Acid-soluble Phosphorus Research Articles

Combination of Biochar and Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria to Improve the Stable Form of Toxic Metal Minerals and Microbial Abundance in Lead/Cadmium-Contaminated Soil

Biochar adsorption and microbial remediation have great potential in the field of soil remediation, but since both are stressed by high concentrations of toxic heavy metals when applied alone, combining the two may become an effective remediation method. In this study, the application effect of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) combined with rice husk biochar on the remediation of Pb/Cd-mixed pollution and the form differences of toxic metal were studied qualitatively and quantitatively. Compared with the contaminated soil, the combined remediation of biochar and PSB significantly increased the pH, carbon and phosphorus by 9.0%, 299.4% and 157.0%. Meanwhile, combined remediation increased the total microbial, bacterial and fungal biomass by 92.11%, 103.13% and 138.10%. This confirmed that the addition of biochar increased the soil nutrients and provided good conditions for PSB or native microorganisms to flourish. The extraction results showed that the stable form of Pb/Cd with biochar + PSB was better than that with biochar/PSB alone. Combined remediation significantly increased the acid-soluble and non-bioavailable fraction of Pb/Cd by 5/15 times and 14/5.8 times in contaminated soil. The acid-soluble and non-bioavailable fractions are the main fraction of toxic metals after combined remediation (>80%). The acid-soluble and non-bioavailable fractions were mainly carbonates and phosphate-based Pb/Cd minerals (XRD analysis). PCA and a GWB model further confirmed that the release of pH and phosphorus was the key to the passivation of Pb/Cd in a short time. Meanwhile, the combination of the biochar (phosphorus supply guarantee) and PSB (acid-soluble phosphorus function) can reduce soil acidification and improve soil nutrients, thus increasing microbial abundance in contaminated soil, even more than that in non-contaminated soil.

Cation Flux and Electrolyte Composition of Frozen-Deglycerolized Blood

Cation flux and the extracellular and erythrocyte concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and acid soluble phosphorus were measured in fresh blood collected in various anticoagulant solutions, ACD blood stored at 4 C, and in frozen-deglycerolized blood stored at -80 to -120 C. Considerable variations in concentrations of extracellular and erythrocyte electrolytes were encountered due to certain characteristics of the anticoagulants employed and to the effects of storage, temperature, pH, and extracellular electrolyte concentration on erythrocyte electrolyte concentration. In contrast to ACD blood stored at 4 C, frozen-deglycerolized blood 1 day to 32 months old had slightly elevated erythrocyte concentrations of sodium and chloride and normal erythrocyte concentrations of potassium and phosphorus. Both ACD and frozen-deglycerolized blood had normal sodium and potassium fluxes. These data show that prolonged freezing and glycerolization of erythrocytes do not significantly impair the active transport processes responsible for maintenance of cellular electrolyte concentration.

Improvement of Citric acid soluble Phosphorus Rate in Sewage Sludge Slag

Improvement of Citric acid soluble Phosphorus Rate in Sewage Sludge Slag

Textural and structural characteristics of phosphorites from the Polpinsky deposit

The textural and structural characteristics of phosphorites from the Polpinsky deposit have been determined. These raw materials are shown to be of siliceous polymineral type and consist mostly of α-quartz, hydroxycarbonate apatite, montmorillonite, and bonschtedtite. The modification dynamics of chemical composition and the textural characteristics (specific surface, pore volume, and pore diameter) of the solid upon the acid decomposition of a phosphorite sample from Polpinsky deposit have been studied. The α-quartz in phosphorites is shown to not experience crystal-structural alterations upon acid decomposition; its pore size does not inhibit the extraction of acid-soluble components, including calcium and phosphorus, from the bulk.

