Acid In Saliva Research Articles

Abstract 2114: Salivary glands shedding RNA into saliva: Challenges and opportunities

Abstract Liquid biopsies hold great promises as non-invasive, reproducible, cost-effective and accurate cancer screening techniques. Saliva is attractive due its simple, virtually risk-free collection. The oral cavity and its surroundings may shed contents to saliva and it is essential to choose specific alterations that can indicate cells of origin. Common confounding contaminants may include bacteria and food debris. This study aims to test different saliva collection and processing protocols to build a path for saliva-based RNA cancer markers, by improving RNA specificity for tissue of origin (here salivary gland) and by increasing the quality of saliva extracted RNA. Saliva collection from 3 healthy subjects was performed with 5 different methodologies: gargle, non-stimulation, stimulation with gum, tabasco or ascorbic acid. These samples were protected with sterile 0.9% Sodium Chloride solution, QIAzol (Qiagen), RNAprotect Cell Reagent (Qiagen) or OrageneRNA (DNA Genotek), or without a protection step. RNA was then extracted with 4 different kits mirVana (ThermoFisher), QIAzol (Qiagen), RNEasy (Qiagen) and TRIzol Reagent (ThermoFisher). Total RNA was converted to cDNA using qScript cDNA (QuantaBio). RNA quality was evaluated on Agilent’s 2100 Bio analyzer. RNA quantity was evaluated with RiboGreen Reagent (Invitrogen) on SpectraMax M2 (Molecular Devices). RNA specificity for salivary gland origin was assessed by qRT-PCR for 2 genes HTN3 and CA6, which are specifically highly expressed in salivary glands, normalized by GAPDH. Quantity assessment showed an increased amount of RNA collected from unstimulated samples when comparing collection methods. For gargle, unstimulated and tabasco groups had higher RNA yields with the pellet fraction, mirVana extraction protocol and Qiazol protection. For all collection methods, we observed the best quality with the whole fraction, RNEasy extraction reagent, except for gargle. RNA protect showed the highest RNA quality, except for tabasco stimulated samples. There was no variation for gene stability considering HTN3 (mean 30.97/SD 1.37) and CA6 (mean 34.97/SD 0.54) CTs. HTN3 amplified earlier and more consistently than CA6 gene. Analyzing by collection method, the whole fraction was the most specific by gargle and unstimulated samples. mirVana was the best performing extraction method shared between all collection protocols, expect for ascorbic acid saliva stimulation. And Qiazol was the best protection methodology. We obtained the best RNA quality from whole saliva fraction using the RNA protect method and RNEasy extraction protocol. Our findings may build the foundation for desperately needed molecular markers for deadly diseases related to the salivary glands such as salivary gland tumors, aiming for early detection and patient surveillance. Our results also support further validation of strategies to assess saliva as a promising liquid biopsy fluid option. Citation Format: Laura Palmieri, Dieila Giomo De Lima, Adrian D. Schubert, Yasmin Ghantous, Fernando T. Zamuner, Piotr T. Wysocki, Mariana Brait. Salivary glands shedding RNA into saliva: Challenges and opportunities [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2114.

Molecular and Functional Characterization of a Novel Kunitz-Type Toxin-like Peptide in the Giant Triton Snail Charonia tritonis.

It has been reported that the giant triton snail (Charonia tritonis) inserts its large proboscis and then injects venom or acid saliva from its salivary gland into its prey, the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci (COTS), paralyzing it. A full-length cDNA sequence of the C. tritonis Ct-kunitzin gene was obtained by RACE PCR based on a transcriptomic database constructed by our laboratory (data not published), which contains an open reading frame (ORF) sequence with a length of 384 bp including a 1-32aa Kunitz domain. The Ct-kunitzin peptide was synthesized by solid-phase polypeptide methods according to its conserved amino acid sequence, with a molecular weight of 3746.0 as well as two disulfide bonds. Renatured Ct-kunitzin was injected into mice ventricles to evaluate its potential function. Compared with the normal control group (physiological saline), the spontaneous locomotor activity of the Ct-kunitzin group decreased significantly. There was a significant effect on Ct-kunitzin on mice grip strength in the grip strength test. In addition, Ct-kunitzin exhibited remarkable biological activity in suppressing pain in the pain thresholds test. There were no significant differences between the Ct-kunitzin group and the normal control group in terms of various hematological indexes and histopathological observations. When tested in COTS, the most significant histological change was the destruction, disorganization, and significant reduction in the amount of COTS tube feet tissues. Altogether, the potential paralyzing effect on mice suggests that Ct-kunitzin is a possible agent for novel drug development.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MOUTH DISSOLVING FILM OF TADALAFIL

