Acid In Carbon Tetrachloride Research Articles

Beneficiation of Solutes from Solvents: A Case of Oxalic Acid, Succinic Acid and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid in Carbon Tetrachloride

Background: This paper reports the beneficiation of Oxalic acid, Succinic acid and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solutes from Carbon tetrachloride, Diethyl ether and n-Hexane solvents respectively. These solutes are the extracts obtained from the recovery from the binary immiscible solvents namely: Carbon tetrachloride-Water, Diethyl ether-Water and n-Hexane-Water that were used in accordance with the partition coefficient technique as reported by Onyeocha et. al. This technique was employed in the leaching of the specific solute from the contaminants. As described by Onyeocha et. al., the process was brought about by the diffusion equilibrium attained by the solute in the system i.e. the binary immiscible solvent(s) at a constant temperature and pressure. The spontaneous diffusion is the effect of the partition coefficient developed due to the different degrees of solubilities of the solute in the binary immiscible solvent. The partition coefficient technique is used for extraction, purification and concentration of solutes. Beneficiation is considered as the final process that brings the product (solute) to its most viable state.

Effect of sinapic acid against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatic injury in rats

Acute hepatic inflammation is regarded as a hallmark of early stage fibrosis, which can progress to extensive fibrosis and cirrhosis. Sinapic acid is a phenylpropanoid compound that is abundant in cereals, nuts, oil seeds, and berries and has been reported to exhibit a wide range of pharmacological properties. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of sinapic acid in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute hepatic injury in rats. Sinapic acid was administered orally (10 or 20 mg/kg) to rats at 30 min and 16 h before CCl4 intoxication. Sinapic acid treatment of rats reduced CCl4-induced abnormalities in liver histology, serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase activities, and liver malondialdehyde levels. In addition, sinapic acid treatment significantly attenuated the CCl4-induced production of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1β mRNA levels, and increased the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB p65). Sinapic acid exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity in vitro. Thus, sinapic acid protected the rat liver from CCl4-induced inflammation, most likely by acting as a free radical scavenger and modulator of NF-κB p65 activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression. Sinapic acid may thus have potential as a therapeutic agent for suppressing hepatic inflammation.

Study on Functionally Gradient Proton Exchange Membrane fabricated by EB Irradiation with Heterogeneous Energy Deposition

The revolutionary functionally gradient proton exchange membranes were fabricated by EB irradiation with heterogeneous energy deposition. These heterogeneous energy deposition profiles (Depth-Dose profiles) were simulated by Monte Carlo simulation code EGS5. In the process of EB-grafting method of styrene onto base fluorinated polymer, the energy depositions selected from the Depth-Dose profiles were used. The grafted membranes were sulfonated with chlorosulfonic acid in carbon tetrachloride. The DOGs in the direction of thickness showed that EB Depth-Dose profiles corresponded to the EB grafting reaction. The functionally gradient proton exchange membranes had a water uptake gradient in the direction of depth, and hence could be a promising solution to manage water behavior in Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC).

Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reaction Catalyzed by C2-Symmetrical Chiral Primary Amine Organocatalysts

Three novel C-2-symmetrical chiral primary amines were synthesized from chiral BINOL and diamines. Then their catalytic activities in the asymmetric aldol reactions were evaluated, and the result indicated that 1c was the optimal organocatalyst. The reaction of a variety of aromatic aldehydes with aliphatic ketones, catalyzed by 20 mol % 1c in the addition of benzoic acid in carbon tetrachloride, afforded the aldol products in high yields (up to 92%) and good enantioselectivities (up to 71%).

Thermodynamics of the distribution of some carboxylic acids between organic solvents and a perchlorate solution.