Soluble phosphate fertilizer production using acid effluent from metallurgical industry

Preventive and effective waste management requires cleaner production strategies and technologies for recycling and reuse. Metallurgical industries produce a great amount of acid effluent that must be discarded in a responsible manner, protecting the environment. The focus of this study was to examine the use of this effluent to increase reactivity of some phosphate rocks, thus enabling soluble phosphate fertilizer production. The effluent was diluted in deionized water with the following concentrations 0; 12.5; 25; 50; 75% (v v−1), which were added to four natural phosphate rocks: Araxá, Patos, Bayovar and Catalão and then left to react for 1 h and 24 h. There was an increase in water (PW), neutral ammonium citrate (PNAC) and citric acid (PCA) soluble phosphorus fractions. Such increases were dependent of rock type while the reaction time had no significant effect (p < 0.05) on the chemical and mineralogical phosphate characteristics. Phosphate fertilizers with low toxic metal concentrations and a high level of micronutrients were produced compared to the original natural rocks. The minimum amount of total P2O5, PNAC and PW, required for national legislation for phosphate partially acidulated fertilizer, were met when using Catalão and the effluent at the concentration of 55% (v v−1). Fertilizer similar to partially acidulated phosphate was obtained when Bayovar with effluent at 37.5% (v v−1) was used. Even though fertilizers obtained from Araxá and Patos did not contain the minimum levels of total P2O5 required by legislation, they can be used as a nutrient source and for acid effluent recycling and reuse.

Long-term effect of Cu (II) on the phosphorous removal performance in enhanced biological phosphorous removal systems

Industrial wastewater containing heavy metals that enters waste water treatment plants inescapably has a toxic impact on biological phosphorus removal process. The long-term effect of Cu (II) on the performance of the enhanced biological phosphorus removal system was investigated for about 100days. 0.5 and 2.5mg/L Cu (II) were dosed into two parallel SBR reactors (R1 and R2), respectively. The results showed that 0.5mg/L Cu (II) did not impact the performance, while 2.5mg/L Cu (II) significantly influenced its performance, which experienced an acute deterioration stage in the initial couple of days, followed by an unstable period, then a steady-state period. In the steady-state period, the conditions in R2 were more suitable to polyphosphate accumulating organisms than glycogen accumulating organisms. The phosphorus was removed through the transformation of free phosphorus to acid soluble phosphorus, and in R2, its efficiency reached 96.1%, 11.7% higher than that in R1. In cycle study, higher concentration of poly-phosphate, less concentration of glycogen, higher activities of exopolyphosphatase and polyphosphate kinase were also observed in R2 than that in R1.

The dynamics of acid-soluble phosphorus compounds in the course of winter and spring wheat germination under various thermic conditions. Part II. Labile phosphorus after hydrolysis of the acid-soluble fraction

The changes in labile phosphorus compounds content during germination of wheat were investigated. These compounds were determined in acid-soluble germ extracts separated into fractions according to the solubility of their barium salts. Low germination temperature was found to raise the labile phosphorus content in the fraction of insoluble barium salts. If we assume that labile P of this fraction consisted mainly of adenosinedi- and triphosphates, it would seem that the rise, in the ATP and ADP level under the influence of low temperature may be essential for initiating flowering in winter varieties.

Dynamics of phosphorus compounds in ripening and germinating cereal grains. Part I. Changes in phosphorus compounds content during ripening of wheat, barley and rye grains

The dynamics of phosphorus compounds was followed in ripening wheat (Grana), barley (Kosmos) and rye (Pancerne) seeds. In the investigated ontogenesis period the content in the seeds of total and acid-soluble phosphorus doubled. The phosphorus of free phytin and phytin that bound with proteins increased to the end of maturation. In dormant seeds the contribution of phosphorus bound with phytin was 62-70 per cent of total P. As the seeds ripened, the content of inorganic and nucleotides-P decreased, while that of saccharides-P and their metabolites started to decrease from the moment of wax ripeness. Later RNA-P and DNA-P level decreased only slight.ly and that of lipids-P markedly. Phosphoproteid content diminished at the beginning of ripening and further remained at almost the same level. Wheat, barley and rye seed exhibited similar dynamics of metabolically active (nucleotides, saccharide-P esters and their metabolites), functional (nucleic acids) and structural (phospholipids) phosphorus compounds. Accumulation of storage forms (phytin) of phosphorus was higher in wheat and successively lower in rye and barley.