This research work was aimed to enhance the oral bioavailability and provide faster onset of action of Tadalafil (used for the treatment of the erectile dysfunction (ED) and pulmonary arterial hypertension) by formulating its mouth dissolving film (MDF). Tadalafil belongs to BCS class II and the oral bioavailability of it’s about 28%. The MDF of Tadalafil was prepared by solvent casting method using HPMC-E5 (film forming agent), Methyl cellulose (thickening agent), Propylene glycol (plasticizer), Tween-80 (solubilizing agent), Microcrystalline cellulose (disintegrating agent), Citric acid (saliva stimulating agent), Sucrose (sweetening agent), Vanillin (flavoring agent), EDTA disodium (preservative). The formulation was optimized by two factors, three level (23) full factorial design using concentration of Plasticizer (X1) and concentration of film forming agent (X2) as independent variables and formulation was evaluated for uniformity of mass, thickness, folding endurance, drug content uniformity, in-vitro disintegration, in-vitro drug dissolution study and stability study. Based on results it was concluded that MDF (F5) showed enhanced bioavailability and faster onset of action as compared to available tablet dosage form.

Perbandingan Kekasaran Permukaan Resin Komposit Nanofiller pada Perendaman Saliva pH Asam

Nanofiller resin composite is a material used for dental restoration which will be in oral cavity so that interacted with the saliva. Saliva pH changes influenced by several factors, including bacteria in the oral cavity, enzymes, hormones and diet. Acid saliva can cause degradation in the composite, this degradation affects the surface roughness of resin composite. The purpose of this study is to compare surface roughness of nanofiller resins composite for 7 and 10 days of immersion in acid saliva.The samples used in this study were cylindrical mould dimension of diameter 5mm x 2mm, then polymerized with a visible light curing unit for 20s. Specimens immersed in acid artificial saliva (pH ± 4) for 7 and 10 days(4 specimens each group)and then stored in incubator at the temperature of 37ºC. The instrument used to measure surface roughness of resin composite was Surface Roughness Measuring Instrument (Surfcom 120A) that expressed in units of µm.Data were analyzedand the result obtainedwas p = 0.263 (p> 0.05), which mean there were no significant differences in the mean roughness of nanofillerresins compositesurface that were immersed in acidic pH for 7 and 10 days. The conclusion of this study was thatthe surface roughness of nanofiller resins composite immersed in acid saliva for 10 days is not rougher than which immersed for 7days.

Influence of acid saliva on wear of human dentin

Influence of acid saliva on wear of human dentin

An Update on Oral Candidiasis: An Opportunistic Infection

Candidiasis, a common opportunistic fungal infection of the oral cavity, may be a cause of discomfort in dental patients. There are few local factors that make the oral tissues susceptible to Candida infection. These factors include acid saliva, xerostomia, night use of prosthetic dentures, tobacco, carbohydrate rich diets and patients that receive radiotherapy and chemotherapy in maxillofacial structures. Maintenance of oral hygiene and early diagnosis of this condition is very important.

In vitro Caries-Preventive Effect of Fluoridated Orthodontic Resins against Cariogenic Challenge Stimulation

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro caries preventive effect of fluoridated orthodontic resins under pH cycling with two types of acid demineralizing saliva. Brackets were bonded to 120 extracted human premolars, using Rely-a-bond (n = 40), Tru- Bond (n = 40) and Ortho-one (n = 40) orthodontic bonding agents. Each group of resin was divided into 2 subgroups (n = 20): immersion in remineralizing artificial saliva for 14 days and acid saliva with pH 4.3. After 14 days of pH cycling the caries preventive effect on the development of white spot lesion was evaluated considering the presence of inhibition zones to white spot lesions using two scores: 0 = absence and 1 = presence. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U tests were used. Formation of white spot lesions was observed only under pH cycling using acid saliva with pH 4.3; with Rely-a-bond and Tru-Bond being significantly more effective in preventing the appearance of white spot lesions effect than Ortho-one. The acidity of the demineralizing solution influenced the formation of white spot lesions around orthodontic brackets under highly cariogenic conditions. Rely-a-bond and Tru-bond presented higher caries-preventive effect than Orthoone. The development of fluoride-containing materials cannot be regarded as a permanent means to control dental caries lesions, but a complement along with other preventive methods.

