Acids In Prevention Research Articles

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of relapse in patients with stable bipolar disorder: A 6-month pilot randomized controlled trial

This study investigated the efficacy and safety of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) in relapse prevention of bipolar disorder (BD), addressing the shortcomings of current medications. Thirty-one stable BD patients were randomized to receive n-3 PUFAs or placebo for 6 months and intergroup differences in the incidence of the recurrence of bipolar depression were assessed. Differences in depression severity, manic symptoms, and routine biochemical parameters were also assessed. Interestingly, n-3 PUFAs demonstrated a favorable preventive effect on bipolar depression recurrence (p=0.005; Log-Rank) and reduced depression severity compared to placebo, and were well-tolerated, suggesting their potential as a safe prophylactic therapy for BD.

Use of polyunsaturated fatty acids in prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, obesity and cancer

Summary Fatty acids are important structural and functional elements of human body. We can distinguish several types: among others polyunsaturated fatty acids, which include omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3PUFA) and omega-6 fatty acids(ω-6PUFA). The first group has pleiotropic health-promoting effects, while the second group, ω-6PUFA, negatively affects the homeostasis of the human body and contributes to the development of numerous diseases. Both the amount and the relative ratio of these acids in the diet is an important factor affecting health and quality of life. Laboratory and clinical studies indicate that ω-3PUFA have a positive effect on the therapy of illnesses such as obesity and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). ω-3 PUFA supplementation also appears to have a helpful effect in the adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer and recovery.

The effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation development in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Purpose. To estimate the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Methods. Studied were 306 patients who underwent CABG. All the patients were divided into two groups depending on the prescription of omega-3 PUFAs in the pre- and postoperative period by randomization method: 1 group comprised 158 patients without PUFAs (82.7% men, median age 63.0 (57.0;67.0) years, 2 group - 148 patients with PUFAs (89.3% men, median age 60.0 (57.0;64.0) years). PUFAs were prescribed 2000 mg daily starting with 5 days before CABG and 1000 mg daily after CABG for 21 days. In all the patients, we studied interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, NT-proBNP, troponin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione and omega-3 index. Results. During the observation period POAF occurred in 29.7% patients of group 1, and in 16.9% patients of group 2 (p = 0.009). In postoperative period patients of group 1 had median IL-6 level 39.3% higher (p = 0.001) and median IL-10 level - 20.2% higher (p = 0.01) comparing with group 2. In patients of group 2 we found SOD median level 78.9% lower (р<0.0001) and MDA median level 33.8% lower compared to the patients of group 1 (р=0.03). In postoperative period in group 2 the median level of docosahexaenoic acid was 55% higher (p = 0.03), and omega-3 index - 43.4% higher (h = 0.04) compared with group 1. Conclusion. We found that patients with PUFAs had less activation of inflammation and oxidative stress after CABG than patients without PUFAs. The patients with PUFAs also had increased levels of docosahexaenoic acids and omega-3 index compared to the patients without PUFAs. We also found a significant decrease of the prevalence of POAF after CABG in patients with PUFAs.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in prevention for cardiovascular disease: its molecular mechanism and recent large-scale clinical studies

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in prevention for cardiovascular disease: its molecular mechanism and recent large-scale clinical studies

New Areas of Interest: Is There a Role for Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Patients With Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease?

Summarize studies on omega-3 fatty acids in prevention of albuminuria in subjects with diabetes. Several small, short-term trials suggested benefit on albuminuria in subjects with diabetes; however, results were not definitive. Welty et al. showed that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for 1year slowed progression of early-stage albuminuria in subjects with diabetes with clinical coronary artery disease on an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin-receptor blocker, the majority of whom had an albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) < 30μg/mg. Moreover, significantly more (3-fold) subjects on EPA and DHA had a decrease in ACR compared to control, and three on EPA and DHA had a change in category from > 30μg/mg to < 30μg/mg, whereas no controls did. Potential mechanisms for benefit are discussed. These results suggest that there is benefit and perhaps even reversal of albuminuria with EPA and DHA at an early stage of disease in those with ACR < 30μg/mg and those with microalbuminuria (ACR > 30).

Omega-3 fatty acids in prevention of diabetic retinopathy.