The dynamics of acid-soluble phosphorus compounds in the course of winter and spring wheat germination under various thermic conditions. Part I. Fractionation of wheat germs extracts

Results of investigations are reported on the role of acid-soluble phosphorus compounds in the process of winter wheat vernalization. Fractionation of germ extracts by the precipitation method revealed the dynamics of phosphorylated glycolysis metabolites during germination. The variability curves for spring wheat germinated at 1.5° and 22° and for winter wheat at 1.5° had a similar course, only that for winter wheat germinated at 22° showed differences. It is concluded that glycolysis is essential in the process of vernalization.

Avaliação da biodisponibilidade de fósforo em diferentes classes de solos do Brasil

This study aimed to verify the influence of bioavailable phosphorus reservoir on the availability of this element to the plants. On the first stage, the bioavailable P content in 14 samples from some Brazilian soil classes with different vegetation, was determined. For this goal, an incubation essay (bioassay) was carried out in an environment with controlled temperature in a completely randomized block design with two replications. The same soil samples used in the bioassay were used in an experiment carried out in a greenhouse, using the same experimental design with three replications. The soils were cultivated with signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens, Stapf) during 42 days after seed germination. It was observed that the Po labile and the microbial P, together, presented a higher content when compared to the Pi labile in the majority of soil samples. It was also observed that the P accumulation in the aerial portion of Brachiaria decumbens was positively related to the bioavailable reservoir of this element. The soils that showed the highest organic phosphors acid soluble (Po H+) and total organic phosphorus (Pot) contents showed a higher P accumulation by the B. decumbens.

In vitro tests of dense hydroxyapatite materials

In vitro tests of dense hydroxyapatite materials The paper presents the results of the calcining process of deproteinised and defatted bone pulp called bone sludge. The calcining process was performed in two stages. The first step of the calcining process was realized at the temperature of 600°C in a rotary kiln. In the second stage the obtained bone ashes were calcined at five different temperatures from 650°C to 950°C for 2 hours in a chamber kiln and in air atmosphere. The products of the calcining process were characterized by the XRD method. Calcium content was determined by titration whereas the contents of total phosphorus and acid-soluble phosphorus - by the spectrophotometric method. The X-ray analysis confirmed that hydroxyapatite is the main component of the calcining products. Calcium and phosphorus contents were kept at the level of 40% and 17.5%, respectively, which corresponded to the Ca/P ratio of not stechiometric hydroxyapatite. In vitro studies, in the simulated body fluid, Ringer liquid and distilled water were realised. The measurements of pH value of SBF and Ringer fluid were realized. Additionally electrical conductivity as well as pH for distilled water where conducted. The goal of these tests was to evaluate chemical durability of dense hydroxyapatite materials.

Advance in the study on phosphorus speciation, transformation and its potential ecological effects in Chinese lakes

天然水域,尤其是富营养的浅水湖泊,沉积物中磷的释放是蓝藻水华发生、形成和持续生长的重要因素.分析沉积物中磷的赋存形态转化及其潜在生态效应,有助于理解沉积物中磷的迁移转化过程及其与湖泊富营养化之间的关系.本文综述国内湖泊水域中磷的主要形态、来源和转化过程以及其生物有效性的研究进展.重点讨论了近5年来中国东部浅水湖泊沉积物磷的形态分析、转化和生物有效性评估的现状,以及沉积物中磷形态与浅水湖泊富营养化之间的潜在联系.;Release of phosphorus from sediment of natural waters, especially from those shallow lakes, are essential process in the growth and development of algae bloom. Studies on species transformation and changes in bioavailability will be helpful in understanding geochemical cycling of phosphorus in lakes and its relation to lake eutrophication. This paper summarized the recent research progresses on phosphorus speciation, transformation, phosphorus cycling in Chinese lakes, and the relevant changes in bioavailability. Recently, special attention was given to issues such as different species in sediments in eastern China shallow lakes because there were only a few works on the lakes in the west, south and north of China. Relevant research was also less found on the brackish lakes in the plateaus or lagoons in the estuarine and coastal zones. In addition, it is a pity that no work could make a breakthrough on the methods of phosphorus fractionation. There was a little advance in the study on the transformation of phosphorus species, the assessment of phosphorus release risk and its bioavailability. For example, the pattern of phosphorus release from different types of sediments in response to pH changes was unveiled; the approaches for laboratory and in situ measurements of bioavailable forms of phosphorus were developed, as well as the relationship between acid soluble organic phosphorus species and eutrophication were proposed. In a eutrophic shallow lake, there is an interaction relationship between algal blooms and internal phosphorus release. However, this interaction is well related to human disturbance and influenced by some natural factors, e. g. hydrodynamic processes and stormy waves. Much beneficial exploration was done on the phosphorus speciation, mobilization and transformation between sediment and water interface in many lakes in China, and a lot of hypothesises as well as new methods were also proposed in recent studies, but it still need more experimental data to testify.

