Acid Profile Of Total Lipids Research Articles

Histological Characteristics, Fatty Acid Composition of Lipid Fractions, and Cholesterol Content of Semimembranosus and Triceps Brachii Muscles in Maremmana and Limousine Bovine Breeds.

This study examined the histological properties of Semimembranosus and Triceps brachii muscle in two different bovine breeds, Maremmana (Ma) (an autochthonous breed from Tuscany, Italy) and Limousine (Lm). The animals were grazed in two adjoining pastures, received the same feed supplementation, and were weighed monthly. The experimental period lasted from weaning (6 months old) to slaughter (19 months old). Muscle samples were collected immediately after slaughter, before carcass cooling. Regarding the histological properties, the number of muscle fibers (TNF), mean sarcolemma perimeter (MSP), cross-sectional area, and total sarcolemma perimeter (TSP) were determined. Samples were also analyzed for proximate composition, fatty acid profile of total lipids (TLs), phospholipids (PLs), and neutral lipids (NLs), and for total cholesterol content. Breed was a significant variation factor for the performance parameter and histological muscle fiber properties. Interestingly, despite that Ma being a less extensively genetically improved breed than Lm, it showed higher weight at slaughter (+18%) and daily weight gain (+19%). Ma also showed smaller muscle fibers than Lm and, consequently, the TSP was higher. This difference affected the lipid fraction distribution (Lm was higher in PLs and lower in NLs than Ma) and, consequently, the fatty acid composition of TLs (Lm was high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, while Ma was high in monounsaturated fatty acids). The results of this experiment highlight the importance of environmental and management conditions on the full expression of genotypic potential.

Chronic sucrose intake decreases concentrations of n6 fatty acids, but not docosahexaenoic acid in the rat brain phospholipids.

We investigated the influence of high sucrose intake, administered in drinking water, on the lipid profile of the brain and on the expression of SREBP1c and Δ-desaturase genes. Adult male rats received 30% sucrose solution for 20 weeks (Sucrose group), or plain water (Control group). After the 20th week of sucrose treatment, the Sucrose group showed permanent hyperglycemia. Sucrose treatment also increased the amount of total lipids and fatty acids in the brain. The brain fatty acid profile of total lipids as well as phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and cardiolipin of the Sucrose group was extensively changed. The most interesting change was a significant decrease in n6 fatty acids, including the important arachidonic acid, whereas the content of oleic and docosahexaenoic acid remained unchanged. RT-qPCR revealed an increase in Δ-5-desaturase and SREBP1c gene expression. In conclusion, high sucrose intake via drinking water extensively changes rat brain fatty acid profile by decreasing n6 fatty acids, including arachidonic acid. In contrast, the content of docosahexaenoic acid remains constant in the brain total lipids as well as in phospholipids. Changes in the brain fatty acid profile reflect changes in the lipid metabolism of the rat lipogenic tissues and concentrations in the circulation.

Biochemical and fatty acid composition of Arca noae (Bivalvia: Arcidae) from the Mali Ston Bay, Adriatic Sea

Biochemical and fatty acid composition of the bivalve Arca noae were investigated in the Mali Ston Bay in relation to environmental conditions. Sampling was carried out monthly, from December 2001 to November 2002. Wet shellfish meat consists on average of 77.61% water and 22.39% dry matter, while dry shellfish meat consists on average of 89.04% organic and 10.96% inorganic matter. PCA analysis identified temperature, nitrate, silicate, MICRO, Chl a and salinity as the most important environmental factors influencing biochemical composition of A. noae. An increase of dry weight content of A. noae was observed during the spring when both the sea temperature and food supply increased rapidly. Contents of protein (54.39-62.06% of dry weight), carbohydrate (4.13-8.07% of dry weight) and lipid (3.46-8.58% of dry weight) varied significantly during the year. Protein and lipid level reached the maximum value in June. The fatty acid profiles of total lipids extracted from A. noae showed high level of unsaturation (UNS/SAT 1.9-3.4). Total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) represented the majority of total fatty acids (40.3-59.9% of total fatty acids) and the most abundant were eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acid. n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio value varied between 2.1 and 5.0 and was the highest during the spring (April to June). Due to their low lipid and high percentages of healthy polyunsaturated fatty acids A. noae can be evaluated as a quality seafood product. The most suitable period of the year for its consumption is in the spring when it reaches its highest nutritional values.