To review the competence of Omega-3 fatty acids in restricting the progression, thereby leading to prevention of diabetic retinopathy. Owing to their anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties, Omega-3 fatty acids alleviate major aetiological agents. These fatty acids are renowned for their beneficial effects in various cardiovascular and other disorders; however, their potential to prevent the progression of diabetic retinopathy remains least explored. Utilizing this potential, we may develop effective prophylactic agents which markedly inhibit the advent of retinal angiogenesis and prevent the apoptosis of retinal endothelial and neuronal cells, thereby averting retinal degeneration, hence safeguarding diabetic patients from this sight-threatening complication.

Использование препарата высококонцентрированных полиненасыщенных жирных кислот в профилактике осложнений после перенесенного инфаркта миокарда. Анализ стоимость-полезность

Использование препарата высококонцентрированных полиненасыщенных жирных кислот в профилактике осложнений после перенесенного инфаркта миокарда. Анализ стоимость-полезность

Fish consumption and omega-3-fatty acids in prevention of diet-related noncommunicable diseases

AbstractDiet-related noncommunicable diseases (DR-NCDs) which include obesity, hypertension, lipid disorders, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular (CV) disease are more common among people of South Asian descent because of genetic and other poorly understood factors. Indians are also one of the lowest consumers of fish and shellfish in the world despite being blessed with an extensive coastline. Consumption of fatty fish and fish oils supplementation has been demonstrated to improve blood pressure, lipid profiles, and CV outcomes. Data are still unclear if there is any impact on glucose intolerance with increased consumption of fatty fish or use of fish oils and omega-3-fatty acid (O3FA) supplements. The review focuses on the mechanisms of improvements with O3FAs on various aspects of DR-NCDs and reviews of current clinical data.

The Effect of Walnut Oil Consumption on Blood Sugar in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Type 2.

BackgroundPrevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM) is increasing globally. Considering the potential role of poly-unsaturated fatty acids in prevention of DM type 2 and lipid profiles improvement, some studies have been carried out on walnut. However, there are no studies on control of blood sugar in DM type 2 patients using walnut.ObjectivesThe current study aimed to evaluate the effect of walnut oil on blood sugar in DM type 2 patients.MethodsThis randomized control clinical trial was performed on 100 patients with DM type 2. For the experiment group (n = 50), walnut oil (15 g/day for three months) was added to their diet, while the control group (n = 50) did not undergo any interventions. Before initiation of the experiment and after the experiment, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) levels, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and HbA1c were measured.ResultsThe two groups were not significantly different for SBP, DBP, body weight, and Body Mass Index. HbA1c level decreased significantly in the experiment group by 7.86% ± 21.97 (P = 0.005) from 7.00 ± 1.08 before the intervention to 6.37 ± 1.29 after the intervention. Also, FBS level decreased significantly by 8.24% ± 16.77 (P = 0.001); from 158.37 ± 48.16 before the intervention to 137.91 ± 23.24 after the intervention in the experimental group. These changes in the control group were not significant.ConclusionsConsumption of walnut oil (15 g/day for three months) was shown to improve blood glucose level but, no changes were noted for bodyweight and blood pressure in type two diabetic patients.

Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Prevention of Early Preterm Delivery

Abstract Objective Preterm birth continues to be the one of the leading causes of infant deaths worldwide. There is a need for effective, easily available, safe and acceptable interventions to prevent preterm delivery, especially before 34 weeks of gestation. Omega-3 fatty acids such as EPA (eicosapentanoic acid) and DHA (docosahexanoic acid) are available as over the counter nutritional supplements, and are taken by women to improve pregnancy outcomes, without any clear recommendations. We undertook a systematic review to assess the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on early ( Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library from inception to 2014 without any language restrictions. Study selection, quality assessment and data extraction were done by two independent reviewers. Results were summarized as relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences for continuous outcomes. Results Of the nine included trials (5980 women), six (4193 women) evaluated the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on early preterm delivery. The risk of early preterm delivery was reduced by 58% (RR 0.42; 95% CI 0.27–0.66; I2 = 0%; p = 0.0002) and any preterm delivery by 17% (RR 0.83; 95% CI 0.70–0.98; I2 = 0%; p = 0.03) with the intervention. There was a significant increase in the mean gestational age by 1.95 weeks (95% CI 0.42–3.48 weeks; I2 = 0.47; p = 0.01) and mean birth weight by 122.1 g (95% CI 47.4–196.8; I2 = 0.84; p = 0.001) in the intervention group compared to the controls. Subgroup analysis showed no significant differences in the effects between the groups according to the risk status, dose and timing of the intervention. Conclusion Omega-3 fatty acids are effective in preventing early and any preterm delivery. The intervention is simple and easily available and has the potential to influence population based strategies in the prevention of preterm birth.