Zur Phosphatfixierung in sächsischen Verwitterungsböden auf den Ergussgesteinen Nephelinbasalt, Phonolith und Diabas

Investigated Saxonic brown soils (Cambisols) on nephelinbasalt, phonolith and diabase in a considerable extent are able to remove water soluble phosphate to a form, which is not double lactate soluble and not available for plants. With regard to this property these soils show a strong phosphate fixation. However, measure of phosphate fixation of soils–ratio of hydrochloric acid soluble phosphorus (P-HCl) and double lactate soluble phosphorus (P-DL) – is different depending on specific weathering rock. Soils on nephelinbasalt are marked by very high ratios and reach values of 36 to 166. They distinguish from soil on phonolith with ratio 15 and soils on diabase with ratios in the range of 9 – 21. Differences between intensities of phosphate fixation possibly can be caused by different mineralogical compositions of weathering rocks and soils and their specific ability of weathering depending on their crystal structure and resulting in different intensities of weathering by soil minerals. Correlation between phosphate fixation and intensities of weathering by soil minerals especially is demonstrated by soils on nephelinbasalt showing strong phosphate fixation and simultaneously higher contents of weathering products of oxalate and dithionite soluble iron and “free” aluminium (by Foster). For minimizing phosphate fixation, arable soils should be regulated to optimal pH and manuring of phosphate should be given each year and, if possible, nearby the roots of plants.

Effects of l-thyroxine on incorporation of 32P into phospholipids of freshwater eels

The effects of l-thyroxine on phospholipid biosynthesis, via 32P incorporation, were studied in gill, kidney, liver and muscle tissue of eels acclimatized at 11°C. l-thyroxine treatment had no effect on tissue content of lipid, inorganic and organic acid-soluble phosphorus. Only an increase of the specific radioactivities of lipid, inorganic and organic acid-soluble phosphorus was observed in the muscle. Percentage distribution of 32P among classes of phospholipid were significantly altered in liver and muscle, without change in phospholipid composition. A specific effect of l-thyroxine on 32P incorporation into phosphatidic acid in muscle and liver has been shown. As expected by the higher specific radioactivity of muscle inorganic and organic acid-soluble phosphorus, the increased incorporation of 32P into phosphatidic acid probably results from a higher specific radioactivity of muscle ATP phosphorus.

Crescimento inicial, níveis críticos de fósforo e frações fosfatadas em espécies florestais

Foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação, com o objetivo de avaliar o crescimento de plântulas, os níveis críticos de P e algumas frações fosfatadas, em três espécies florestais submetidas a quatro doses de P. Mudas de aroeirinha (Schinus terenbinthifolius Raddi), paineira (Chorisia speciosa St. Hill.) e jambolão (Syzygium jambolanum Lam.) foram cultivadas em um Latossolo Variação Una, onde foram aplicados 0, 150, 300 e 600 mg dm-3 de P. Aos 180 dias após a germinação, as plantas foram colhidas e submetidas às análises químicas. Sob todas as doses de P, a paineira produziu maior biomassa da parte aérea e das raízes em comparação à aroeirinha e jambolão, além de apresentar maiores teores de P orgânico (Po) e maior participação relativa do P orgânico (Po) em relação ao P total solúvel em ácido em todos os níveis de fertilização fosfatada. O melhor crescimento da paineira foi atribuído a uma maior eficiência nos ajustes metabólicos desta espécie em relação à nutrição fosfatada, o que indica que esta espécie pode ser plantada em solos com diferentes níveis de P.