Improved n-butanol production by solvent tolerant Clostridium beijerinckii

Abstract n-butanol fermentation by Clostridium beijerinckii ATCC 10132 was investigated by optimization of various physiological and nutritional parameters. Nitrogen source and metal ions played a crucial role on the titre of n-butanol produced in the fermentation. Optimization of the parameters resulted in about 6-fold increase and an unprecedented titre of 20 g L−1 of n-butanol in 72 h incubation period. The process could be scaled up to 3 L level with similar titres. The strain was found to be tolerant to 25 g L−1 n-butanol under optimized conditions and the tolerance could also be demonstrated by the strain’s ability to accumulate rhodamine 6 G. Adaptation of the strain to increased solvent in the medium was accompanied by increased expression of the chaperone, GroEL and change in fatty acid profile of total lipids. This is the first report wherein high titre of n-butanol has been obtained in single batch fermentation without resorting to solvent stripping or strain improvement.

Platelet linoleic acid is a potential biomarker of advanced non-small cell lung cancer

New parameters that could be used as tumor markers for lung cancer would be valuable. Our aim was to analyze the fatty acid profiles of total lipids from erythrocytes and platelets from patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma to reveal the fatty acids that could be used as NSCLC biomarkers. In our study, 50, 15 and 15 patients with advanced NSCLC, COPD and asthma and 50 healthy subjects were enrolled. Fatty acid profiles were investigated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry followed by ROC (receiver operating characteristics) curves analysis to gain information about biomarkers. Sialic acid (SA) and cytokeratins were measured by the thiobarbituric acid and immunoradiometric methods respectively. Useful fatty acid markers were as follows: erythrocytes, 22:0 and linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n6); platelets, 16:0, 18:0, and LA. At the cutoff value to obtain maximum accuracy, the best biomarker was platelet LA, with higher diagnostic yields than the commonly used markers SA or cytokeratins (100%, 76%, 75% and 86% sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and accuracy, respectively). These findings suggest that platelet LA might be used as a biomarker of NSCLC in relation to different aspects of the disease process that now needs to be explored.

Stability of lipids and fatty acids in frozen and gamma irradiated Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) from the Southwestern Atlantic

Abstract Patagonian toothfish were captured in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (FAO Zone N° 41). The fatty acid profile of total lipids and the triacylglycerol and phospholipid content of control and irradiated samples (1 and 5 kGy) stored at −18 °C were analyzed at 0 and 293 days post irradiation. The fatty acids are mainly monounsaturated acids (47 g/100 g total fatty acids), the most abundant one being oleic acid (18:1 n-9). This is followed in order of abundance by saturated fatty acids (26 g/100 g total fatty acids), consisting mainly of palmitic acid (16:0). Polyunsaturated fatty acids were less abundant (17 g/100 g total fatty acids) and consisted mainly of eicosapentaeonic (20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6 n-3) acids. Triacylglycerol content was 563.07 mg/mL oil, whereas phospholipids were 11.21 mg/mL oil. Gamma irradiation did not significantly affect the fatty acid profile or triacylglycerol and phospholipid content of P. toothfish stored for 293 days at −18 °C. The results suggest that the species exhibits a marked stability when subjected to irradiation and prolonged storage in the frozen state.

High levels of vegetable oils in plant protein-rich diets fed to gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurataL.): growth performance, muscle fatty acid profiles and histological alterations of target tissues

The feasibility of fish oil (FO) replacement by vegetable oils (VO) was investigated in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) in a growth trial conducted for the duration of 8 months. Four isolipidic and isoproteic diets rich in plant proteins were supplemented with L-lysine (0.55 %) and soya lecithin (1 %). Added oil was either FO (control) or a blend of VO, replacing 33 % (33VO diet), 66 % (66VO diet) and 100 % (VO diet) of FO. No detrimental effects on growth performance were found with the partial FO replacement, but feed intake and growth rates were reduced by about 10 % in fish fed the VO diet. The replacement strategy did not damage the intestinal epithelium, and massive accumulation of lipid droplets was not found within enterocytes. All fish showed fatty livers, but signs of lipoid liver disease were only found in fish fed the VO diet. Muscle fatty acid profiles of total lipids reflected the diet composition with a selective incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids in polar lipids. The robustness of the phospholipid fatty acid profile when essential fatty acid requirements were theoretically covered by the diet was evidenced by multivariate principal components analysis in fish fed control, 33VO and 66VO diets.

Antioxidant activity, β-glucan and lipid contents of oat varieties

The antioxidant activity, total phenolic and β-glucans contents, and the fatty acid profile of total lipids in covered (black and yellow) and naked oats were studied. Oats with black hulls showed a significantly higher antioxidant activity in 2,2’-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate] (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) based tests in comparison to the grains with yellow hulls and those of the naked varieties. Radical scavenging activity of oats determined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)/spin-trapping test did not depend on the colour of the grain hulls, but the naked grains showed a lower ability in scavenging reactive radicals. A positive correlation between the content of β-glucans in covered oat grains and the amount of reactive radicals scavenged was observed. Total phenolic content in the black oats was significantly higher than in the yellow and naked oat varieties. However, no significant differences in the fatty acid profile between the naked and covered oats were found, and the common fatty acids being linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids.

