in this trial the hens demonstrated a preference for SO (low %FFA) when offered in choice with SA (high %FFA) (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the degree of saturation plays an important role in dietary fat preferences: hens prefer predominantly saturated oils even when these are rich in FFA. Furthermore, when presented with a choice between predominantly unsaturated oils, hens prefer feed with a low %FFA. In conclusion, %FFA and the U:S ratio affected feed preferences in hens. The use of oils with greater preference values may give rise to greater feed palatability, enhancing feed intake at critical stages.

Effect of lipid source and emulsifier on productive and physiological parameters of broilers.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the replacement of degummed soybean oil (DSO) by acid soybean oil (ASO) in diets with or without the inclusion of emulsifier on broiler performance, relative organ weight, lipase activity, intestinal morphometry, and nutrient digestibility.MethodsA total of 704 1-day-old male broiler chicks were allotted to a 2×2 completely randomized factorial design (with or without emulsifier × two lipid sources [ASO and DSO]), with eight replicates and 22 birds each. The metabolizable energy level in diets with emulsifier was reduced by 40 kcal/kg from 1 to 21 d and 50 kcal/kg from 22 to 49 d.ResultsBroilers fed diets containing ASO without emulsifier had higher (p = 0.005) weight gain than DSO-fed animals and with the inclusion of emulsifier had worse (p = 0.018) feed conversion ratio (FCR). Birds fed diets with emulsifier worsened FCR regardless of lipid source from 1 to 21 days (p = 0.006) and from 1 to 49 days (p = 0.0002). There was an increase (p = 0.026) in the relative pancreas weight, at 14 days, in birds fed diets containing ASO. Lipase activity and morphometry of the duodenum and jejunum, at 14 and 21 days, were not affected (p>0.05). The dietary inclusion of emulsifier improved the digestible energy (p = 0.053) in the presence of ASO. For the digestibility coefficients (gross energy, crude protein, and mineral matter), no interference was observed (p>0.05).ConclusionThe inclusion of emulsifier to energy-restricted diet with ASO maintained broiler performance in the first week, but worsened FCR in subsequent phases. The ASO can be considered as an alternative lipid source to DSO and does not interfere with the morphophysiological characteristics and performance of broilers. The combination of ASO and emulsifier increased the digestible energy content by 6.2%.

Evaluation of continuous ethyl ester synthesis from acid soybean oil using a dual immobilized enzyme system

The use of non-edible oils, waste oils, and animal fats have been investigated as a low-cost feedstock for biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl esters) synthesis. However, these alternative raw materials have some drawbacks due to the high content of free fatty acid (FFA). This work aimed to study the continuous enzymatic ethyl esters synthesis, in a solvent-free system, from the reaction of acid soybean oil (acid value, AV, of 0.5, 8.5, 50, and 90) and ethanol using a dual commercial immobilized lipase system (Novozym 435®, Lipozyme TL IM®, Lipozyme RM IM®). Initially, a dual lipase system was used in a single packed-bed reactor (PBR). The blend of Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 435 had a positive synergistic effect on biodiesel synthesis: an increase of 76% in ethyl ester content was observed after 2 h using refined soybean oil. However, a reduction in the yield was observed in longer reaction times (25 h). Therefore, a continuous reaction system, operated with two different catalytic beds, was investigated. The use of two series reactors allowed high ethyl ester yield (>90%) and high acid conversion (>90%). The reaction using acid soybean oil (50 AV), and Lipozyme RM IM and Novozym 435 reached an ethyl ester content of 95% and 70% after 2 and 25 h, respectively. The results showed that using two different commercial immobilized lipases in intercalated packed-bed reactors enhanced biodiesel synthesis from acid soybean oil. The enzymatic system allows a high fatty acid conversion present in the acidic oil into ethyl ester.