Dilute acid-soluble phosphorus in fresh air-borne tephras and fixation with an increase in active aluminum and iron

Fresh rhyolite-to-andesite tephras ground to less than 0.15 mm particles contained dilute acid-soluble phosphorus (P) as in the case of cultivated upland soils in Japan. The amount of P determined by Truog extraction (Truog P) ranged between 119 and 784 mg P2O5 kg-1 in 12 rhyolite-to-andesite tephras, and that determined by a modified Bray P2 extraction method (modified Bray P2) ranged between 133 and 812 mg P2O5 kg-1. In contrast, the Truog P-content in fresh basaltic andesite-to-basalt tephras was only 3.4–23 mg P2O5 kg-1, and the modified Bray P2-content was in the range of 41–185 mg P2O5 kg-1, although the total P-content of the two tephra groups was in almost the same range. Among 12 rhyolite-to-andesite tephras, those from Mt. Usu that erupted in 1977 and from Mt. Pinatubo that erupted in 1991 were selected for detailed studies. Fine particle size fractions of these tephras showed higher Truog P values than the coarse ones. The Truog P values further increased in the heavy fraction with a particle density of 2.8 or greater. In this heavy fraction, apatite was detected by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, indicating the contribution of the mineral to the high Truog P. Dilute sulfuric acid treatment of the tephras at 80°C for 15 d followed by neutralization increased the amount of active Al and Fe and decreased the Truog P values of these tephras. These results suggested that the amount of apatite rapidly decreased with weathering in volcanic ash soils.

The effect of phosphonate on the acid-soluble phosphorus components in the genus Phytophthora

The high concentrations of short-chain soluble polyphosphates, previously reported in Phytophthora palmivora, have been found in six other species of Phytophthora, and appear to be characteristic of this genus. The distribution of phosphorus among the various acid-soluble pools was similar in all species except P. infestans, which accumulated less polyphosphate than other species when grown in high phosphate medium, and contained several unique and as yet unidentified organic phosphorus compounds. When grown in the presence of potassium phosphonate sufficient to reduce growth by 50%, all species showed an increased accumulation of phosphorus in both pyrophosphate and polyphosphate, without parallel increases in sugar phosphate or nucleotide phosphorus pools. The internal concentration of phosphonate required to produce 50% inhibition varied with species, ranging from 4·6 to 52 μmol (g dry wt)-1. Assimilation of orthophosphate was only slightly reduced in the presence of phosphonate, resulting in an increased concentration of phosphorus per unit mass. Metalaxyl, which also inhibits growth of Phytophthora spp. did not cause accumulation of either pyro- or polyphosphate. Phosphonate treatment also resulted in the formation of a compound identified as isohypophosphate, a metabolite of phosphonate not previously reported in Phytophthora. Taken together, these observations suggest that the primary site of phosphonate inhibition in Phytophthora spp. lies in the metabolism of pyrophosphate.

Comparison of the use of total phosphorus concentration and acetic acid soluble phosphorus concentration in petioles for assessing the phosphorus status of potato crops