In vitro Influence of Topical Fluoride Application on the Mechanical Properties of an Orthodontic Resin under pH Cycling

Objective: To evaluate the shear bond strength and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) of an orthodontic resin after in vitro pH cycling and topical fluoride application. Methods: Edgewise brackets were bonded with TransbondTM XT resin on the buccal of 40 bovine incisors. The teeth were divided in 4 groups (n=10): G1: pre cycling group (immediate shearing); G2: pos cycling group (pH cycling in the absence of fluoride); G3: experimental group with single topical application of neutral fluoride gel (2% NaF) before pH cycling; G4: experimental group with three daily applications of fluoride dentifrice (MFP 1500 ppmF) during pH cycling. Shear bond strength and ARI were evaluated after 14 days of pH cycling (acid saliva, pH 4.5). Shear bond strength data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test while the Man-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis were used for analysis of ARI data using a 95% confidence interval (p 0.05) in the shear bond strength among the groups. For the ARI analysis, 100% of the specimens of G1, G2 and G4, and 60% of G3 were scored 1, while 40% of the specimens of G3 were scored 2. There was statistically significant difference (p=0.029) between G1 and G3; G2 and G3; G3 and G4. Conclusion: Topical fluoride application concomitant to pH cycling did not exert influence on the shear bond strength of TransbondTM XT resin, but the use of neutral fluoride gel indicated a reduction in the risks of tooth fracture on debonding of orthodontic brackets, according to the ARI characteristics.

Mechanical properties of one and two-step fluoridated orthodontic resins submitted to different pH cycling regimes

The aim of this study is to assess the in vitro shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of one and two-step fluoridated orthodontic resins under conditions that simulate high cariogenic challenge. Edgewise brackets for maxillary central incisors were randomly bonded to 80 bovine incisors, using either Transbond Plus Color Change orthodontic resin and a self-etching primer adhesive (G1; n = 40) or Orthodontic Fill Magic with a conventional acid-etch technique (G2; n = 40). Each group of resin (n = 10) was divided into: immediate shear (A- pre-cycling control), immersion in artificial remineralizing saliva (neutral saliva) for 14 days (B- post-cycling control) and pH cycling with high cariogenic challenge (C- acid saliva with pH 5.5 and D- acid saliva with pH 4.5). After 14 days of pH cycling, the shear bond strength and ARI were evaluated. Considering the shear bond strength, Transbond Plus Color Change resin was stronger than Orthodontic Fill Magic when it was submitted to high cariogenic challenge (p < 0.05). Also Transbond Plus Color Change resin showed better adhesion to enamel than Orthodontic Fill Magic, in all situations evaluated (p < 0.05). It could be concluded that Transbond Plus Color Change resin presented better shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index when submitted to high cariogenic challenge, in comparison with Orthodontic Fill Magic.

Preventive effect of fluoridated orthodontic resins subjected to high cariogenic challenges

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro caries preventive effect of fluoridated orthodontic resins under pH cycling with two types of acid demineralizing saliva. Brackets were bonded to 60 bovine incisors, using either Transbond Plus Color Change (n=30) or Orthodontic Fill Magic (n=30) orthodontic resins. Each group of resin was divided into 3 subgroups (n=10): immersion in remineralizing artificial saliva for 14 days, pH cycling with high cariogenic challenge in acid saliva with pH 5.5, and acid saliva with pH 4.5. After 14 days of pH cycling, the caries preventive effect on the development of white spot lesion was evaluated considering the presence of inhibition zones to white spot lesions using two scores: 0= absence and 1= presence. Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (a=0.05) were used. Formation of white spot lesions was observed only under pH cycling using acid saliva with pH 4.5; with Transbond Plus Color Change being significantly more effective (p<0.05) in preventing the appearance of white spot lesions effect than Orthodontic Fill Magic. The acidity of the demineralizing solution influenced the formation of white spot lesions around orthodontic brackets under highly cariogenic conditions. Transbond Plus Color Change resin presented higher caries preventive effect than Orthodontic Fill Magic.

Corrosion of Au–Pd–In alloy in simulated physiological solutions

The corrosion of Au–Pd–In alloy, which is of great importance in dentistry, has been studied using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) in simulated physiological solutions. The alloy was deposited on quartz substrates by means of magnetron sputtering (MS). Analysis performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the chemical composition of the sputtered deposit was similar to that of the MS target made of conventional casting alloy. Investigations by X-ray diffraction indicated a crystalline structure of the MS alloy. The electrochemical and corrosion behaviour of the Au–Pd–In alloy was studied in three simulated physiological solutions: 0.9 M NaCl, 0.1 M NaCl + 0.1 M lactic acid and artificial saliva. Determination of break down potential was complicated by the anodic gold dissolution due to formation of a chloride complex. The onset of anodic currents, therefore, indicated not the potential at which the passive layer starts to be destroyed, but the exceeding of the Au/AuCl4− equilibrium potential, which does not directly reflect corrosion resistance. The EQCM measurements under open circuit conditions indicated corrosion as an increase in mass, caused by the accumulation of corrosion products on the alloy surface. The increase in mass in acidic solution (pH 2.2) was similar to that in neutral solution (pH 6.5), which implies dissolution of corrosion products to be insignificant.