Effects of omega-3 fatty acids in prevention of early preterm delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized studies

ObjectivePreterm birth continues to be the one of the leading causes of infant deaths worldwide. There is a need for effective, easily available, safe and acceptable interventions to prevent preterm delivery, especially before 34 weeks of gestation. Omega-3 fatty acids such as EPA (eicosapentanoic acid) and DHA (docosahexanoic acid) are available as over the counter nutritional supplements, and are taken by women to improve pregnancy outcomes, without any clear recommendations. We undertook a systematic review to assess the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on early (<34 weeks) and any (<37 weeks) preterm delivery. MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library from inception to 2014 without any language restrictions. Study selection, quality assessment and data extraction were done by two independent reviewers. Results were summarized as relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences for continuous outcomes. ResultsOf the nine included trials (5980 women), six (4193 women) evaluated the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on early preterm delivery. The risk of early preterm delivery was reduced by 58% (RR 0.42; 95% CI 0.27–0.66; I2=0%; p=0.0002) and any preterm delivery by 17% (RR 0.83; 95% CI 0.70–0.98; I2=0%; p=0.03) with the intervention. There was a significant increase in the mean gestational age by 1.95 weeks (95% CI 0.42–3.48 weeks; I2=0.47; p=0.01) and mean birth weight by 122.1g (95% CI 47.4–196.8; I2=0.84; p=0.001) in the intervention group compared to the controls. Subgroup analysis showed no significant differences in the effects between the groups according to the risk status, dose and timing of the intervention. ConclusionOmega-3 fatty acids are effective in preventing early and any preterm delivery. The intervention is simple and easily available and has the potential to influence population based strategies in the prevention of preterm birth.

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Prevention of Mood and Anxiety Disorders.

Psychiatric disorders in general, and major depression and anxiety disorders in particular, account for a large burden of disability, morbidity and premature mortality worldwide. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have a range of neurobiological activities in modulation of neurotransmitters, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation and neuroplasticity, which could contribute to psychotropic effects. Here we reviewed recent research on the benefits of omega-3 PUFA supplements in prevention against major depression, bipolar disorders, interferon-α-induced depression patients with chronic hepatitis C viral infection, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The biological mechanisms underlying omega-3 PUFAs’ psychotropic effects are proposed and reviewed. Nutrition is a modifiable environmental factor that might be important in prevention medicine, which have been applied for many years in the secondary prevention of heart disease with omega-3 PUFAs. This review extends the notion that nutrition in psychiatry is a modifiable environmental factor and calls for more researches on prospective clinical studies to justify the preventive application of omega-3 PUFAs in daily practice.

Update on the Vitamin D and OmegA-3 trial (VITAL)

Despite continued appreciation of the potential role of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD), there remain no completed large-scale, randomized trials of these agents for the primary prevention of cancer or CVD in a population that has not been selected on the basis of elevated risk. The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) is a 2×2 factorial randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the benefits and risks of vitamin D (vitamin D3 [cholecalciferol], 2000IU/d) and marine omega-3 fatty acids (Omacor® fish oil, a 1g/d) in the primary prevention of cancer and CVD among 25,875 men and women, aged ≥50 and ≥55 years, respectively. Randomization began in November 2011 and was completed in March 2014. This report will describe the rationale for the trial and currently available randomized trial data, summarize related ongoing large-scale trials, and provide a brief overview of study design, and an update on randomization milestones, racial/ethnic diversity, biorepository activities, in-depth phenotyping of a subcohort, and ancillary studies.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Early Prevention of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Disease: A Focus on Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and the most common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly. Furthermore, AD has provided the most positive indication to support the fact that inflammation contributes to neurodegenerative disease. The exact etiology of AD is unknown, but environmental and genetic factors are thought to contribute, such as advancing age, family history, presence of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes, and poor diet and lifestyle. It is hypothesised that early prevention or management of inflammation could delay the onset or reduce the symptoms of AD. Normal physiological changes to the brain with ageing include depletion of long chain omega-3 fatty acids and brains of AD patients have lower docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels. DHA supplementation can reduce markers of inflammation. This review specifically focusses on the evidence in humans from epidemiological, dietary intervention, and supplementation studies, which supports the role of long chain omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention or delay of cognitive decline in AD in its early stages. Longer term trials with long chain omega-3 supplementation in early stage AD are warranted. We also highlight the importance of overall quality and composition of the diet to protect against AD and dementia.