We studied the effect of rate of applied phosphorus on total phosphorus concentration (17 sites) and acetic acid soluble phosphorus concentration (12 sites) in petioles of youngest fully expanded leaves of potatoes (cvv. Kennebec, Coliban and Exton) when their largest tubers were 5-10 mm long. We showed that the internal requirements for phosphorus are similar for the cvv. Kennebec and Coliban. Taken over all sites, mean total phosphorus concentrations and acetic acid soluble phosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.22 to 0.84% and 0.10 to 0.63%, respectively depending on phosphorus supply. For each site a coefficient of determination (r2) was calculated based on the mean total phosphorus concentration versus acetic acid soluble phosphorus concentration data for all treatments. The r2 values varied from 0.969 (site 14) to 0.997 (site 17). On the pooled data for all sites, the Cate-Nelson separation and the Mitscherlich and Smith-Dolby bent-hyperbola models were used to investigate the correlations between relative yield [(mean treatment yields/maximum treatment yie1d)x 100] and total phosphorus concentration (n = 16 1, 17 sites) and acetic acid soluble phosphorus concentration (n = 112, 12 sites) and to calculate the critical values. Depending on the model fitted the critical total phosphorus concentrations varied from 0.41 (r2 = 0.62) to 0.53% (r2 = 0.72). The critical acetic acid soluble phosphorus concentrations varied from 0.29 (r2 = 0.62) to 0.52% (r2 = 0.72). Critical concentration ranges of 0.41-0-53% for total phosphorus and 0.29-0.52% for acetic acid soluble phosphorus have been proposed to assist in the assessment of the phosphorus status of irrigated potato crops in South Australia. Based on sensitivity, reproducibility and sharpness of the transition zone between adequacy and deficiency we found no advantage in determining acetic acid soluble phosphorus concentration rather than total phosphorus concentration to assess the phosphorus status of potato plants.

Induction of free radicals in seeds by high intensive flashes and the relevant phosphorus metabolism in the seedling

Influence of high intensive flashes on the yield of free radicals in intact seeds and excised embryonic axis, endosperm, and seed coat, and its resulting effect on seedling growth, total biomass production and phosphorus metabolism in wheat (Triticum aeativum), vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.) was studied. Free radicals (f.r.) were formed mainly in seed coat and not in the endosperm. Vetch seeds after irradiation had 20.76 X 1013 f.r. g-1 dry intact seed and 17.30 X 1013 f.r. g-1 dry seed coat. Excised seed coats exposed to irradiation also yielded 17.28 × 1013 f.r. g-1 dry matter. High irradiance “white light” flashes induced more f.r. than a monochromatic one of the same photon content. Red (650 nm), farred (750 nm) and even infra-red (1100 nm) radiation did not initiated f.r. formation but resulted in their decay in samples irradiated earlier by “white”, blue and green parts of the spectrum. Blue irradiation of seeds led to the decrease in the length of shoots and roots in comparison to “white”, green and red irradiation but their biomass increased faster than in the seedlings obtained from non-irradiated or irradiated with “white” and green radiation. The quantity of total acid soluble phosphorus followed a sequence with respect to wavelength of radiation: 436 nm > 650 nm> > 540 nm > non-irradiated > 300–800 nm. Quantity of inorganic phosphorus remained unaffected by different spectral character of radiation. The quantity of organic acid soluble nucleic phosphorus and acid insoluble polyphosphates was higher in samples irradiated with red beams (650 ± 6 nm).

Phosphorus-containing Compounds at Comparable Germination Stages of Caryopses of Avena Species

A number of the phosphorus transformations accompanying imbibition and initial germination in caryopses of wild oats (A vena fatua L.) differ in nature and kind from those accompanying seedling development. Even in non-dormant lines of wild oat germination is extended and seedling development uneven. The significance of early phosphorus transformations can be obscured. Procedures to synchronize germination stages were developed by (i) using seeds which had been exposed to room temperature for extended periods of dry storage, (ii) inducing germination of imbibed seeds by dehulling, piercing and/or gibberellin A3 treatments, or (iii) constructing artificial seed groupings of known germination percentage by appropriate selection of seeds from an unevenly germinating seed source. All three procedures were effective in identifying those processes associated with initial germination. The best synchronization was obtained with method (i). Germination, in contrast to imbibition, was signalled by a significant drop in inorganic phosphate levels, followed by a later rise as seed reserves of phytate were mobilized for seedling development. Differences in the rates of mobilization of acid-soluble phosphorus compounds were apparent between cultivated oats and genetically non-dormant wild oats.