Changes in content and fatty acid profiles of total lipids and sulfolipids in the halophyte Crithmum maritimum under salt stress

In the halophyte Crithmum maritimum, the sulfolipid content increased considerably in the presence of NaCl. There were no significant changes in the total fatty acid composition of sulfolipids during salt treatment, except for linoleic and linolenic acids. In comparison to the control plants, sulfolipids in NaCl-treated plants showed a decrease in the percentage of unsaturated fatty acid (C18:3), and a corresponding increase in the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids (C18:2). As a whole, the data reported in this work suggest that sulfolipds may be one important aspect of strategies involved in salt tolerance of this halophyte.

Maternal and infant essential fatty acid status in Havana, Cuba

Adequate intake of essential fatty acids (EFAs) is required for optimal development of the central nervous system and visual acuity in infants. Little information exists regarding the EFA status of vulnerable populations living in Southern regions. We examined the adequacy of EFA status in Cuban breast-feeding mothers and their infants. Blood and breast-milk samples were obtained from a cross-sectional sample of mothers and term infants in Havana at 2 mo postpartum. We determined the fatty acid profiles of total lipids in breast milk, plasma, and erythrocytes and assessed infant visual acuity by using Teller acuity cards. Of the 56 mothers and infants examined, none showed biochemical signs of poor EFA status. Compared with values reported in the literature, mothers had an adequate EFA profile in their breast milk, plasma, and erythrocytes. The docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentration in breast milk was 0.43 +/- 0.26% of total fatty acids. It appeared that these breast-fed infants had an adequate dietary supply of DHA, as reflected by the mean plasma and erythrocyte DHA concentrations (2.82 +/- 0.84% and 7.41 +/- 1.16% of total fatty acids, respectively). Infant visual acuity testing showed a mean of 2.00 +/- 0.68 cycles/degree, which is within the normal range of mean binocular acuities for 2-mo-old term infants. The data did not show any relation between EFA concentrations and visual acuity. The results suggest that n-3 fatty acid deficiency and potential related deficits in early visual neural development are rare, if they exist at all, in breast-feeding women and their infants in Havana.

Dose-Response Effect of Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid on Fatty Acid Profiles of Serum and Tissue Lipids in Rats.

The dose-response effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) on the fatty acid profiles of total lipids of rat serum and tissues were investigated. Rats were fed diets containing graded levels of purified DHA at 0, 1.0, 3.4, and 8.7% of total energy in the diets for 2 weeks. It was found that each tissue had its own peculiar composition of fatty acids which differed markedly from that of circulating serum lipid. This composition was basically influenced dose-dependently by the dietary lipids with graded levels of DHA, but to different degrees in different tissues. Those of brain were most resistant and of heart most susceptible to dietary DHA.

The effect of culture on morphology, lipid and fatty acid composition, and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) skin cells

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) skin cell cultures were obtained by trypsinization of the tissue and grown in Leibovitz L-15 medium. Lipid class compositions, and fatty acid profiles of total lipids and individual phospholipid classes were determined at different times of culture. The metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was investigated by incubating primary cultures after 7 and 14 days with [1-14C]18:2n-6 and [1-14C-]18:3n-3. The change in morphology between epithelial-like primary cultures and fibroblastic-like secondary subcultures was accompanied by alterations in the lipid composition. Polar lipids became predominant by 14 days in culture. The relative proportions of phosphatidylcholine (PC), the most abundant phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol and cholesterol increased significantly, while sphingomyelin decreased. Saturated fatty acids, 18:1n-9, n-6 and n-9PUFA were more abundant in total lipid in cultures at 14 days and 4 months than in cells initially isolated which contained higher percentages of longer chain monoenes and n-3PUFA. The changes in fatty acid composition with time in culture were observed in all the major phospholipid classes. Rainbow trout skin cells in culture desaturated and elongated both 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, with 20:4n-6 and 20:5n-3 being the most abundant products, respectively. PC presented the highest incorporation of radioactivity, especially following incubation with 18:3n-3. Lipid metabolism in general increased with the age of primary cultures, with both the amount of C18 PUFA incorporated and metabolized by desaturation/elongation significantly increased in 14 day cultures compared to 7 day cultures. Product/precursor ratios calculated for both n-6 and n-3 fatty acids showed that, while Δ6 desaturase activity was increased significantly with cell age, Δ5 desaturase activity was more affected by the fatty acid series, with 18:3n-3 being more readily transformed to 20:5n-3 than 18:2n-6 to 20:4n-6. Further desaturation of 20:5n-3 to hexaenes was low. Overall, the data suggested that the trout skin cell cultures were more similar to mammalian skin fibroblasts than mammalian epidermal/keratinocyte cultures.

