Acid Methyl Esters Of Oils Research Articles

Adsorptive removal of carbazole from model esterified bio-oil composed of methyl laurate by using metal–organic frameworks functionalized with sulfonic acid both on metal and linker sites

Microalgae-derived esterified bio-oil can be an alternative energy source against the depletion of fossil fuel although the content of organonitrogen compounds (ONCs) can be high. Here, a metal–organic framework (MOF, MIL-101-NH2, with or without grafting ethylenediamine, ED) was modified to derive sulfonic acid-functionalized MIL-101 s. The obtained MOFs (including pristine MIL-101 and MIL-101-NH2), together with activated carbon (AC) as a reference, were utilized in adsorptive denitrogenation (ADN), especially the removal of carbazole (CBZ), one of the most difficult ONCs via hydrogenation or oxidation, from model fuel composed of methyl laurate. Although there was a study on ADN from model fuel composed of very light esters like methylacetate, there is no report using esters that are quite similar to fatty acid methyl esters of oils. Remarkably, MIL-101-NH-ED-SO3H, the first MOF having sulfonic acids on both the metal and linker sites, had noticeable maximum adsorption capacities (Qo) for the stubborn CBZ removal although the porosity is the lowest among the studied adsorbents. For example, Qo of the modified MOF was 205 mg/g which was higher than any studied adsorbents and was ca. 3 and 2 times that of AC and pristine MOF, respectively. The remarkable performance could be explained with H-bond (with a minor contribution of π-π interaction), based on calculations, FTIR, and functional groups of both the adsorbate and adsorbent. Furthermore, the recyclability of MIL-101-NH-ED-SO3H in CBZ adsorption was confirmed. Therefore, MOFs when adequately functionalized can be useful in ADN of fuel composed of esters.

Studying the Physicochemical Properties and Isolation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids from Edible Oils by GC-MS and Argentated Silica Gel Chromatography

The core objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of the oils of sunflower, olive, virgin coconut and ginger oils, as well as the separation of their unsaturated fatty acids. The data indicated a significant variation in physicochemical properties (acid, saponification, ester, and iodine values) among oils. Transesterification process was carried out at a molar ratio of 1:7:0.1 of oil: methanol: KOH. Fatty acid methyl esters of oils were analyzed by infrared (IR) and gas chromatography–mass (GC-MS) spectrometry. Twelve fatty acids were identified, where the major fatty acid of olive oil was found to be oleic acid (89%), whereas those of sunflower and ginger oils were linoleic acid (80.9 %) and (79.3 %), respectively. Sunflower and olive oils were fractionated by 25% silver nitrate-impregnated silica gel column chromatography. By this method, linoleic acid methyl ester from sunflower and oleic acid methyl ester from olive oil were isolated with high purity percentages and yields. This study is significant for the development of food and pharmaceutical products.

Influence of sulfonic acid group on the performance of castor oil acid based methyl ester ethoxylate sulfonate

ABSTRACTCastor oil acid methyl ester ethoxylate sulfonate (CAMEES) is a new multifunctional anionic-nonionic surfactant with three hydrophilic groups. In this work, CAMEES was synthesized through reaction of castor oil acid methyl ester ethoxylate (CAMEE) with sodium bisulfite in the presence of tert-butyl peroxybenzoate as catalyst and ferric chloride as co-catalyst in solution of water and isopropanol. The sulfonic acid group has an important effect on the physicochemical properties of the surfactant. Compared to CAMEE, CAMEES exhibits better soybean oil emulsification, detergency, foam ability and stability. However, owing to the sulfonic acid group, the wetting ability and paraffin emulsification are more limited.