Nicotinamide pharmacokinetics in humans: effect of gastric acid inhibition, comparison of rectal vs oral administration and the use of saliva for drug monitoring

The effect of inhibiting gastric acid secretion on nicotinamide pharmacokinetics was studied in five volunteers with the intent of reducing the large variations observed previously in the time to and magnitude of peak plasma concentrations. Plasma levels were determined using a standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method after an oral dose of 3 g of nicotinamide either alone or preceded by pretreatment with omeprazole. Suppression of gastric acid production had no significant effect on the rate of uptake or on the peak levels achieved. To bypass gastric acidity, the rectal route was also assessed using a suppository in four volunteers and one patient undergoing radiotherapy. Absorption was slow and variable and much lower plasma levels were observed than after oral dosing. Thus, no improvement in the pharmacokinetics of nicotinamide was observed using either of these two approaches. Parallel estimations were made using a novel and non-invasive method for monitoring nicotinamide pharmacokinetics in saliva. A large and variable fraction of the total amount of nicotinamide-related material in saliva was found to be nicotinic acid, a metabolite not normally found in human plasma. This conversion was inhibited by the use of a chlorhexidine mouthwash, indicating that the oral flora was responsible for its production. The time to peak levels of nicotinamide or of nicotinamide plus nicotinic acid in saliva correlated well with that in plasma. However, peak concentrations for nicotinamide alone were significantly lower than in plasma, and very variable, whereas for nicotinamide plus nicotinic acid saliva levels were 20-30% higher, but more consistent. Although there are some practical difficulties in quantitatively handling saliva, the method is very useful for monitoring nicotinamide pharmacokinetics and for assessment of compliance with nicotinamide treatment.

French Horn Affairs

To the Editor.— I beg to differ with your consultant's answer to the problems of acid saliva and perspiration in the French horn player (226:212, 1973). Saliva is normally slightly acid (pH 6 to 7). The usual dosage of antacid is not going to change it. Condensate in the brass (and woodwind) instruments is mostly from watersaturated breath with probably a negligible amount of saliva. The acidity of the liquid is from the dissolved carbon dioxide, ie, carbonic acid. Antacid will not help. For protection of the instrument, a coating of some type of clear plastic like that used for protecting paintings or to protect and waterproof furniture finish might help. Be sure the plastic is the kind that remains smooth when dry, and is not tacky. A coating on the tops of the valves probably will protect the instrument against perspiration. No musician can or will want to play

癩患者唾液の水素イオン濃度 第2報

The nearer to 7.0 rises the PH of saliva, the fewer tooth caries is recognized, and according to the PH decrease to 6.0-5.0 it is seen oftener. It is an interesting fact with an observation that tooth caries is fewer in the mandibular front teeth near the orifice of subligual and mandibular glands which secrete alkaline than in the teeth near the parotis gland of acid saliva.

A biochemical approach to the study of personality.

Biochemistry offers a fruitful means of studying personality, inasmuch as certain chemical determinations appear to be definitely correlated with personality traits. Preliminary experimentation indicates tendencies for the following relationships to hold: (1) The least excitable individuals tend to have the most acid urine and saliva, while more excitable persons tend toward neutrality or alkalinity of their fluids. (2) The least aggressive subjects appear to excrete the greatest amounts of acid as measured by the formol titration and to have the highest alkali reserve of the blood, while more aggressive individuals seems to show opposite characteristics. (3) Emotional excitability tends to bear an inverse relationship to the presence of creatinine in the blood and its excretion in the urine. (4) Phosphorus metabolism appears to be bound up with personality in some way, but the details of the relationship are not yet clear. The degree of the relationships found to exist between chemical determinations and personality traits is that expressed by coefficients of correlation between .20 and .30. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)

THERAPEUTIC SUGGESTIONS REGARDING THE TREATMENT OF AFFECTIONS OF THE HANDS AND FEET

I trust that the fact of this paper's being partly the narrative of one patient's history may not detract from its interest. This patient, a physician and an intimate friend of mine, aged 55, has suffered from various skin diseases ever since arriving at maturity. I am well aware that American dermatologists, as a rule, are decidedly skeptical as' to any possible etiologic connection between the so-called acid diathesis, l'arthritisme of the French authors, and skin diseases, and I do not claim that there is any such connection in this case; but the patient's history corresponds exactly with the French idea of arthritisme. The condition in question is evidenced by very acid saliva, early and rapid tooth decay, very acid urine, a tendency to rheumatic and neuralgic pains, and frequent, long continued attacks of neuritis in the fingers and thumbs of both hands. The patient's teeth began to decay badly