Characterizations of neutral lipid fatty acids and cis-9,10-epoxy octadecanoic acid in Pneumocystis carinii carinii.

Pneumocystis carinii causes pneumonitis in immunodeficient individuals and is a prevalent opportunistic infection of patients with AIDS. This pathogen resides extracellularly in the hypophase lining the alveolar epithelium, which is highly enriched in lung surfactant lipids. Procedures yielding highly pure organism preparations that enable reliable biochemical analyses of organisms isolated from the lungs of infected laboratory animals have been developed. The results of the present study revealed that the fatty acid profiles of total lipids, the neutral lipid traction, and individual neutral lipid classes of lungs from normal and immunosuppressed rats as well as P. carinii were grossly similar, although some quantitative differences were detected. One qualitative exception found was the detection in P. carinii of the rare fatty acid cis-9,10-epoxy stearic acid, which was not detected in the lipids of rat lungs. The detection of this fatty acid in P. carinii may also have important taxonomic implications. Unlike phospholipids, many of the fatty acids of nonmembrane neutral lipids may be utilized by P. carinii for other cellular functions, such as stored reserves for energy production and precursors for organism-specific membrane lipids. The present study represents the first report of detailed fatty acid analyses of individual neutral lipid classes of this important opportunistic pathogen.

Improvements in the culture of Sparus aurata L. larvae in relation to the use of antibiotics, phytoplankton and rearing system

Rotifers were enriched for 24 h with a lipid emulsion and the algae Nannochloropsis sp. Some of the rotifers were treated with antibiotics (chloramphenicol and oxolinic acid). Larval sizes were recorded initially, at day 7 and at the end of the experiment. Larval survival rates were estimated at the end of the experiment. Rotifers and larvae were analysed for lipid and moisture as well as the fatty acid profile of total lipids. The number of bacterial colonies from rotifer and larvae culture was also recorded. The best growth rate was found in larvae reared in a recirculating system with addition of phytoplankton and antibiotics, although no significant differences ( P < 0.05) were apparent with the same treatment without antibiotics. Larvae reared in a flow-through system with phytoplankton showed the best survival rates, but larvae receiving rotifers treated with antibiotics showed the lowest survival rates. The n−3 HUFA levels in rotifers and larvae treated with antibiotics were significantly lower than those in treatments without these chemicals. The results of this study suggest that antibiotics should not be used indiscriminately in hatcheries as they may exert an adverse effect on larval cultures.

Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Hepatopancreatic Brush-Border Mambrane Vesicles from the Prawn Penaeus japonicus1

Brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were isolated from prawn hepatopancreas by a procedure involving Mg2+ preparation. The lipid composition of hepatopancreatic BBMV (hBBMV) was examined by the Iatroscan TLC/FID technique, and the fatty acid profile of total lipids was determined by capillary gas chromatography. hBBMV were characterized by a high content of phospholipids and cholesterol. However, the cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio is lower in prawn than in vertebrate BBMV, which agrees well with the membrane fluidity of BBMV from different sources. The fatty acid composition of hBBMV was similar to that in marine crustacean oils. The major fatty acids present were palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1n-7), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1n-9), and eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) acids. The large amount of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids seems to be related to a high delta 5-desaturase activity in hBBMV.

Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on cell-mediated cytotoxic activity in BALB/c mice

The effects of feeding a diet rich in omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids on immune cell prostaglandin production and cytotoxic activity before and after a viral challenge were studied in female BALB/c mice. Weanling mice were fed purified diets containing either 10% by weight corn oil (CO), 10% linseed oil (LO), or 8% menhaden oil+2% corn oil mix (FO) for 8–12 weeks. The LO diet provided 5.6 g/kg of 18:3n-3 and the FO diet 1.6 g/kg and 0.5 g/kg of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, respectively. Natural killer (NK) cell activity in the unchallenged FO-fed mice was significantly lower than in CO-fed mice. Seven days after a viral challenge, cell-mediated cytotoxic (CMC) activity by splenocytes and peritoneal exudate cells from LO-fed mice was higher compared to CO and FO-fed mice. The feeding of n-3 rich diets significantly influenced the number of cells obtained from the spleen and peritoneum. Splenocyte prostaglandin E and F production was decreased by over 70% in both the LO and FO-fed, compared to CO-fed mice. The fatty acid profile of total lipids from serum and splenocytes reflected the relative n-6 and n-3 composition of the dietary fats. In summary, dietary n-3 fatty acids significantly influenced CMC activity of immune cells. Alterations in immune cell PG production do not seem to explain these differences in CMC activity. Changes in the fatty acid composition of immune cells may be an important factor.