Synthesis and Application of Phosphorus-containing Flame Retardant Plasticizer for Polyvinyl Chloride

A novel phosphorus-containing flame retardant plasticizer (PFRP) derived from castor oil acid methyl ester (COME) was synthesized to substitute dioctyl phthalate (DOP) for plasticizing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products. The chemical structures of PFRP were confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). Meanwhile, the plasticizing effect, flammability and thermal stability of plasticized PVC films were investigated by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). As the PFRP content increasing from 0 wt% to 50 wt% amount of plasticizers, the plasticizing efficiency and the mechanical properties showed a slightly decreasing tendency compared with that of DOP, while the LOI value of plasticized PVC increased remarkably from 21.5 % to 25.2 %, showing a combined plasticizing efficiency and flame retardancy. SEM and TGA analysis indicated that PFRP had little effect on thermal stability but was effective to promote the formation of compact carbon residue.

Properties of Ethoxylated Castor Oil Acid Methyl Esters Prepared by Ethoxylation over an Alkaline Catalyst

AbstractThe synthesis and properties of ethoxylated castor oil acid methyl esters (ECAME) were investigated. Ethylene oxide (EO) can react directly with the ester group and hydroxyl group of castor oil acid methyl esters in the presence of an alkaline catalyst. ECAME with different average EO adduct numbers were synthesized and, through testing the degree of EO addition, it was found that only a few EO moieties (2–4) inserted into the hydroxyl group. In addition, the physicochemical properties of ECAME were studied. ECAME can be used as nonionic surfactants with good properties.

Fatty Acid Composition and Seed Meal Characteristics of Brassica and Allied Genera

Nineteen different species of Brassica and allied genera were evaluated for their seed oil and meal properties. Besides, iodine value (IV) and cetane number (CN) of fatty acid methyl esters of oils were empirically determined. The content of saturated fatty acids in oils of majority of the species was recorded less than 7.0 %, the maximum threshold recommended for edible oils. The content of total monounsaturated fatty acids ranged from 38.41 % in Capsella bursa-pastoris to 79.89 % in Crambe abyssinica. The highest content of oleic acid (C18:1) was obtained in Lepidium sativum (27.57 %). Erucic acid (C22:1) content ranged between 4.65 and 57.51 % with the maximum in C. abyssinica. Amongst the polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid (C18:2) was found to be maximum in Arabidopsis thaliana (25.44 %) while linolenic acid (C18:3) was highest in Camelina sativa (32.57 %). Based on IV and CN, fatty acid methyl esters of the oils of Brassica juncea, B. carinata, B. fruticulosa, B. spinescens, B. tournefortii, C. abyssinica, Eruca sativa, Erucastrum canarience and Sinapis alba showed good prospects for use as feedstock for biodiesel production. Glucosinolates content in the seed meal were found to be higher than the desired level of <30 μ moles/g defatted seed meal in all the species. Crude fibre content ranged from 4.54 % in Diplotaxis siettiana to 14.62 % in Brassica tournefortii. Maximum phenol content was observed in S. alba (72.56 mg/g GAE) while the minimum (16.14 mg/g GAE) was detected in B. tournefortii. Lectin activity from 4 to 8 HU/ml was detected in saline extracts of B. fruticulosa, all the species of Diplotaxis except D. tenuisiliqua, and L. sativum. Briefly, present study reports significant diversity in the seed oil and meal properties in different species of Brassica and allied genera which could find utility for specific applications as edible as well as renewable industrial or fuel oils.

Grafting of doxycycline imprinted polymers on silica surface for selective solid-phase extraction in beef samples

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for separation and enrichment of doxycycline (DC) has been synthesized using DC as the template, acrylamide-tung oil acid methyl ester (AM-ESA) and propenoic acid (AA) as the functional monomers, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker and 2,2′-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator. The chemical and morphological characteristics of the MIPs were investigated by FT-IR and SEM. The static and kinetic adsorption, selectivity and recovery of the polymers were evaluated. The results indicated that the MIPs had higher chemical affinity for DC than the non-imprinted polymer (NIP). The maximum adsorption capacity of the DC-MIPs was calculated to be 257 μmol g−1. Finally, the MIPs were successfully used as a stationary phase for solid-phase extraction (SPE) to enrich DC from beef samples and the recoveries were in the range of 92.5–96.4% with RSDs of 3.1–7.0%.