Abstract 12364: Circulating Cardiac and Inflammatory Biomarkers to Predict Post-Operative Atrial Fibrillation in the OPERA Trial

Objectives: Post-operative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a common complication after cardiac surgery and predicts increased morbidity and mortality. Identification of patients at high risk of POAF with the help of circulating biomarkers may enable early preventive treatment but data are limited, especially in contemporary surgical patients. Methods: Plasma concentrations of N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), high sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured at enrollment, on the morning of cardiac surgery, at end-surgery, and 2 days post-surgery in 562 patients undergoing cardiac surgery, randomized to perioperative supplementation with oral fish oil or placebo in the international clinical trial Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Prevention of Post-Operative Atrial Fibrillation trial (OPERA). The primary endpoint was incident POAF lasting ≥ 30 seconds, centrally adjudicated and confirmed electrocardiographically. Results: Higher levels of NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT before surgery were associated with older age, renal or cardiac dysfunction and higher EuroSCORE, while hsCRP correlated positively with BMI. NT-proBNP (2172 [1238-3758] ng/L) and hsCRP (118 [75-165] mg/L) peaked on post-operative day 2, while hs-cTnT peaked at the end of surgery (373 [188-660] ng/L). Fish oil supplementation did not alter the time course of the cardiac or inflammatory biomarkers. Concentrations of the 3 biomarkers, on the morning of surgery, or changes in their level between morning of surgery and post-surgery, were not significantly associated with POAF after adjustment for clinical and surgical characteristics. Conclusions: Among patients undergoing cardiac surgery, cardiac markers are related to clinical and surgical characteristics, have different perioperative time courses but do not help in predicting the risk of POAF.

Abstract P357: Omega-3 Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Coronary Heart Disease: a Pooling Project of 17 Cohort Studies

Background: Recent trials have raised questions about the role of seafood-derived long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for prevention of CHD; and evidence linking intermediate-chain omega-3 fatty acids to CHD remains weak. Methods: We developed a global consortium of 17 prospective (cohort or nested case-control) and retrospective studies having circulating or tissue biomarker measures of eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic (DPA; 22:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), and α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3). Each study ascertained CHD risk, including total CHD, nonfatal MI, and/or fatal CHD. Associations of each omega-3 fatty acid biomarker with CHD were evaluated within each cohort using standardized models, exposures, outcomes, and covariates across studies. Omega-3 fatty acid levels were analyzed continuously (per SD) and categorically (quintiles), and study-specific estimates were centrally pooled using fixed effects meta-analysis. Results: Current findings (Oct 2013) were based on 13 of 17 participating studies, including 7105 total CHD, 4926 nonfatal MI, and 2466 fatal CHD events. In both continuous and categorical multivariable-adjusted analyses, each omega-3 biomarker was inversely associated with fatal CHD. For each 1 SD unit increment, ALA was associated with 9% lower risk [HR 0.91 (95% CI 0.84-0.99)]; EPA, with 8% lower risk [HR 0.92 (95% CI 0.85-1.00)]; DPA, with 8% lower risk [HR: 0.92 (0.87-0.98)]; and DHA, with 9% lower risk [HR: 0.91 (0.86-0.96)] (Figure). Associations with total CHD and nonfatal MI were generally weaker and non-significant, except for EPA and nonfatal MI [HR: 0.93 (0.89-0.98)] and DHA and nonfatal MI [HR: 0.95 (0.91-0.99)]. Conclusions: Based on all available studies from around the world, both long and intermediate-chain omega-3 fatty acids, measured using objective biomarkers, are associated with lower risk of fatal CHD. These findings support potential benefit of omega-3 fatty acids for reducing CHD death.

Sodium butyrate and short chain fatty acids in prevention of travellers' diarrhoea: A randomized prospective study

Travellers' diarrhoea (TD) remains a considerable concern among international travellers. Known methods of prevention include dietary precautions, administration of vaccines and antibiotic agents. To assess the efficacy of sodium butyrate (SB) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in prevention of TD. 67 adult patients planning to travel to subtropical countries were originally enrolled in the study. After eliminating 7 patients for not fulfilling the inclusion criteria, 60 patients were randomized into a study group receiving SB with SCFA and a placebo group. Patients were requested to complete previously distributed questionnaire daily. After elimination of 18 patients who did not return questionnaires, 42 patients completed the study (22 study, 20 placebo). In comparison to the control arm, the study arm noted significantly reduced occurrence of TD (4.5% vs. 40%, p = 0.008), was associated with a significant decrease in number of stools per day in travellers (1.9 vs. 4.2, p = 0.04), as well as a decrease in gastrointestinal symptoms including pain, bloating and nausea with fevers (0.7 vs. 1.4, p = 0.01). We recorded a trend towards decrease in diarrhoea related utilization of medical care in subjects from the study arm. There were no adverse effects noted regarding the use of SB and SCFA. Administration of SB with SCFA decreases occurrence of travellers' diarrhoea. It is safe and may constitute a new method of travellers' diarrhoea prevention.

Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages

The positive role of fatty acids in the prevention and alleviation of non-human and human diseases have been and continue to be extensively documented. These roles include influences on infectious and non-infectious diseases including prevention of inflammation as well as mucosal immunity to infectious diseases. Cholera is an acute intestinal illness caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It occurs in developing nations and if left untreated, can result in death. While vaccines for cholera exist, they are not always effective and other preventative methods are needed. We set out to determine tolerable concentrations of three fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids) and cholera toxin using mouse BALB/C macrophages and human intestinal epithelial cells, respectively. We solubilized the above fatty acids and used cell proliferation assays to determine the concentration ranges and specific concentrations of the fatty acids that are not detrimental to human intestinal epithelial cell viability. We solubilized cholera toxin and used it in an assay to determine the concentration ranges and specific concentrations of cholera toxin that do not statistically decrease cell viability in BALB/C macrophages. We found the optimum fatty acid concentrations to be between 1-5 ng/μl, and that for cholera toxin to be < 30 ng per treatment. This data may aid future studies that aim to find a protective mucosal role for fatty acids in prevention or alleviation of cholera infections.

Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages

The positive role of fatty acids in the prevention and alleviation of non-human and human diseases have been and continue to be extensively documented. These roles include influences on infectious and non-infectious diseases including prevention of inflammation as well as mucosal immunity to infectious diseases. Cholera is an acute intestinal illness caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It occurs in developing nations and if left untreated, can result in death. While vaccines for cholera exist, they are not always effective and other preventative methods are needed. We set out to determine tolerable concentrations of three fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids) and cholera toxin using mouse BALB/C macrophages and human intestinal epithelial cells, respectively. We solubilized the above fatty acids and used cell proliferation assays to determine the concentration ranges and specific concentrations of the fatty acids that are not detrimental to human intestinal epithelial cell viability. We solubilized cholera toxin and used it in an assay to determine the concentration ranges and specific concentrations of cholera toxin that do not statistically decrease cell viability in BALB/C macrophages. We found the optimum fatty acid concentrations to be between 1-5 ng/μl, and that for cholera toxin to be < 30 ng per treatment. This data may aid future studies that aim to find a protective mucosal role for fatty acids in prevention or alleviation of cholera infections.

Comparison of 4% icodextrin and omega 3 Fatty acids in prevention of peritoneal adhesions.

Postoperative peritoneal adhesions are major concerns in abdominal surgery. In this experimental study, the effects of 4% icodextrin and omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FA) on prevention of postoperative peritoneal adhesions were evaluated. Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups. After laparotomy, serosal abrasion was carried out by cecal brushing. Intraperitoneally 3cm(3) 0.9% NaCl, 3cm(3) 4% icodextrin, and 200mg/kg ω-3 FAs for each group were applied, and then the abdomen was closed. All subjects sacrificed 10days postoperatively. Macroscopic and histopathological cellular reactions as a function of giant cell, lymphocyte/plasmocyte, neutrophil, histiocyte, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) were assessed and hydroxyproline levels were measured in all three groups and compared using Kruskal-Wallis and ANOVA tests when appropriate. Macroscopically, both ω-3 FAs and 4% icodextrin reduced adhesion formation but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.253). Histopathological examination revealed that there was no statistical significance in terms of giant cell, lymphocyte/plasmocyte, neutrophil, ICAM-1, and PECAM-1 scores; however, both ω-3 FAs and 4% icodextrin were found to be prone to reduce fibrosis (P = 0.047), whereas in the ω-3 FA group, histiocytic reaction was significantly increased (P = 0.001), and hydroxyproline levels were significantly lower than other groups (P = 0.044). In this study, ω-3 FAs were found to be superior to 4% icodextrin with the lower hydroxyproline level and greater histiocytic reaction. Considering these results, ω-3 FAs can be a promising agent in the prevention of adhesion formation.