The distribution of formic, benzoic and 4-methylbenzoic acids between a 0.1 mol dm(-3) (Na+, H+)ClO4- solution and octanol and carbon tetrachloride was studied at five different temperatures of 10 - 30 degrees C. The thermodynamic parameters for the transfer process of monomeric acid between two phases and for the dimerization of monomeric acid in carbon tetrachloride (deltaH and deltaS) were evaluated from the van't Hoff isochore. The free-energy change for the transfer of a methylene group from water to organic solvents was entropically controlled, irrespective of the organic solvents. The distribution constants of formic and benzoic acids were larger than those expected from the distribution constants of acetic and phenylacetic acids, respectively. The free-energy change for all solutes, except for benzoic and 4-methylbenzoic acids, was also entirely entropically controlled in the case of octanol as a solvent. The enthaly-entropy compensation for the dimerization constant of acids in carbon tetrachloride was observed.

Determination of mercury and arsenic in fresh water by neutron activation analysis

Neutron activation analysis has been applied for the determination of Hg and As in freshwater samples. Preconcentration of Hg and As from the samples before irradiation by using active carbon for scavenging the chelate complex of Hg with dithizone at pH 1 and Fe(OH)3 for co-precipitating arsenic was used. After irridiation, mercury was determined by direct counting of the irradiated active carbon. Arsenic was separated from Fe(OH)3 by precipitating arsenic in the metal form after removing122Sb by extraction in 2N HCl with Ni-diethyldithiophosphoric acid in carbon tetrachloride. The method is simple and reliable.

Synthesis, crystal, and molecular structures of HIDA and its monomethyl ester

A simple procedure for synthesis of HIDA (2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl iminodiacetic acid) is described. It was obtained in better yield by reaction of 2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyl chloride with iminodiacetic acid in carbon tetrachloride. The HIDA (A) was identified by IR and1H NMR spectroscopy. Two types of crystals were detected in the crystal final product. Since they could be separated, the crystals:A andB were investigated by X-ray analysis. Crystal and molecular structures were solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares technique toR=0.047 andR=0.056, respectively. In the structure ofA, the N2 atom is protonated and the molecule exists as a zwitterion. The crystal structure of compoundA is stabilized by strong hydrogen bonds, which are reflected in higher close-packing coefficient, density, and melting point, compared to compoundB. CompoundB is a monomethyl ester of HIDA, which is present as an impurity in the final recrystallized product.

An Efficient Procedure for the Preparation of 1-Nitroanthraquinone

Abstract A novel and efficient method is developed for the selective mono nitration of anthraquinone (1). A mixture of fuming nitric acid, sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid in carbon tetrachloride is introduced as a new nitrating system for the high yield preparation of 1-nitroanthraquinone.

Living cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers with a bifunctional initiator

AbstractA new bifunctional initiator, CF3COOCH(CH3)OCH2CH2OC6H4C(CH3)2C6H4OCH2CH2OCH(CH3)OCOCF3 (2), was prepared from the corresponding divinyl ether and trifluoroacetic acid in carbon tetrachloride at 0°C. The 2/ethylaluminium dichloride (EtAlCl2) initiating system induced well‐defined living cationic polymerizations of isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE; in hexane CH3(CH2)4CH3) and 2‐acetoxyethyl vinyl ether (2‐vinyloxyethyl acetate, AcOVE; in toluene) at temperatures up to +40°C in the presence of an excess amount of 1,4‐dioxane (an added base for cation stabilization). The number‐average molecular weights (M̄n) of the polymers increased in direct proportion to monomer conversion, continued to increase on addition of fresh monomer, and were close to the calculated values assuming that each molecule of 2 produces one living polymer chain. The bifunctionality of the living polymers was confirmed by comparing the polymerizations with 2 and its monofunctional analog C6H5OCH2CH2OCH (CH3)OCOCF3 (3), and further shown by quenching the living ends with the sodiomalonic ester Na⊕ ⊖CH(COOC2H5)2 to form telechelic polymers with malonate groups. The diester terminals could be transformed into the corresponding carboxylic acids by hydrolysis followed by decarboxylation. Sequential living polymerization of IBVE and AcOVE with the 2/EtAlCl2 initiating system in the presence of 1,4‐dioxane and subsequent hydrolysis of the pendant ester groups led to ABA‐type amphiphilic triblock copolymers where the hydrophilic poly(2‐hydroxyethyl vinyl ether) segment could be either center or outer blocks.