Variability assessment in Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre germplasm for biodiesel traits

Wide variability in oil content was observed in 75 germplasm accessions of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre collected from Telengana region of Andhra Pradesh, India. Out of these, fatty acid profiles of 21 accessions with varying seed oil content were examined. Large variation was observed in stearic, oleic and linoleic fatty acid composition i.e. 1.83–11.50%, 46.66–65.35% and 12.02–32.58% respectively while less variation i.e. 9.25–12.87% was found with palmitic acid content. Saponification number (SN), iodine value (IV) and cetane number (CN) of fatty acid methyl esters of oils varied from 183.3 to 200.91, 74.78 to 100.98 and 50.85 to 59.11 respectively. Fatty acid composition, IV and CN were used to predict the quality of fatty acid methyl esters of oil for use as biodiesel. Fatty acid methyl esters of oils of P. pinnata accessions DORPP 49, 72 and 83 were found most suitable (CN more than 56.6) for use as biodiesel and they meet the major specification of biodiesel standards of USA, Germany and European Standard Organization. The range of variability found for various biodiesel standards in accessions of P. pinnata can be utilized for the establishment of plantations of promising genotypes through clonal means for increased productivity.

Renewable energy sources from Michelia champaca and Garcinia indica seed oils: A rich source of oil

Michelia champaca and Garcinia indica seeds yielded 45.0% and 45.5% of oil. The fatty acid profiles of both the seed oils were examined. The saponification value (SV), iodine value (IV) and cetane number (CN) of fatty acid methyl esters of both the seed oils were empirically determined. The saponification value (SV) and iodine value (IV) are in good agreement with the experimentally observed values. The fatty acid compositions, iodine value and cetane number were used to predict the quality of fatty acid methyl esters of oil for use as biodiesel. Thus, the fatty acid methyl esters of seed oils of M. champaca and G. indica were found to be the most suitable biodiesel and they meet the major specification of biodiesel standards. The selected plants M. champaca and G. indica have great potential for biodiesel. M. champaca and G. indica seed oils were found to contain keto fatty acids along with the other normal fatty acids, respectively. These fatty acids have been detected and characterized by UV, FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS, GC techniques and chemical transformations.

Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India

Fatty acid profiles of seed oils of 75 plant species having 30% or more fixed oil in their seed/kernel were examined. Saponification number (SN), iodine value (IV) and cetane number (CN) of fatty acid methyl esters of oils were empirically determined and they varied from 169.2 to 312.5, 4.8 to 212 and 20.56 to 67.47, respectively. Fatty acid compositions, IV and CN were used to predict the quality of fatty acid methyl esters of oil for use as biodiesel. Fatty acid methyl ester of oils of 26 species including Azadirachta indica, Calophyllum inophyllum, Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata were found most suitable for use as biodiesel and they meet the major specification of biodiesel standards of USA, Germany and European Standard Organization. The fatty acid methyl esters of another 11 species meet the specification of biodiesel standard of USA only. These selected plants have great potential for biodiesel.

Calculation of iodine value from measurements of fatty acid methyl esters of some oils: Comparison with the relevant American Oil Chemists Society method

AbstractA new calculation method for the determination of iodine value (IV) from measurements of fatty acid methyl esters is proposed. The method is based on the quantitative determination of fatty acid methyl esters of vegetable oils by capillary gas chromatography. IV is a measure of the number of double bonds in the unsaturated fatty acids in one gram of oil. The analytical methodology of its evaluation includes the use of rather health dangerous reagents, and for that reason is mostly avoided by laboratory analysts. A calculation procedure to determine the IV of oils from their fatty acid methyl ester composition is in use based on the American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) method Cd 1c‐85. A new calculation procedure for IV, based also on the evaluation of the fatty acid methyl esters of oils, was developed. The application of the proposed calculation methodology was checked with olive oil, corn oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, and sunflower seed oil. The proposed calculation gave results in better agreement with the Wijs method than with the relevant AOCS method.