1H and 13C NMR studies on the self‐association of retinoic acid

AbstractThe monomer–dimer equilibrium of retinoic acid in carbon tetrachloride was studied by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The dimer dissociation constant at 24°C was determined to be 0.38 mM from a fit of the changes in the carboxylic acid carbon chemical shift as a function of concentration. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant obtained from the 13C NMR signals was used to determine the enthalpy (8.0 kcal mol−1) and entropy (12 cal mol−1 K−1) changes for the dimer dissociation process. These results were shown to be more precise than the values obtained from the carboxylic acid proton resonance.

Structure and Reactivity of a Stable Oxirane Derived from 2,2,6,6‐Tetrachloro‐3,3,5‐Trimethylcyclohexanone and Methanolic Sodium Methoxide

AbstractThe title ketone 1 afforded > 95% of fairly stable t‐1,3,3‐trichloro‐t‐2‐methoxy‐4,6,6‐trimethyl‐1,2‐epoxycyclohexane (2) by reaction with cold methanolic sodium methoxide. Heating or contact with sulfuric acid or boron trifluoride caused stereospecific rearrangement of 2 into t‐2,3,3‐trichloro‐2‐methoxy‐4,6,6‐trimethylcyclohexanone (3). On the contrary, rearrangement into the epimeric ketone 4 was induced by trifluoroacetic or dichloroacetic acid in carbon tetrachloride. Epimer 4 was distinctly more reactive than 3 towards dehalogenation with zinc in acetic acid and towards sodium methoxide. Good yields of 3,3‐dichloro‐4, 6,6‐trimethyl‐1,2‐cyclohexanedione (7) were obtained from 2, 3 or 4 in hot solutions of zinc chloride in acetic acid.The symmetric 2,2,6,6‐tetrachloro‐3,3,5,5‐tetramethylcyclohexanone (8) showed analogous reactions.

Oligomerization of styrene with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid in carbon tetrachloride

Oligomerization of styrene with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid in carbon tetrachloride

Infrared study of the adsorption of carboxylic acids on haematite and goethite immersed in carbon tetrachloride

A novel infrared cell is described for the study of adsorption behaviour in situ at the solid/liquid interface. Spectra are reported of goethite immersed in solutions of succinic acid in carbon tetrachloride and of goethite and haematite in solutions of acetic, dodecanoic, dodecyl succinic and dodecenyl succinic acids. Chemisorptive interactions predominated and led to adsorbed carboxylate species primarily in the chelating bidentate configuration. The products of adsorption of substituted succinic acids also gave infrared bands characteristic of undissociated carboxylic acid groups. The ratio of COOH groups to carboxylate anions was greater for haematite than for goethite and greater for dodecenyl succinic acid than for dodecyl succinic acid. Alkyl chains close to the goethite or haematite surfaces hindered a mode of adsorption in which both carboxylic acid groups in an adsorbate molecule simultaneously interacted with a pair of adjacent chemisorption sites. The hindering effect was promoted when the hydrocarbon chain contained an alkenyl segment.

Thermometric titrations of substituted pyridines with trifluoroacetic acid in carbon tetrachloride. Hydrogen bonded ion pair systems

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThermometric titrations of substituted pyridines with trifluoroacetic acid in carbon tetrachloride. Hydrogen bonded ion pair systemsEdward M. Arnett and B. ChawlaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 1, 217–221Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1978https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00469a038RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views145Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (580 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Infrared study of the adsorption of linoleic acid on alumina immersed in carbon tetrachloride

Infrared spectra are reported of alumina discs immersed in solutions of linoleic acid in carbon tetrachloride. Both associative molecular adsorption and dissociative chemisorption of linoleic acid on alumina occurred. The chemisorption reaction led to the formation of adsorbed linoleate species and surface hydroxyl groups or molecular water. At least some of the adsorbed linoleate species were orientated such that segments of their hydrocarbon chains were close to the alumina surface.

The synergic extraction of uranium(VI) with solutions of trioctylphosphine oxide and benzoic acid in carbon tetrachloride

The synergic extraction from perchlorate media of uranium(VI) with solutions of trioctylphosphine oxide and benzoic acid in carbon tetrachloride media is studied. The concentrations of the different species of the two extractants and their distribution in the extraction systems are calculated. The values obtained together with the distribution coefficients determined for uranium are used to determine the composition of the synergic adduct and to calculate the extraction constant. The conditions for the destruction or the synergism in these systems are clarified.

Effect of pressure on the thermodynamically reversible gelation of 12-hydroxystearic acid in carbon tetrachloride

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffect of pressure on the thermodynamically reversible gelation of 12-hydroxystearic acid in carbon tetrachlorideYoshihiro Taniguchi and Keizo SuzukiCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1974, 78, 7, 759–761Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1974https://doi.org/10.1021/j100600a026RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views49Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (322 KB) Get e-Alerts

Hyperchlorinated fatty acids. II. Photochlorination of stearic acid in carbon tetrachloride, reaction study.

AbstractThe free radical chlorination of stearic acid in carbon tetrachloride was studied with variation of the chlorine flow rate, the active light intensity and the initial fatty acid concentration. In addition the variation of temperature with time was measured. The chlorine flow rate affects only the reaction time and modifies neither the chlorine content of the products obtained nor the yield, approximating 100%. On the other hand, the initial fatty acid concentration seems to be the prime factor determining the chlorine content of the products. Similarly, the onset of the polymerization of the chlorinated monomers depends essentially on the initial fatty acid concentration. These polymers are probably chlorinated polyesters. This behavior can be explained by the incursion of radical ions RCOO·+ resulting from irradiation of exciplexes formed by interaction between the more or less highly chlorinated fatty acid and the solvent. These interactions take place when the fundamental complex occupies a critical volume, which depends on the acid concentration.

Intermolecular hydrogen bonding of acetic acid in carbon tetrachloride and benzene

The hydrogen bonding dimerization of acetic acid in anhydrous CCl 4and benzene solutions at 25° has been investigated by a dilution calorimetric technique. The calorimetric data are analyzed in terms of relative apparent molar enthalpies, Φ L. The values of Φ L are shown to be consistent with the monomer—dimer model. The results lead to the following values of the equilibrium constant (molar concentrations) and standard enthalpy for formation of dimers from monomers: in CCl 4, K 2 = 900 (±100) and Δ H° 2= −8.1 (±0.2)kcal/mole of dimer; in benzene, K 2=270 (±50) and Δ H° 2 = −7.4 (±0.2) kcal/mole of dimer.

The interaction between some ethyl esters of aminoacids and acetic acid in carbon tetrachloride

The dimerization constant, K 1 of acetic acid in CCl 4 is determined by an IR spectrometric method and is found to have a value of 2252M −1 at 20°. The association constants, K 2, for the interaction between the acetic acid monomer and some aminoacid ethyl esters are determined by the same method and found to have the values given (in M −1 at 20°) for the esters of the following aminoacids: glycine (282 ± 24), dl-alanine (236 ± 33), dl-α-aminobutyric acid (139 ± 11), α-aminoisobutyric acid (172 ± 18). dl-norvaline (104 ± 13), dl-valine (150 ± 8), dl-leucine (108 ± 18) and 3-phenyl- dl-alanine (140 ± 21). A correlation of these experimental values with some structural parameters related to the steric effect of the substituents on the esters is proposed.